Need for Data Science

🔸 Blackboard Definition:

“Data Science is needed to understand and make smart decisions from the large amount of data
being created every second in real life.”

🔹 Simple Introduction

In today’s world, we are surrounded by devices — phones, cars, sensors, satellites — all of which
generate a huge amount of data. But just having data is not enough. We need to use that data
smartly to make decisions. This is where Data Science comes in.

🔹 Real-Life Examples

1. Travel and Traffic: When you drive with Google Maps, it shows traffic jams, alternate routes,
and estimated time. This happens because data is being collected from thousands of devices
and analyzed in real time.

2. Self-Driving Cars:

o Cars collect data about roads, traffic, speed, and surrounding vehicles.

o Data Science helps these cars make decisions — when to stop, turn, or slow down.

o Research predicts self-driving cars may save up to 2 million lives annually by

reducing accidents.

3. Flight and Weather Planning:

o Airlines use weather data to reschedule or change flight paths in advance.

o This avoids cancellations, delays, and discomfort.

o Air traffic management uses Data Science to plan alternate routes in real time.

4. Logistics (e.g., FedEx, Amazon):

o Companies use data to plan delivery routes, track packages, and decide the best
mode of transportation.

o This saves time and money.

5. Retail and Business:

o Based on past data, businesses can predict which products will sell more in which
months.

o For example, more sweaters sell in winter, and more T-shirts in summer.

o They can also send personalized offers to customers.

 6. Predictive Maintenance:

o Suppose you want to know whether your fridge or car will break down soon.

o Data science can help predict it based on usage patterns and past failures.

7. Politics and Elections:

o Political campaigns use data to understand voters.

o They send messages based on age, location, or interest.

o Analysts use data to predict election results.

🔹 Why Do We Need It?

 Huge amounts of data are being created — but we’re not using it effectively.

 Companies prepare reports but don’t extract insights.

 We miss opportunities like predicting sales, customer behavior, or failures.

 With Data Science, we can:

o Discover patterns in sales, weather, or customer habits.

o Forecast the future (e.g., demand for a product).

o Make decisions faster and more accurately.

🔹 Interactive Questions to Ask Students

1. Where have you seen Google Maps work in real time? How do you think it predicts traffic?

2. Imagine a fridge could tell you it’s about to break down. How would that help you?

3. Can you think of a festival season when shops offer discounts? How can Data Science help
them plan it better?

4. How do you think Amazon or Flipkart knows what to recommend to you?

What Is Data Science?

🔸 Blackboard Definition:

“Data Science is the process of using data to gain meaningful insights and make decisions using
tools like statistics, programming, and algorithms.”

🔹 Introduction (Simple Version)

Think of Data Science as a way of finding treasure inside data. This treasure could be useful ideas,
solutions to problems, better services, or even money-saving opportunities.

🔹 Real-World Example: The LinkedIn Story

 In 2006, LinkedIn wasn’t popular. People were joining but weren’t staying.

 Jonathan Goldman, a data scientist, noticed that the data they had wasn’t being used well.

 He suggested a new idea — LinkedIn Recommendation System:

o "You may know this person" feature was born.

o It suggested people to connect with, based on who they already knew.

 The result? Traffic increased, people stayed longer, found jobs, and LinkedIn became what it
is today.

 His work used both statistics and programming — that’s Data Science!

✅ Learning Point: A data scientist looks at data, finds hidden patterns, and creates systems that
improve user experience and business success.

🔹 More Examples of Data Science in Daily Life

1. Movie Recommendations

o Netflix shows movies based on your past views.

o It checks what similar users liked and gives you suggestions.

2. Online Furniture Shopping

o Suppose you want to buy a chair:

 You search on many websites.

 You check ratings, discounts, and delivery options.

 You compare and then decide.

o This decision-making based on lots of information = data science in action.

3. Cab Booking (e.g., Uber/Ola)

o Choosing the best route depends on:

 Traffic, road conditions, weather

o The app uses real-time data to help you travel faster and cheaper.

4. TV Shows and Advertisements

o Netflix checks what shows people like.

o They use this info to:

  Create better shows

 Sell ad space to companies that want to reach the right audience

🔹 Key Features of Data Science

 Uses large volumes of data

 Involves statistics, machine learning, and coding

 Helps in making better decisions

 Can predict outcomes, suggest actions

Even the best algorithms fail if the data is not managed well. The power of Data Science comes not
just from tools, but from using data smartly.

