Data Communication

and the Internet

A network consists of 2 or more computers
connected together, and they can communicate
and share resources (e.g. information)
• Sharing hardware or software

E.g. print document

• Centralize administration and support

E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same administrative
or support application from their PCs

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• Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial
cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless
• Based on network size: LAN and WAN and others
• Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and
Client/Server
• Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring.

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 Two main categories:
 Guided ― wires, cables
 Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
 We will concentrate on guided media here:
 Twisted-Pair cables:
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
 Coaxial cables
 Fiber-optic cables

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 If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises
from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the
further one, thereby causing errors

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 Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical
protection)
 A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

Insulator Metal

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 STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal
foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of
insulated wires

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 In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq
(100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables
 Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise
and as the second conductor that completes the circuit

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It is technologically-advanced as compared to the twisted-pair wire
and coaxial cable.
Instead of transmitting frequencies, a fiber optic cable transmits
pulsating beams of light. Since light travels faster than
electricity, fiber optic cables can carry a greater volume of data.
It is also immune from electromagnetic interference which is a
problem for copper-based mediums.
Disadvantage: Not flexible and expensive.

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 Light travels at 3108 ms-1 in free space and is the fastest possible
speed in the Universe
 An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a cladding (less
dense material)
 Light bounces back and forth along the core

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Advantages
 Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer jacket
 Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles without
regeneration.
 Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come from
the signal generation/reception technology, not the fiber itself
Disadvantages
 Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive
 Installation/maintenance ― any crack in the core will degrade the
signal, and all connections must be perfectly aligned

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Terrestrial microwaves use Earth-based transmitter and receiver.
The equipment looks similar to satellite dishes. Terrestrial
microwaves use low-gigahertz range, which limits all
communications to line-of-sight. Path between relay stations
spaced approx. 30 miles apart. Microwave antennas are usually
placed on top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks.

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Communications Satellites – The satellites use microwave radio
as their telecommunications medium which are not deflected by
the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space,
typically 22,000 miles above the equator. These Earth-orbiting
systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and
TV signals.

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Cellular and PCS (Personal Communication Service) Systems –
Use several radio communications technologies. The systems are
divided to different geographic area. Each area has low-power
transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one
area to the next area.

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1G: Voice Only
The maximum speed of 1G technology is 2.4 Kbps.

2G: SMS and MMS

The maximum speed of 2G with General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) is 50 Kbps.
The speed is 1 Mbps with Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution (EDGE).

3G: More Data, Video Calling, and Mobile Internet

The maximum speed of 3G is estimated to be around
2 Mbps for non-moving devices and 384 Kbps in
moving vehicles.
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4G: The Current Standard
The max speed of a 4G network when the
device is moving is 100 Mbps. The speed is 1 Gbps for
low-mobility communication such as when the caller is
stationary or walking.

4G LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is one of the two
standards offered within 4G, and WiMax being the
second one. The specification calls for downlink
speed of up to 300Mbps and uplink speed of up to
75Mbps.
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5G:
5G is a not-yet-implemented wireless technology that's
intended to improve on 4G.

5G promises significantly faster data rates, higher

connection density, much lower latency, and energy
savings, among other improvements.

The anticipated theoretical speed of 5G connections is

up to 20 Gbps per second.

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Wireless LANs – Wireless local area network use a high-
frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-
frequency radio technology. Wireless LANS use spread spectrum
technology to enable communication between multiple devices
in a limited area.

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Bluetooth – A short range wireless technology. Operate at approx.
1Mbps with range from 10 to 100 meters. Bluetooth is an open
wireless protocol for data exchange over short distances.

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• Small network, short distance
• A room, a floor, a building
• Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
• Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
• Serve a department within an organization
• Examples:
• Network inside the Student Computer Room
• Network inside your home

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A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that
covers a broad area (i.e. any network whose communications
links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries.

The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the

Internet.

WAN often uses transmission facilities provided by common

carriers, such as telephone companies.
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• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to connect 2 or
more LANs/computers housed in different places far apart.
• Towns, states, countries
Your home
• Examples:
• Network of our Campus
• Internet

WAN USA

Student Computer
Centre

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A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network
made up of an interconnection of local area networks
(LANs) within a limited geographical area. It can be
considered one form of a metropolitan area network,
specific to an academic setting.

