Linux
What is Operating System?
Operating system is an interface between user and the computer hardware. The hardware of the
computer cannot understand the human readable language as it works on binaries i.e. 0's and 1's.
Also, it is very tough for humans to understand the binary language, in such case we need an
interface which can translate human language to hardware and vice-versa for effective
communication.
Types of Operating System:
• Single User - Single Tasking Operating System
• Single User - Multitasking Operating System
• Multiuser - Multitasking Operating System
Single User - Single Tasking Operating System
In this type of operating system only one user can log into system and can perform only one task at a
time.
E.g.: MS-DOS
Single User - Multi tasking operating System
This type of O/S supports only one user to log into the system, but a user can perform multiple tasks
at a time, browsing internet while playing songs etc.
E.g.: Windows -XP/7/8/10/11
Multiuser - Multi Tasking Operating System
This type of O/S provides multiple users to log into the system and each user can perform various
tasks at a time. In a broader term multiple users can logged in to system and share the resources of
the system at the same time.
E.g.: UNIX, LINUX etc.
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Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that powers a variety of distributions, or "distros,"
like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian. People use Linux for several reasons:
1. Open Source: Linux is free to use, modify, and distribute, making it accessible to anyone. This
openness fosters innovation and collaboration.
2. Customizability: Linux allows users to tailor their systems to their specific needs. With thousands
of software packages available, users can create a personalized computing environment.
3. Security: Linux is known for its robust security features. Its permission system and community-
driven updates help protect against malware and other security threats.
4. Stability: Linux systems are often highly stable, with many servers and critical infrastructure relying
on Linux for its reliability and uptime.
5. Performance: Linux can run efficiently on both high-end servers and low-powered devices, making
it versatile for various computing tasks.
6. Community Support: The Linux community is vast and diverse, providing extensive resources,
forums, and documentation for users of all skill levels.
Overall, Linux offers a powerful, customizable, and secure alternative to proprietary operating
systems like Windows and macOS.
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FILESYSTEM HIERARCHY SYSTEM
Linux uses single rooted, inverted tree like file system hierarchy
/ This is top level directory
It is parent directory for all other directories
It is called as ROOT directory
It is represented by forward slash (/)
C:\ of windows
/root it is home directory for root user (super user)
It provides working environment for root user
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator
/home it is home directory for other users
It provide working environment for other users (other
than root)
c:\Documents and Settings\username
/boot it contains bootable files for Linux
Like vmlinuz (kernel)..... ntoskrnl
Initrd (INITial Ram Disk)and
GRUB (GRand Unified Boot loader).... boot.ini, ntldr
/etc it contains all configuration files
Like /etc/passwd..... User info
/etc/resolv.conf... Preferred DNS
/etc/dhcpd.conf.... DHCP server
C:\windows\system32\dirvers\
/usr by default soft wares are installed in /usr directory
(UNIX Sharable Resources)
c:\program files
/opt It is optional directory for /usr
It contains third party softwares
c:\program files
/bin it contains commands used by all users
(Binary files)
/sbin it contain commands used by only Super User (root)
(Super user's binary files)
/dev it contains device files
Like /dev/hda ... for hard disk
/dev/cd rom ... for cd rom
Similar to device manager of windows
/proc it contain process files
Its contents are not permanent, they keep changing
It is also called as Virtual Directory
Its file contain useful information used by OS
like /proc/meminfo ... information of RAM/SWAP
/proc/cpuinfo ... information of CPU
/var it is containing variable data like mails, log files
/mnt it is default mount point for any partition
It is empty by default
/media it contains all of removable media like CD-ROM, pen drive
/lib it contains library files which are used by OS
It is similar to dll files of windows
Library files in Linux are SO (shared object) files
Vagrant Install : https://developer.hashicorp.com/vagrant/docs/installation
Virtualbox: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
Start Using Vagrant :
mkdir ~/vagrant-ubuntu
cd ~/vagrant-ubuntu
Config : vagrant init ubuntu/trusty64
System UP : vagrant up
System Login : vagrant ssh
System Shutdown : vagrant halt
System Delete : vagrant destroy