🔹 Interactive Questions for Students

1. Have you ever received a YouTube or Netflix recommendation that matched your taste?
Why do you think that happened?

2. When you book a cab, have you noticed how it changes routes? What data might it be
using?

3. If you had to build a recommendation system for your college library, how would you do
it?

Evolution of Data Science

✳️Introduction

Data Science didn’t just appear overnight. It grew like a tree — starting from small roots (paper
records) to big branches (AI and Deep Learning). Let’s explore its journey in five simple stages.

1️⃣ Ancient Times – Before Computers (📜 Before 1950s)

🪶 What happened?

 People used basic tools to count crops, taxes, rainfall, etc.

 No computers, no electricity.

 Data was collected manually on paper, clay tablets, or even using stones.

🧠 Think Like This:

Imagine your grandfather writing down daily weather on a notebook. That’s data recording — old
style.
📌 Blackboard-friendly Definition:
Manual Data Collection: The process of writing down data without using machines or computers.

📝 Example:

 Farmers counting bags of wheat.

 Kings keeping records of taxes in ledgers.

💬 Interactive Question:

Can you name something your grandparents still write down manually (like expenses, calendar dates,
etc.)?

2️⃣ Computer Era Begins (💾 1950s–1980s)

💡 What changed?

 Invention of computers revolutionized data.

 Businesses and governments started using digital records.

 Basic statistics + programming used to understand patterns.

📌 Blackboard-friendly Definition:
Digital Data Processing: Using computers to store, organize, and analyze data.

📝 Example:

 Banks storing customer account details.

 Hospitals using computers for patient info.

💬 Interactive Question:

Why do you think banks preferred computers over paper?

3️⃣ Internet Age (🌐 1990s–2000s)

🚀 What happened?

 Internet came into our lives — emails, websites, online shopping.

 Data exploded! Everything online started generating data.

 Tools like Excel, SQL, and data mining helped analyze it.

📌 Blackboard-friendly Definition:
Web Data Explosion: A sudden increase in data due to internet usage.

📝 Example:

 Amazon tracking what books you search or buy.

 Emails and website clicks being saved.

💬 Interactive Question:

Can you list 3 websites that know your preferences?

4️⃣ Big Data & Data Science Boom (📈 2010 – Now)

🔥 What’s new?

 Social media, videos, GPS, chats – too much data, too fast!

 Python, R, and Machine Learning tools now needed.

 “Data Scientist” became a hot job title.

📌 Blackboard-friendly Definition:
Big Data: Extremely large sets of data generated rapidly and in different formats.

📝 Example:

 Netflix recommending shows based on your watch history.

 Google Maps giving shortest routes in real time.

💬 Interactive Question:

What app do you use that gives suggestions? Do they feel accurate?

5️⃣ AI and the Future (🤖 Now & Beyond)

🚗 What’s the future?

 AI (Artificial Intelligence) makes smart decisions on its own.

 Real-time predictions using huge data (weather, traffic, stock prices).

 Self-driving cars, smart fridges, voice assistants like Siri, Alexa.

📌 Blackboard-friendly Definition:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): Technology that allows machines to think, learn, and make decisions like
humans.

📝 Example:

 Siri answering your questions.

 Google Photos recognizing your face.

💬 Interactive Question:

Have you used Siri or Google Assistant? What did you ask it?

📊 Summary Table
Time Period 🔍 Key Activity Tools Used

Before 1950s Manual data recording Paper, ledgers, math

1950s–1980s Digital storage begins Computers, statistics

1990s–2000s Internet data explosion Excel, SQL, data mining

2010–Now Big Data, smart decisions Python, R, Machine Learning

Future AI, Deep Learning, automation Neural Networks, IoT, AI

Sure! Here's a blackboard-friendly, student-level running note version for:

Data Science Process

📘 Definition:

Data Science Process is the step-by-step method of solving problems using data.
It involves understanding the problem, collecting and cleaning data, building models, and showing
results in an understandable way.

🔢 Steps in the Data Science Process:

1️⃣ Ask the Right Questions

 First step is to understand the problem clearly.

 We ask questions to know what we are trying to solve.

 Without a clear goal, analysis is meaningless.

📌 Example:
"Why are students not performing well in exams?"
"Can we predict next month's sales?"