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A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that
connects two or more local area networks or campus area
networks together but does not extend beyond the
boundaries of the immediate town/city. Routers, switches
and hubs are connected to create a metropolitan area
network.

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A global area networks (GAN) specification is in
development by several groups, and there is no common
definition. In general, however, a GAN is a model for
supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary
number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The
key challenge in mobile communications is "handing off" the
user communications from one local coverage area to the
next.

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•The nodes of a network can act as a
server, a node, or both. The notion of a specialized
node such as a server is not found in peer-to-peer
networks. Exchanging files and programs is easy with
a peer-to-peer network.

•Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup

•No hierarchy among computers  all are equal

•No administrator responsible for the network

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Peer-to-peer

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• Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• Low cost
• Simple to configure
• User has full accessibility of the computer

• Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:

• May have duplication in resources
• Difficult to uphold security policy
• Difficult to handle uneven loading

• Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:

• 10 or less users
• No specialized services required
• Security is not an issue
• Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
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One particular computer is used for a specialized
task of serving the needs of each node. These
computers which are called servers are accessed
by the nodes (clients) in order to perform a
particular function. All shared resources within the
network are accessed from the server.

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• Network Clients (Workstation)
Workstation
• Computers that request network resources or services

• Network Servers
• Computers that manage and provide network resources and
services to clients
• Usually have more processing power, memory and hard
disk space than clients
• Run Network Operating System that can manage not only
data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on
the network
• Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its
performance and reliability

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• Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate
and control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have
access to Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-
peer networks

• Disadvantages of client/server networks

• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system
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A network’s topology refers to the physical connection
of wires that connect the nodes of the network. There
are four basic types of network topology and they are
as follows:

• Linear Bus Topology

• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Hybrid Topology

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• The nodes of a bus network transmit data and
hope that the data will not collide with data
transmitted by other nodes. If collision occurs,
each node waits for a small, random amount of
time before attempting to retransmit.
• Simple and low-cost
• A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment)
• Only one computer can send messages at a time
• Passive topology - computer only listen for, not
regenerate data

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• In a star topology, the server(s), nodes and other hardware devices are
connected to a central hub. All messages and data from the source
node must first pass through the central hub before it can reach the
target node. The hub is responsible for preventing data collision. In
addition, a broken down node will not cause the whole system to break
down. However, if a hub is broken, the whole network is lost.
• Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
• More cabling, hence higher cost
• All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire network down
• Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more computers may send
message at the same time

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Hub

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• In a ring network topology, the server(s), the nodes and
other hardware devices are connected in a circular chain
where each node is connected to the next. The last node to
be connected is connected to the first node which forms a
ring. With this topology, sent messages will pass through
connecting nodes until it reaches the target node.

• Disadvantages
• Difficult to add computers
• More expensive
• If one computer fails, whole network fails

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In this topology, the other types of topologies are
combined to form a combination or hybrid network
topology. Hybrid topologies are usually used to
connect different floors or rooms of a building.

Star-Ring
Star-Bus

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The internet is a world-wide collection of computer
networks. Individuals and organizations on a
network connected to the internet can
communicate with and find information on other
computer networks that are also connected to the

internet.
 Information via internet, including, but not limited to:

• Economic, geographic, political, social, trade and travel

information on cities and countries around the world.
• Local and international business and trade opportunities.
• Government information on and international businesses.
• Product and discussion on current issues and topics of
interest.
• Legal Information.
• Health Information.
 Information via internet, including, but not limited to:

• Information on famous scholars, artists, business leaders,

historical figures, political leaders, religious leaders,
scientists, and writers.
• Research Information.
• Information on events in world history and places around
the world.
• Artwork and literature, including electronic books.
• Weather and tidal information from across the world.
• Job listings and career information.
 Information via internet, including, but not limited to:

• A wide variety of sites through which you can purchase

goods and services electronically.
• Games and humor.
• Sports, entertainment, or software updates.
• Listings of information and services available via the
internet and their location.
• Other information that may be of interest to you such as
the words to your favorite song, application information
from a university, movie schedules, horoscope, and
others.
 e-MAIL
Electronic Mail – is one of the primary uses of
the internet. E-mail allows one user to send a
text-based message to another.

