Telecommunications and
Computer networks
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Telecommunication
Communication of information by electronic
means over some distance
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Telecommunication Components
Computers
to process information
Input output devices
to send or receive data
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Telecommunication Components
Communications channels
links between sending and
receiving devices to transmit data
use various transmission media
telephone lines, coaxial cables, twisted wire
cables, fiber optic cables, and wireless
media
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Telecommunication Components
communications processes
modems, multiplexes, NICs
provide support functions
communications software
control communication
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Twisted wire cables
consisted of pairs of twisted copper wire
used for both analogue and digital
transmission
low in cost
low in transmission speed
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Twisted wire cables
Useful for local and wide are networks
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Coaxial Cable
A thick insulated copper wire
Can transmit large volumes of data quickly
Faster and more interference free medium
Speed up to 200MB per second
Cannot support analogue phone
conversations
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Coaxial Cable
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Fiber optic cable
Consists of strands of clear glass fiber
Has the thickness of a human hair
Data are transformed into pulses of light
Rate 500kb – several trillion bit per second
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Fiber optic cable
Faster lighter and more durable than wire
media
Suitable to transfer large volumes of data
More expensive
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Fiber optic cable
Difficult to work with
Harder to install
Used for backbone cabling
that handle the major traffic
a primary path
No delays and no degradation in quality
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Fiber optic cable
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Wireless transmission
Sends signals through air or space
Technologies include
microwave transmission
communication satellites
pagers
cellular phones
smart phones
PDAs
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Microwave
Wireless transmission
High frequency radio signals are transmitted trough the
atmosphere from one terrestrial transmission station to another
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Microwave
A high volume
long distance
point – to – point transmission method
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Smart phone
Wireless phone with
voice
text and
internet capabilities
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Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Small
pen –based
handheld computer with
built in wireless telecommunications
Wireless networks and devices can be
more expensive, slower and more error
prone
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Bandwidth
The capacity of a communications channel
Number of bits transmitted per second
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Communications Networks
Different ways to organize communications
Networks and components
Can be classified as their
components are arranged (topologies)
geographical scope
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Network Topologies
Star
Bus
Ring
A topology is a method of arranging networks
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Star Network
Number of computers are connected to a central
computer
A hub
Switch
Special purpose computers
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Star Network
All communications must pass through the
central computer, the traffic controller
central computer stop functioning
network down
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Star Network
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Bus Network
All the computers are connected to a single
circuit - a line
Signals are broadcasted in both directions to
the entire Network
If one computer fails no other computer fails
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Bus Network
can handle only one message at a time
degrade performance at high traffic volum
Collisions may occur
messages has to be re – sent
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Bus Network
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Ring Network
All computers are linked by a close loop
Computer to computer message transmitting
following a single direction
Each computer operate independently
If one fails no interruption to the others
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Ring Network
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Geographic scope classification
LAN WAN
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Local Area Networks (LANs)
Link local resources
computers and terminals
Printers and Scanners, etc
Files and programs
in the same department or building of a firm
Sharing local resources
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Local Area Networks (LANs)
Encompasses a limited distance
usually one building or several buildings in
close proximity
Mostly within 2000 foot radius
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Local Area Networks (LANs)
Link computers and computer controlled
machines in a factory
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Local Area Networks (LANs)
Often controlled and operated by
end user groups or
departments in a firm
Require own communications channels
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Network Operating System (NOS)
Software that
manages communications
coordinate Network resources
on the network
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WAN
Span over broad geographical distance
Ranging from
several miles to
entire continents
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
May consists of
a combination of
switched and dedicated lines
variety of
cable
satellite and
microwave technologies
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WAN
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Other Network Services
Circuit switching
A direct connection
between two nodes in a Network
For the duration of the transmission
must be maintained
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Packet switching
Breaks up a lengthy block of data into small
fixed bundles called packets
Data bits
Address and packet number bits
Error checking bits
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Packet switching
A packet may contain
data bits
error checking bits
and destination address specifying bits
Divided into separate sections
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Packet switching
Packets can be routed
in different paths
in different communication channels
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Packet switching
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Types of signals
Analogue signal
A continuous waveform that passes through a
communications medium
Used for voice communication
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Analogue signal
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Types of signals
A digital signal
A discreet waveform
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Modem
Convert analogue signals into digital signals
and vice versa
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