Q1. Explain the structure of an HTML document with a neat diagram.
Q2. Differentiate between HTML4 and HTML5 with appropriate examples.
Q3. Explain the concept and uses of semantic tags in HTML5. Provide examples.
Q4. Discuss various types of lists in HTML with examples and appropriate tables.
Q5. Explain different types of CSS (Inline, Internal, External) with syntax and examples.
Q6. What is the Box Model in CSS? Explain with diagram and code example.
Q7. Differentiate between ID and Class selectors with examples.
Q8. Explain Flexbox layout in CSS with a diagram and real-world use cases
Q9. Explain JavaScript variable scoping (var, let, const) with examples and comparison
table.
Q10. Differentiate between synchronous and asynchronous JavaScript with examples.
Q11. Explain DOM manipulation with examples and diagram.
Q12. What are JavaScript events? Explain event handling with examples.
Q13. Explain the concept of closures in JavaScript with real-world examples.
Q14. Differentiate between == and === in JavaScript with examples.
Q15. Explain functions, function expressions, and arrow functions with examples.
Q16. Explain promises in JavaScript with syntax, diagram, and example.
Q17. What is event bubbling and event capturing? Explain with diagram.
Q18. Explain JSON and its uses in JavaScript with examples.
Q19. Explain error handling (try-catch-finally) in JavaScript with example.
Q20. Explain OOP principles (Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Abstraction) with
diagrams.
Q21. Differentiate between method overloading and method overriding with examples.
Q22. Explain exception handling in Java with try-catch-finally block and examples.
Q23. What is JDBC? Explain steps to connect Java with database using JDBC with diagram.
Q24. Explain Java Collections framework with examples and diagrams.
Q25. Differentiate between ArrayList and LinkedList with examples and table.
Q26. Explain multithreading in Java with Thread class and Runnable interface.
Q27. What is interface and abstract class in Java? Compare with examples.
Q28. Explain the concept of packages and access specifiers in Java with examples.
Q29. Discuss Java Applets and how they differ from Java Applications. Provide lifecycle
diagram.
Q30. Explain serialization and deserialization in Java with code example.
Q1. Explain the structure of an HTML document with a neat diagram.
An HTML document follows a defined structure that helps browsers interpret and display
web content correctly. It consists of elements wrapped in tags that denote document
metadata and visible content.
Basic structure:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Heading</h1>
<p>Paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
Diagram:
<!DOCTYPE html> — Document type declaration
└── <html> — Root element
├── <head> — Metadata
│ └── <title> — Page title
└── <body> — Visible content
├── <h1> — Heading
└── <p> — Paragraph
Explanation of parts:
<!DOCTYPE html> — Informs the browser about HTML5 version
<html> — Root container
<head> — Metadata (title, CSS, scripts)
<body> — All content visible to users
Q2. Differentiate between HTML4 and HTML5 with appropriate examples.
Feature HTML4 HTML5
Doctype <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC...> <!DOCTYPE html>
Multimedia Support Requires plugins (Flash) Native <audio> and <video> tags
New Elements Not available <article>, <section>, <nav>
Form Enhancements Limited input types email, date, url, range
APIs Not supported Geolocation, Web Storage
Example (HTML5 video):
<video controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
Q3. Explain the concept and uses of semantic tags in HTML5. Provide examples.
Semantic tags clearly define the purpose of an element, improving readability, SEO, and
accessibility.
Examples of semantic tags:
<header> — Page header
<nav> — Navigation links
<article> — Independent content
<section> — Document section
<footer> — Page footer
Example code:
<article>
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>This is a sample article.</p>
</article>
Advantages:
Improves SEO (search engines understand structure)
Enhances accessibility (screen readers navigate better)
Makes code readable and maintainable
Q4. Discuss various types of lists in HTML with examples and appropriate tables.
HTML provides 3 main types of lists:
Type Tag Description Example
Ordered List <ol> Numbered list <ol><li>One</li></ol>
Unordered List <ul> Bulleted list <ul><li>Item</li></ul>
Definition List <dl> Terms & descriptions <dl><dt>Term</dt><dd>Def</dd></dl>
Example code:
<ul>
<li>HTML</li>
<li>CSS</li>
<li>JavaScript</li>
</ul>
Diagram:
css
<ul>
└── <li> Item 1
└── <li> Item 2
Q6. What is the Box Model in CSS? Explain with diagram and code example.
