MODULE 3
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS SPEECH
SITUATIONS
Lesson 1: Types of Speech Context
Learning Objectives
•Define the various types of speech
context
• Identifies the various types of speech
context
• appreciate the importance of various
types of speech context
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Speech Contexts
1. Intrapersonal
✓ Intrapersonal communication is defined as person’s
communication with himself or herself.
✓ In other words, it is communication with oneself.
Talking to oneself in front of a mirror and thinking out loud are
two instances of intrapersonal communication. Since
intrapersonal communication takes places or exists within mind,
making plans or decisions is also intrapersonal communication,
as are smiling to oneself after a job well done or telling yourself
to stop doing certain things which you know are harmful to you.
EXAMPLE
Artists, most especially, are known to have great intrapersonal
skills.
For instance, writers and painters imagine various scenarios
that serve as their inspiration for composing novels or poems or
for making artwork.
Actors, on the other hand, internalize the roles they are to play
so they can act naturally and believably. Scientists, meanwhile,
do lots of self-talk, especially when they are deep in thought
while conducting experiments or solving problems.
Intrapersonal communication may engage diverse levels of
communication activity: internal discourse, solo vocal
communication, and solo written communication.
• Internal Discourse entails thinking, concentration and analysis.
Psychologists take in both daydreaming and nighttime dreaming in
this category. In addition, parts of this category are prayer,
contemplation, and meditation, although from a theological
standpoint, the argument may be made that this is not only internal
to one person.
Ex. Knowingly being pleased about the beauty of a sunset
Intrapersonal communication may engage diverse levels of
communication activity: internal discourse, solo vocal
communication, and solo written communication.
• Solo vocal communication includes speaking audibly to oneself.
This may be done to simplify thinking, to go over a message intended
for other, or simply to release steam.
Ex. Talking to yourself as you grumble regarding your boss
• Solo written communication deals with writing something that
is not intended for others.
Ex. A personal journal or an entry in a diary
• Intrapersonal communication is very
important, which is why many people
need time to be alone so they can
think or communicate with
themselves.
2. Interpersonal Communication
✓ Interpersonal communication is communication with one or more
persons.
✓ It could be face-to-face or via a gadget such as a cell phone.
Conversations, interviews, and casual talk are examples of
interpersonal communication.
In 1624, the English poet John Donne said, “No man is an island.”
• This line means that a person needs other people to live fully, which is
why interpersonal communication is very important as well. Simply,
talking to or interacting with others, whether face to face (in one-on-
one conversations, small group discussions, or meetings) or via
gadgets, is an essential part of life.
Interpersonal means “something involving or occurring among several
people.”
Examples of interpersonal communication
❑ casual conversations with family members or peers;
❑ interview or formal conversations with authority figures such as
teachers and employees;
❑ small group discussions in class;
❑ e-mail correspondence with a relative abroad; and
❑ short interactions with food attendants, vendors, public drivers and
the like.
❑ Politicians, celebrities, salespeople, teachers, doctors, counselors and
supervisors, to name a few, have good interpersonal skills that help
them accomplish their duties and/or objectives.
Categories of interpersonal communication according to the
number of participants:
✓ Dyadic Communication engages two people.
Ex. two friends chatting
✓ Small group communication engages three or more persons.
The smaller the number in the group, the more strongly this
mode is like interpersonal communication. Group
communication is frequently made with the intention of
problem-solving or decision-making.
Ex. a school study group
Categories of interpersonal communication according to
function or setting of the communication:
✓ Organizational communication is about communication in
large organizations such as businesses. It is at times
regarded as part of group communication. However,
scholars have created a body of knowledge mainly
centered on organizations.
Ex. a work-focused conversation involving employer and
employees
Categories of interpersonal communication according to
function or setting of the communication:
✓ Family communication centers on communication models
within nuclear, extended and blended families. Like
organizational communication, family communication is
occasionally viewed as part of the general category of group
communication but much research focused specifically on
communication inside a family relationship.
Ex. a talk during a holiday meal
Categories of interpersonal communication according to
function or setting of the communication:
✓ Mass Communication is any human verbal interactions carried out with the
aid of mass media technology.
✓ Mass media used to mean only radio and television, which reached more
people with the use of their technical systems.
✓ With the advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web, Mass Communication
now includes Social Media, which allows for the use of technology by
everyone, not just journalists, broadcasters, and technical crew. Social Media
cover videos that go viral on the Internet as well as webcasts/podcasts that
reach millions, more than radio or TV ever could. Radio and TV have joined
Social Media by putting up their websites to communicate to a large audience.
Ex. Teacher and student discussing a lesson via Zoom
Categories of interpersonal communication according to
function or setting of the communication:
✓ Intercultural Communication is the exchange of concepts, traditions,
values and practices between and among people of different
nationalities and ways of life.
