CT-2 Notes
Name:_________________ Grade: 6
Subject: Computer Science
Algorithm and Data
What is an Algorithm | Introduction to Algorithms
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to solve a specific
problem or perform a specific task.
It takes some input, processes it through a sequence of well-defined instructions, and
produces an output.
Example:
To add two numbers:
1. Start
2. Input number A
3. Input number B
4. Add A and B → Store result in C
5. Output C
6. End
This is a simple algorithm for addition.
What is Data?
Data refers to raw facts or information that algorithms use as input or produce as output.
Example: Numbers like 5, 10, or a list like [3, 8, 1, 7] are data. In real-world terms, it could
be customer names, sales numbers, temperature readings, etc.
Relationship Between Algorithm and Data
Algorithm Data
Tells how to do something Tells what to do it on
The input/output of those
A set of rules/instructions
rules
Is processed by
Operates on data
algorithms
Analogy:
Think of an algorithm as a machine and data as the fuel. The machine (algorithm) processes
the fuel (data) to give you a result.
"An algorithm is like a machine, and data is the fuel."
Machine = Algorithm (it does the work)
Fuel = Data (it powers the process)
This analogy helps you understand how algorithms and data work together.
Predicting the Outcome of an Algorithm
Predicting the outcome of an algorithm means figuring out what result or output the
algorithm will produce when given a specific input.
Why It's Important:
Helps in debugging and understanding code.
Essential for testing and analyzing algorithms.
Key in exams and interviews when you're asked, "What will this algorithm return?"
General Steps to Predict the Outcome:
1. Understand the Algorithm
Know what task it's supposed to do (e.g., sort, search, add).
2. Follow the Steps
Apply the algorithm to the given input, step by step.
3. Track Values
Use a table or list to keep track of changing variables or data.
4. Determine the Output
Look at the result after the algorithm finishes processing.
5. Example Algorithm: Find Greater of Two Numbers
Algorithm Greater Number
Input: Two numbers A and B
Output: The greater number
1. If A > B:
Return A
2. Else:
Return B
Example 1:
Input: A = 15, B = 10
Step: 15 > 10 → return 15
Output: 15
What is a Flowchart?
A flowchart is a visual representation of a process, algorithm, or system using
symbols and arrows.
It shows the logical flow of steps in a process from start to end.
It helps in planning, designing, analyzing, and communicating how a program or
system works.
Why Use Flowcharts?
Uses:
Design algorithms
Document business processes
Explain program logic
Debug logical errors
Teach programming or process design
Key Flowchart Symbols (Expanded)
Symbol Name Function
Represents the beginning or end of
Oval Start/End
a flow
Parallelogram Input/Output Shows data input or output
Rectangle Process Indicates an action or operation
Diamond Decision A condition that branches (Yes/No)
Arrow Flowline Shows direction of process flow
Rules for Making Flowcharts
Start and End with an oval symbol.
Keep flow top to bottom or left to right.
Use arrows to show the correct direction.
Only one entry and exit point per symbol.
Label decision branches (Yes/No or True/False).
Keep it clear and simple — avoid too much clutter.
Use meaningful names for processes or variables.
Advantages of Flowcharts
✔ Makes logic easy to understand
✔ Useful for problem-solving
✔ Helps in debugging
✔ Aids in documentation
✔ Useful for team communication
Limitations of Flowcharts
❗ Can become complex for large problems
❗ Not suitable for minor changes (redrawing needed)
❗ Takes time to draw and update
How to Find Errors in a Flowchart
Finding errors in a flowchart means checking if the logic, sequence, symbols, or flow are
incorrect. This is very important before turning the flowchart into a program.
✅ Common Errors in Flowcharts (and How to Fix Them)
❌ Error Type 🔍 What to Check Fix Tip
Missing Every flowchart must begin with Add oval symbols at
Start/End Start and end with End symbols. start and end.
Is a process shown with a
Wrong symbol
rectangle? Is input/output a Use correct symbols.
usage
parallelogram?
A decision (diamond) must have
No decision path two paths: Yes and No (or Add both outcomes.
True/False).
Are arrows missing or pointing
Use arrows clearly,
Unclear flow backward? Do lines cross
avoid confusion.
unnecessarily?
Missing Is user input or result output clearly Use parallelograms
input/output shown? to show these.
Review your
Incorrect logic or Steps in the wrong order or wrong
algorithm or logic
sequence calculations
first.
Real-life Use Cases
ATM withdrawal process
Online shopping checkout
Login validation system
Traffic light control system
Calculator logic
o Example 1-
Example 1 Flowchart for adding two numbers
Example 2 Flowchart for Greater in two numbers
What is a Subroutine?
A subroutine (also called a function, procedure, or method) is a reusable set of
instructions designed to perform a specific task within a program. Instead of repeating
code, you "call" a subroutine when you need it.
Example: Flowchart Using a Subroutine
Let’s say we want to design a process that:
1. Takes two numbers
2. Adds them
3. Outputs the result
We’ll use a subroutine for the addition.
Flowchart Steps:
1. Start
2. Input number A
3. Input number B
4. Call subroutine Add(A, B)
5. Output result
6. End
Subroutine: Add(A, B)
1. Return A + B