The CSS Box Model describes how elements are displayed and how space is calculated.
Components:
+-----------------------------+
| Margin |
| +---------------------+ |
| | Border | |
| | +-------------+ | |
| | | Padding | | |
| | | +-------+ | | |
| | | |Content| | | |
| | | +-------+ | | |
| | +-------------+ | |
| +---------------------+ |
+-----------------------------+
Example CSS:
div {
width: 200px;
padding: 20px;
border: 5px solid black;
margin: 15px;
Q7. Differentiate between ID and Class selectors with examples.
Feature ID Selector Class Selector
Symbol #idname .classname
Usage Unique element Multiple elements
Syntax #header { color: red; } .menu { color: blue; }
HTML <div id="header"> <div class="menu">
Example:
#header {
background: yellow;
.menu {
color: blue;
Q8. Explain Flexbox layout in CSS with a diagram and real-world use cases.
CSS Flexbox is used to create flexible and responsive layouts easily.
Diagram:
Container (display: flex)
├── Item 1
├── Item 2
└── Item 3
Example CSS:
.container {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
Real-world use cases:
Navbars
Card layouts
Centering content both vertically and horizontally
Advantages:
Automatically adjusts spacing
Handles dynamic content
Simplifies responsive design
Q9. Explain JavaScript variable scoping (var, let, const) with examples and comparison
table.
In JavaScript, var, let, and const are used to declare variables, but they differ in scope and
behavior.
Feature var let const
Scope Function-scoped Block-scoped Block-scoped
Redeclaration Allowed Not allowed Not allowed
Reassignment Allowed Allowed Not allowed
Feature var let const
Yes (initialized as Yes (temporal dead Yes (temporal dead
Hoisting
undefined) zone) zone)
Example:
if (true) {
var a = 10;
let b = 20;
const c = 30;
console.log(a); // 10
// console.log(b); // Error
// console.log(c); // Error
Q10. Differentiate between synchronous and asynchronous JavaScript with examples.
Feature Synchronous Asynchronous
Execution Line-by-line (blocking) Non-blocking
Example Loops, function calls setTimeout, Promises
Blocking Yes No
Example (Async):
console.log("Start");
setTimeout(() => console.log("Async"), 1000);
console.log("End");
Output:
Start
End
Async
Advantages of Asynchronous:
Better user experience (non-freezing UI)
Enables API calls, animations, etc.
Q11. Explain DOM manipulation with examples and diagram.
The Document Object Model (DOM) represents HTML as a tree of nodes that can be
manipulated using JavaScript.
Diagram (simplified):
document
└── html
├── head
└── body
├── h1
└── p
Example:
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello!";
Common Methods:
getElementById()
querySelector()
createElement()
Advantages:
Dynamically change content
React to user actions
Q12. What are JavaScript events? Explain event handling with examples.
Events are actions that occur in the browser (click, keypress, load, etc.). JavaScript can
handle these events to make pages interactive.
Example:
<button onclick="alert('Clicked!')">Click Me</button>
Common Event Types:
Mouse: click, dblclick, mouseover
Keyboard: keydown, keyup
Form: submit, change
Example (addEventListener):
javascript
CopyEdit
document.getElementById("btn").addEventListener("click", () => {
alert("Button clicked!");
});
Advantages:
Enhances interactivity
Handles user input and navigation
Q13. Explain the concept of closures in JavaScript with real-world examples.
A closure is a function that remembers its lexical scope even when executed outside of that
scope.
Example:
function outer() {
let count = 0;
return function inner() {
count++;
console.log(count);
};
}
const counter = outer();
counter(); // 1
counter(); // 2
Real-world use:
Data encapsulation
Private variables
Advantages:
Avoids global scope pollution
Maintains state between function calls
Q14. What are JavaScript functions? Explain different types of functions with examples.
Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks.