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File Transfer Protocol – is a method for
transferring files from one computer on the Internet to
another. To established a FTP connection, an internet user
must access (logon to) the server on which the information
resides, then find and download the files.
World Wide Web Servers – takes access a step further,
providing a hypertext interface. It allows users to view
formatted documents on their screen directly, instead of
navigating hierarchical menus. Users can access other text,
graphic, sound, and movie resources by pointing and clicking
highlighted words or pictures, and can download the
information being accessed.
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 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik I
• 4 October 1957
• 70 kgs bleeping sphere
• United States were shocked
 Advanced Research Projects
Agency
Apply state-of-the-art technology to
US defence
 Technological think-tank
 Space, ballistic missiles and
nuclear test monitoring
 Communication between
operational base and
subcontracters

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•1962 – computer research program Led by John
Licklider (MIT)

“Galactic Network” concept --> computers would be

networked together

•1965 – first “wide area network” created

connecting Berkeley and MIT using telephone
lines.

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 1969 – Interface Message Processor (IMP)
 4 computers networks installed

•UCLA
•Stanford Research Institute
•University of California Santa Barbara
•University of Utah

 1971 – 23 host computers

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•1972
•ARPANET went ‘public’
•ICCC - First International Conference on Computers and
Communication (Washington DC)
•Linking computers from 40 different locations together
•First program for person-to-person communication (e-mail)

•1973
•75% of all ARPANET traffic is e-mail
•First international connection (University College of
London) Web Server

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•1974 – TCP/IP
•Each network should work on its own
•Within each network there would be a ‘gateway’
•Gateway would be a large computer (large
volume of traffic) to transmit and redirect any
packages. Servers
•Packages would be routed through the fastest
available route
•crucial stage in networking development
•Large mainframe computers
•Several years of modification and redesign
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•1974/1982
•Very chaotic
•Different competing techniques and protocols
•ARPANET is still the backbone

1979: first suggestion of adding emoticons (widely

used in 1982)

•1982 – The internet is born using the TCP/IP

standard

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Four basic components of the Internet

1.Desktop computers with communication capability and

client server software to access, communicate with (network
neighborhood, internet browsers), and use the internet.
2.An internet connection, address and account.
3.The internet network itself.(Providers, e.g. Globe, Smart,
PLDT, Converge, other local ISPs)
4.Servers of available information on the internet. (web
pages, sites)

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An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to
the Internet. Access ISPs connect customers to the Internet using
copper, wireless or fiber connections.

Typical home user connection Typical business-type connection

•Broadband wireless access •DSL

•Cable Internet •Ethernet technologies
•Dial-up •Leased line
• ISDN •SHDSL
• Modem
•DSL
•FTTH
•Wi-Fi
After ARPAnet had been a fully operational network for eight
years, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP) was adopted as
the standard data transmission protocol for the internet.

Internet Protocol (IP) – is a system used to connect the

various computers within the internet. Every computer
connected to the internet has its own IP number. An IP number
is actually four different numbers, all separated by periods. E.g.
678.105.22.9

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – is the protocol

responsible for breaking data being sent across an IP
connection into small packets, and then reassembling these
when they arrive at their destination.
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On the Internet, numbers, or Internet addresses, are used to allocate and
address for each device on the network. These numbers are called Internet
Protocol addresses, or IP addresses.

The current standard "IPV4" is usually separated into 4 tuples or bytes, such
as 161.184.138.36, as a "dotted decimal". This means is that if we are to
navigate the Internet to this IP address for some reason, then the network will
send out "packets" with that number in them, and a process called "routing"
will send those packets to that Internet address.
A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of
administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet. Domain names
are hostnames that identify Internet Protocol (IP) resources such as web
sites. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain
Name System (DNS).
.com – commercial organization
.edu – educational organizations
.gov – government organization
.mil – military organization
.net – network service providers or network
resources
.org – other organizations not falling to the
previous ones.