✓ It goes beyond showcasing folk dances, local songs, and native
delicacies. To make the exchange more meaningful, there should
be a deeper understanding and awareness of what makes various
nationalities different and unique
✓ Ex. Chatting with a friend from Abu Dhabi might bring out the
difficulties of a Catholic Filipino migrant worker in a Muslim
country
In the theory, Gardner defines intrapersonal intelligence as “the capacity to
understand oneself, to appreciate one’s emotions, interests, fears and
motivations or goals. This intelligence is more reflective and seeks to be in tune
with feelings; looking for intuition, connections, patterns, and wisdom. This is
therefore more critical-thinking centered and is concerned with a person’s
reflections on their changing thoughts and emotions.”
On the other hand, Gardner defines interpersonal intelligence as “the capacity
to experience the intentions, interests, desires, fears, and motivations/goals of
other people. This intelligence is therefore much more openly interactive,
seeking personal connections and discussions with others as a prime tool to
appreciate what one person or more may be communicating. This is therefore
more of an ability to have an interest in and/or empathy for other people’s views.
Types of Speech Context
3. Public Speech Context
3. Public Speech Context
✓ Public speaking is an important part of life as it is carried out to
accomplish specific goals such as to inform, to entertain, or to
persuade. Moreover, almost everyone—not just world leaders,
diplomats, teachers and celebrities—will need to address an
audience at some point in his or her life, whether for professional
or for personal reasons.
✓ For example, you, as a student, have already engage in some form
of public speaking when you presented reports in front of the class.
The following are some more situations that require public
speaking.
3. Public Speech Context
✓ In this context, the speaker usually standing in front or onstage must
speak to many people as opposed to the intrapersonal context in which
one speaks to himself/herself or to the interpersonal context in which one
speaks to only a limited number of people. While speaking before an
audience may be daunting and often nerve-racking, some people are
actually very good in such a situation. These people can articulate their
thoughts effectively and in other instances, even regale their audience
with their wit and charm.
The following are some more situations that require
public speaking.
✓ Personal
• a family member addresses family on family
events/celebrations (weddings, graduations, etc.)
• a family member/friend delivers a eulogy to a
grieving group
The following are some more situations that require
public speaking.
✓ Professional
• organizational leaders address members during general
assemblies or foundation anniversaries
• a company owner addresses employees during company
events
• an employee presents reports to his or her superiors
• a student presents reports at school
• a salesperson delivers sales pitches to potential customers
The following are some tips that will help you become
a better speaker.
1. Be yourself.
Do not focus on the public part of public speaking;
instead focus on the speaking part because your
goal, after all, is to speak. Bear in mind that your
objective, first and foremost is to convey a message.
The following are some tips that will help you become
a better speaker.
2. Relax. It may be hard to do, especially when
you know that the prying eyes and critical ears of
people are focused on you, but you should do so
nonetheless. Breathing deeply and thinking
positive things will help you in this regard.
The following are some tips that will help you become
a better speaker.
3. Prepare well. If you are given time, make the most of that
time by preparing well. Research credible and relevant pieces of
information for your speech. Outline to organize your speech and
then choose carefully the information you will include. When you
are sure of what you want to impart, write your speech, edit, it,
revise it, and revise it more. Afterward, memorize your speech or
make cure cards so you can remember what you want to say.
The following are some tips that will help you become
a better speaker.
4. Practice. Deliver your speech in front of a mirror to
see the appropriate nonverbal cues you can use. Better
yet, record yourself delivering your speech so you can
watch and study it afterward. You may also deliver your
piece in front of your parents, relatives or friends and ask
them for immediate feedback.
The following are some tips that will help you become
a better speaker.
5. Interact with the audience. Ask them
questions, when necessary, and engage them in
appropriate banter. If you can do so, you will be
able to build some rapport with them.
In any public speaking situation, the audience will exhibit both positive and
negative behavior.
Among the positive On the other hand, the following are
behaviors that an some of the negative behaviors that
audience may exhibit an audience may show: shaking of
one’s head, yawning, dozing off, and
are the following:
frowning.
clapping of hands, These nonverbal cues reveal the
smiling, and laughing. attitude of an audience toward a
speaker or toward his or her speech.
✓ Similarly, a speaker must also show or avoid certain
nonverbal cues. Public speakers, being open to general
observation, must be conscious of how they conduct
themselves onstage or before their audience. Everything—
from a choice of words to posture to the manner of
dressing—is subjected to the scrutiny and judgment of the
audience. Thus, a speaker must be respectful and sensitive
to his or her language. Moreover, he or she should be
careful of his or her gestures, facial expressions, and body
language so as not to offend anyone.
✓ In any public speaking situation, the speaker
and the audience will exhibit varying
behaviors. Therefore, speakers or the
audience should always be aware of the
context so that they will be able to conduct
themselves properly.