Types of functions:
Type Example Notes
Function Declaration function add() {} Hoisted
Function Expression const add = function() {} Not hoisted
Arrow Function const add = () => {} Short syntax
Anonymous Function function() {} No name
Immediately Invoked Function (IIFE) (function() {})(); Runs immediately
Example:
javascript
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function greet(name) {
return "Hello " + name;
console.log(greet("Alice"));
Advantages:
Code reusability
Modular code
Q15. Explain JavaScript arrays and their methods with suitable examples and a table.
Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable.
Example:
let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
Method Usage Example
push() Add to end fruits.push("Mango")
pop() Remove from end fruits.pop()
shift() Remove from start fruits.shift()
unshift() Add to start fruits.unshift("Lemon")
map() Transform array fruits.map(f => f.toUpperCase())
filter() Filter elements fruits.filter(f => f.startsWith("A"))
Advantages:
Store multiple items
Powerful built-in methods
Q16. Differentiate between == and === operators in JavaScript with examples.
Operator Name Checks Example Result
== Equality Value only (type coercion) 5 == "5" true
=== Strict equality Value + Type 5 === "5" false
Example:
console.log(5 == '5'); // true
console.log(5 === '5'); // false
Recommendation: Always use === to avoid unexpected results.
Q17. What is the difference between null and undefined in JavaScript?
Feature null undefined
Type Object Undefined
Meaning Empty / intentional absence Not assigned
Example let a = null; let b; (b is undefined)
Equality null == undefined (true)
Example:
let a = null;
let b;
console.log(a); // null
console.log(b); // undefined
Q18. Explain JavaScript objects and how to create and access them with examples.
Objects store key-value pairs.
Example (object literal):
let person = {
name: "SPPU",
age: 12
};
console.log(person.name); // SPPU
Ways to create objects:
Object literal ({})
new Object()
Object.create()`
Access methods:
Dot notation: person.name
Bracket notation: person['name']
Advantages:
Model real-world entities
Flexible and extensible
Q19. What is event bubbling and event capturing in JavaScript? Explain with diagram and
examples.
Events propagate in 2 phases:
Phase Description Example
Capturing Outer → Inner Less common
Bubbling Inner → Outer Default
Diagram:
<html>
└── <body>
└── <div>
└── <button>Click</button>
Example:
button.addEventListener('click', () => alert('Button'), false); // bubbling
div.addEventListener('click', () => alert('Div'), true); // capturing
Use:
Event delegation
Control event flow
Q20. What are promises in JavaScript? Explain states, syntax and example.
A Promise represents the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation and
its resulting value.
States of a Promise:
Pending – Initial state
Fulfilled – Operation completed successfully
Rejected – Operation failed
Diagram (Promise Lifecycle):
Pending
├── Fulfilled → .then()
└── Rejected → .catch()
Syntax:
javascript
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let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// async task
resolve("Success");
// or reject("Error");
});
Example:
let promise = new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve("Done!"), 1000);
});
promise.then(result => console.log(result)); // Done!
Advantages:
Handles async tasks clearly
Replaces callback hell
Q21. Explain localStorage and sessionStorage in JavaScript with example and table.
Both localStorage and sessionStorage are part of the Web Storage API, used to store data in
the browser.
Feature localStorage sessionStorage
Persistence Until manually cleared Until browser/tab closed
Capacity ~5MB ~5MB
Scope All tabs/windows Current tab only
Example localStorage.setItem("key", "value") sessionStorage.setItem("key", "value")
Example:
// Save data
localStorage.setItem("name", "SPPU");
sessionStorage.setItem("course", "JS");
// Retrieve data
console.log(localStorage.getItem("name")); // SPPU
Advantages:
Store small amounts of data
Fast and easy to use
Q22. Explain error handling using try-catch-finally block with example and diagram.
try-catch-finally allows handling runtime errors gracefully.
Syntax:
try {
// Code that may throw an error
} catch (error) {
// Handle error
} finally {
// Executes always
}
Example:
try {
let x = y + 1; // y is not defined
} catch (error) {
console.log("Error: " + error.message);
} finally {
console.log("Always runs");
Flow Diagram:
try → success → skip catch → finally
try → error → catch → finally
Advantages:
Prevents crashes
Provides fallback behavior
Q23. Explain Java Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts with examples and
diagram.