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.ph – Philippines
.fr – France
.de – Germany
.it – Lithuania
.au – Australia
.mx – Mexico

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TCP/IP network located within a single
organization for communications and processing

Used by private and government organizations

for internal networks

All Internet applications can be used in private

intranets

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TCP/IP network located within a single
organization for communications and processing

Used by private and government organizations

for internal networks

All Internet applications can be used in private

intranets

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1989 – WWW concept
by Tim Berners-Lee

1990 – first browser/editor program

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The World Wide Web (WWW) is a universally-accepted
standard for sharing documents and information on the
internet. It is a universe of network-accessible information
which began in 1989. In addition to text, World Wide Web
documents can contain a variety of different media types
including graphics, sound, and animation, and can access
other programs such as databases and other executable
software.

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The World Wide Web consists of:
•The pages of information accessed (Web Pages)
•The servers on which the pages of information reside (Web
Servers)
•The client software you use to access the pages (Web
Browsers: Internet Explorer, Mozilla, netscape navigator,
Chrome, Opera)
•The network between your computer and the Web server/s
with which you interact. (Providers)
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Web Pages – The World Wide Web consists of
information organized into thousands of pages stored in
computers physically located throughout the world.
Corporations, institutions, and even individuals are making
their information available on-line via the World Wide Web.
The pages allow you to do a range of things, from an
interactive frog dissection to on-line shopping.

Web Browsers – World Wide Web pages are accessed

using client browser like Internet Explorer and others. If you
have a graphical browser such as Internet Explorer, you can
simply click on it and type the address to navigate through
different pages of website you are visiting.
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Default Page – known as home, the page of information
your browser displays when started.

Hypertext – allows you to progress or “branch” to other

pages of information of interest in a non-linear fashion,
allowing you to return the way you progressed through the
information originally, or to jump backward and forward
along the path you have take in your browsing.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – is the foundation

of the World Wide Web. All documents, or pages, on the
Web are linked together in hypertext architecture.
Documents on the Web are formatted using Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML).
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – is the protocol used
to transmit Web pages from the Web server being accessed
to your computer. With this protocol, your WWW browser
sends requests and receives information from WWW
servers over the internet.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) – every Web page has

a unique identifier called URL, WWW browser use the URL
to find a particular Web page among all the computers on
the internet. E.g. http://www.bicol-u.edu.ph

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Server Name – is the domain name of the server you are
contacting.

Pathname – gives the path to the specific file on the World Wide
Web.

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A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is
identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image,
video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to
easily navigate their browsers to related resources.

The major web browsers are Windows Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome, Apple Safari, and Opera.
E-mail
Most used application of the Internet
Uses series of protocols for transferring messages with text
and attachments from one Internet user to another

Instant Messaging
Displays words typed on a computer almost instantly, and
recipients can respond immediately in the same
wayAdvanced IM systems include voice/video chat

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E-mail Address is made up of:

A user’s account name

The @ symbol

The domain name of the machine on which

the users’ account resides.

e.g. josecruz@bicol-u.edu.ph
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Identify Web pages that match queries based on one or
more techniques
Keyword indexes, page ranking

Also serve as:

Shopping tools
Advertising vehicles (search engine marketing)
Tool within e-commerce sites

Outside of e-mail, most commonly used Internet activity

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Enable Internet users to communicate with one
another, although not in real time

Members visit online forum to check for new posts

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Enables music, video, and other large files to be
sent to users in chunks so that the file can play
uninterrupted

Allows users to begin playing media files before file

is fully downloaded

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Online Social Networks
Services that support communication among networks of
friends, peers
Blogs
Personal Web page of chronological entries
Podcasting
Audio presentation stored as an audio file and available
for download from Web
Wikis
Allows user to easily add and edit content on Web page

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Music and video services
Online video viewing
Digital video on demand

Internet telephony (VoIP)

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) uses Internet to
transmit voice communication

Video conferencing, video chatting, and telepresence

Online software and Web services

Web apps, widgets, and gadgets

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