SA101 Module 1

A computer system is a combination of hardware, software, and peripheral devices working together to
process, store, and output data. It consists of several key components:

1. Hardware: The physical components of a computer, including:

- Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.

- Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and instructions while the CPU processes them.

- Storage Devices: Long-term data storage (e.g., hard drives, solid-state drives).

- Input Devices: Devices used to input data, such as a keyboard, mouse, or scanner.

- Output Devices: Devices that display or output data, such as monitors, printers, or speakers.

2. Software: The programs and operating systems that instruct the hardware on what to do. It can be
further divided into:

- System Software: Includes operating systems like Windows, macOS, or Linux, which manage
hardware resources and provide a platform for running applications.

- Application Software: Specific programs that perform tasks for users, such as word processors,
games, or databases.

3. Peripherals: External devices connected to the computer, including printers, external drives, and
other accessories that expand functionality.

Backing Storage

1.1 Introduction to Backing Storage

Definition: Backing storage refers to any non-volatile storage medium that retains data when a
computer is turned off, such as hard drives or solid-state drives.

Importance: Used to store data and applications when not in use and needed to store more information
than is held in primary memory (RAM).
1.2 Types of Backing Storage

A. Magnetic Storage:

- Examples: Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), Magnetic Tapes.

- Advantages: High storage capacity, cost-effective for large amounts of data.

- Disadvantages: Slower compared to newer technologies, mechanical parts prone to wear and tear.

B. Optical Storage:

- Examples: CD, DVD, Blu-ray.

- Advantages: Portable, long-term storage for media and backup.

- Disadvantages: Limited capacity, slower read/write speeds.

C. Solid-State Storage:

- Examples: Solid-State Drives (SSD), USB flash drives.

- Advantages: Fast access times, low power consumption, no moving parts.

- Disadvantages: More expensive per gigabyte than magnetic storage.

 Factors to Consider in Choosing Storage

- Speed: SSDs provide faster data access.

- Capacity: HDDs offer more space for less cost.

- Durability: SSDs are more durable as they lack moving parts.

- Cost: Magnetic storage is cheaper for large-scale storage, SSDs for performance.

 Emerging Trends in Backing Storage

- Cloud Storage: Remote storage accessed via the internet.

- Hybrid Drives: Combining SSD and HDD for both performance and capacity.
2. Operating System

Introduction to Operating Systems

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources
and provides services for computer programs.

 Functions:

- Managing Hardware: OS controls devices like CPU, memory, and I/O devices.

- Running Applications: Provides an environment for running software.

- File Management: Manages files and directories on storage devices.

- Security: Enforces access control and user authentication.

 Types of Operating Systems

- Single-tasking vs. Multi-tasking:

- Single-tasking: Executes one task at a time (e.g., older operating systems).

- Multi-tasking: Allows multiple tasks to run simultaneously (e.g., Windows, Linux).

 Single-user vs. Multi-user:

- Single-user: One user at a time (e.g., desktop OS).

- Multi-user: Multiple users simultaneously (e.g., UNIX, server OS).

 Network Operating System:

- Designed for networking environments where computers communicate and share resources.

Core Components of an Operating System

- Kernel: The core part of the OS, responsible for managing system resources.

- Shell: User interface for interacting with the OS, can be graphical (GUI) or command-line (CLI).

- File System: Organizes and stores files on storage devices.

- Drivers: Interfaces for hardware components, such as printers or monitors.

- Windows: Widely used OS for personal computers.

- Linux: Open-source OS known for its stability and security.

- macOS: OS for Apple computers, known for its smooth integration with Apple devices.

Software Utilities

Software utilities are system management tools that help optimize, maintain, and protect a computer
system.

- Importance: They enhance system performance, ensure security, and assist with troubleshooting.

 Types of Software Utilities

- Antivirus Programs:

- Detect and remove malware.

- Common examples: Norton, McAfee, Windows Defender.

 Backup Utilities:

- Automate the process of backing up files to prevent data loss.

- Can backup to local storage or the cloud.

 Disk Management Tools:

- Disk Defragmenter: Reorganizes fragmented data to improve access speed.

- Disk Cleanup: Removes unnecessary files to free up space.

 File Compression Tools:

- Compress large files into smaller sizes for easier storage and transfer.

- Common examples: WinRAR, 7-Zip.

 Firewalls:

- Monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic to protect against unauthorized
access.
Utility Software for Performance Optimization

- Task Manager: Monitors processes and system performance.

- System Updates: Ensures the OS and applications are up-to-date with the latest patches and features.

How to Use Utility Software

- Antivirus Usage: Regular scans and updates are essential to keeping a system protected.

- Disk Management: Run disk defragmenter and cleanup tools periodically to maintain optimal
performance.

- Backup Tools: Schedule automatic backups to ensure important data is always recoverable.