Java is a fully object-oriented language supporting these key concepts:
Concept Description Example
Encapsulation Wrapping data and methods Private variables with getters/setters
Inheritance Reuse properties of a class class Dog extends Animal
Polymorphism Many forms (method overloading/overriding) Same method name,
different behavior
Abstraction Hiding implementation details Abstract classes/interfaces
Diagram (OOP concepts relationship):
Animal (Superclass)
Dog (Subclass)
Example (Encapsulation):
class Person {
private String name;
public String getName() { return name; }
public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
Advantages:
Modular code
Easier maintenance and reuse
Q24. Differentiate between abstract class and interface in Java with examples and table.
Feature Abstract Class Interface
Methods Can have abstract + concrete methods All methods abstract (till Java 7),
default/static (Java 8+)
Variables Can have instance variables Only static final (constants)
Inheritance Single Multiple
Constructor Yes No
Example (Interface):
interface Animal {
void eat();
class Dog implements Animal {
public void eat() { System.out.println("Dog eats"); }
Example (Abstract class):
abstract class Animal {
abstract void eat();
void sleep() { System.out.println("Sleeping"); }
Q25. Explain Java exception handling mechanism with try-catch-finally and throws clause.
Java provides structured exception handling to manage runtime errors.
Block Purpose
try Code that may throw an exception
catch Handle exception
finally Always execute (cleanup)
throws Declares an exception may be thrown
Example:
try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero");
} finally {
System.out.println("Finally block");
Example (throws):
void readFile() throws IOException {
// code that may throw IOException
Advantages:
Graceful error handling
Prevents program crashes
Q26. What is multithreading in Java? Explain thread lifecycle with diagram and example.
Multithreading allows concurrent execution of two or more threads for maximum CPU
utilization.
Thread Lifecycle Diagram:
New → Runnable → Running → Blocked/Waiting → Terminated
State Description
New Thread object created
Runnable Ready to run
Running Actively executing
Blocked Waiting for resource
Terminated Execution finished
Example:
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running");
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
Advantages:
Better CPU utilization
Parallel task execution
Q27. Differentiate between method overloading and method overriding in Java with
examples and table.
Feature Method Overloading Method Overriding
Same method name, different Same method name, same
Definition
parameters (within same class) parameters (in subclass)
Inheritance Not required Required
Compile/runtime Compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism
Example class Same class Subclass
Cannot reduce parent access
Access modifier Can have any
level
Example (Overloading):
class Calculator {
int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
Example (Overriding):
java
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class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Dog barks"); }
Q28. What is Java Collection Framework? Explain List, Set, and Map with examples and
table.
The Java Collection Framework provides classes and interfaces to store and manipulate
groups of objects.
Interface Features Example
List Ordered, allows duplicates ArrayList, LinkedList
Set No duplicates, unordered HashSet, TreeSet
Map Key-value pairs HashMap, TreeMap
Example (List):
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("A");
list.add("B");
Example (Set):
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
set.add("A");
set.add("B");
Example (Map):
Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(1, "One");
map.put(2, "Two");
Advantages:
Efficient data manipulation
Standardized data structures
Q29. Explain JDBC architecture. Write steps to connect Java with database along with
diagram.
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) allows Java to interact with relational databases.
Architecture Diagram:
Java App → JDBC API → JDBC Driver Manager → JDBC Driver → Database
Steps to connect Java with database:
1. Import packages
2. Load driver class
3. Establish connection
4. Create statement
5. Execute query
6. Process result
7. Close connection
Example:
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb",
"user", "pass");
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM students");
while(rs.next()) { System.out.println(rs.getString(1)); }
con.close();
Q30. What is servlet in Java? Explain servlet life cycle with diagram and example.
Servlet is a Java class that handles HTTP requests and generates dynamic web content.
Servlet Lifecycle Diagram:
init() → service() → destroy()
Method Purpose
init() Initialize servlet
service() Handle request/response
destroy() Cleanup
Example (Basic Servlet):
public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws IOException {
res.getWriter().println("Hello Servlet");
Advantages:
Platform independent
Efficient for dynamic web apps