2️⃣ Data Collection and Exploration (EDA)

 EDA = Exploratory Data Analysis

 Check the available data:

o Is it complete?

o Is it correct?
 o Are there any outliers (unexpected values)?

 Use tables, graphs, charts to understand the data.

📌 Example:
If we have student data, explore columns like name, age, marks, etc.

3️⃣ Data Cleaning / Preprocessing

 Raw data is often messy or incomplete

 We clean it by:

o Filling missing values

o Removing duplicate rows

o Changing categories into numbers

 This step is important before applying any model

📌 Example:
Changing gender to 1 for male, 0 for female

4️⃣ Model Building / Algorithm Selection

 Choose a suitable machine learning model

o Regression → for number prediction

o Classification → for yes/no answers

 Split data into training set and test set

 Train the model on training data

 Test how it performs on test data

📌 Example:
Predicting student marks using past scores

5️⃣ Evaluate the Model

 Check if the model is giving correct output

 Use metrics like:

o Accuracy

o Precision

o Recall

o Confusion Matrix
  Improve model if needed

📌 Example:
If model predicts "Fail" for a student who actually "Passed", it's wrong

6️⃣ Visualization and Communication

 Final step is to show your findings in an easy way

 Use graphs, charts, dashboards, PPTs

 Helps non-technical people understand results

📌 Example:
A pie chart showing which city has the most users of an app

🧠 Quick Recap Table:

🔢 Step Task 🎯 Purpose

1 Ask Questions Understand the problem

2 Explore Data Understand what data says

3 Clean Data Prepare clean and useful data

4 Build Model Train machine to learn patterns

5 Evaluate Check if model is accurate

6 Visualize Show results to others clearly

❓ Interactive Questions to Ask Students:

1. What happens if we skip data cleaning?

2. Why should we visualize results after model building?

3. Can we use one model for all types of data?

4. Give an example of asking the right question in a hospital or school.

Business Intelligence (BI) vs Data Science

📘 What is Business Intelligence (BI)?

 Business Intelligence (BI) is the early stage of making sense from data.
  It uses structured data from systems like:

o ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

o CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

 These systems use RDBMS like Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server.

📝 Example:
Sales report generated from SAP or customer feedback in a CRM.

🔄 Process of Business Intelligence:

1. Data stored in different systems (like ERP, CRM).

2. Structured format (tables with rows and columns).

3. Data brought into a central place called a Data Warehouse.

4. Reports and dashboards are created to show performance.

📊 What is Data Science?

 Data Science is a more advanced stage of data analysis.

 It works with:

o Structured Data (like BI)

o Unstructured Data (comments, reviews, images, audio, etc.)

 Uses tools like:

o Python, R, Machine Learning, NLP

📝 Example:
Analyzing customer reviews from Twitter or YouTube to predict future sales.

🆚 Difference Between BI and Data Science:

🔍 Feature 🧩 Business Intelligence (BI) 🧠 Data Science

📄 Data Type Structured only Structured + Unstructured

Tools Used SQL, Dashboards, Excel Python, R, ML, AI

🔎 Goal Analyze past & present Predict future

📊 Output Reports, graphs Predictions, models

Time Focus Historical data Historical + Future

🧪 Skills Needed Statistics, SQL Stats + Programming + ML

🎯 Focus and Usage:

 BI = What happened?
→ Descriptive analytics

 Data Science = What will happen & why?

→ Predictive + Prescriptive analytics

📌 Summary Points:

 BI was the first step in data-driven business decisions.

 BI uses structured data from ERP/CRM systems.

 Data Science goes deeper: uses advanced algorithms and unstructured data.

 BI is mostly about past analysis. Data Science is about future predictions.

❓ Student Engagement Questions:

1. Can you name tools used in BI and Data Science?

2. Why do we need a data warehouse in BI?

3. Give one real-world example where unstructured data is used in Data Science.

Feature Business Intelligence (BI) Data Science

Goal Understand past and present Predict future, find patterns

Data Type Structured only Structured + Unstructured

Output Format Dashboards, reports Predictive models, AI decisions

Time Focus Historical Future-oriented

Tools SQL, Power BI, Tableau, Excel Python, R, Jupyter, TensorFlow

Example Use Case Monthly sales report Forecasting next month’s sales using trends

Key Skills SQL, Excel, basic statistics Statistics, ML, programming, domain expertise