Parul University
Faculty of Engineering &
Technology
Department of Applied
Sciences and Humanities
1st Year B.Tech Programme
Mathematics – 2 (303191151)
Unit–5(b) Vector Calculus (Lecture Notes)
LINE-INTEGRAL:
The line integral is a simple generalization of a
𝒃
definite integral 𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 which is integrated
from 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑨 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝒃 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑩 along
the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
In a line integral the integration is done along a
curve 𝑪 in space.
Let 𝑭 𝒓 be a vector function defined at every point of a curve 𝑪. If 𝒓 is the
position vector of the point 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) on the curve 𝑪 then the line integral of 𝑭 𝒓
over a curve 𝑪 is defined by
𝑭 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 = 𝑭𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐 𝒅𝒚 + 𝑭𝟑 𝒅𝒛 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑭 = 𝑭𝟏 𝒊 + 𝑭𝟐 𝒋 + 𝑭𝟑 𝒌&𝒓 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋 + 𝒛𝒌
𝑪 𝑪
If the curve C is represented by parametric representation, 𝒓(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)𝒊 + 𝒚(𝒕)𝒋 + 𝒛(𝒕)𝒌
Then the line integral along the curve C from 𝑡 = 𝑎 to 𝑡 = 𝑏 is
𝒃 𝒃
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑭 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 = 𝑭 𝒅𝑡 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + 𝑭𝟑 𝒅𝑡
𝑪 𝒂 𝑑𝑡 𝒂 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
If C is closed curve, then the symbol of the line integral 𝑪
is replaced by 𝑐
Examples:
1) If 𝑭 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋, evaluate 𝑪 𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 where C is the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 from (0,0) to (1,2).
Solution: Given𝑭 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 , 𝒅𝒓 = 𝑑𝒙𝒊 + 𝑑𝒚𝒋 ⟹ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 = 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
Given C is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Along C, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
1
𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 = 3𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥 4 (4𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
𝑪 0
1
3 5
𝑥4 𝑥6 6 16 𝟕
= (6𝑥 − 16𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 6 − 16 = − = − 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔.
0 4 6 4 6 𝟔
2) Find the work done when a force 𝑭 = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙)𝒊 − (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚)𝒋, moves a particle
from the origin to the point (1, 1) along 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙.
Solution: Given 𝑭 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑗 , 𝒅𝒓 = 𝑑𝒙𝒊 + 𝑑𝒚𝒋
⟹ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Given C is: 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
Along C, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1,
1
𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 = (𝑦 2 )2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (2𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑪 0
1
= (2𝑦 5 − 2𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 3 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0
1 1
5 3
2𝑦 6 2𝑦 4 𝑦 2 2 2 1 𝟐
= (2𝑦 − 2𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = − − = − − =−
0 6 4 2 0
6 4 2 𝟑
3) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝑭 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚 𝒋 − 𝒛𝒌
from t=0 to 1 along the curve 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒕, 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 .
4) Find 𝑪
𝑭 ∙ 𝒅𝒓 where C is the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 in the xy-plane where
𝑭 = (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 )𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋 − 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌.
SURFACE INTEGRAL:
An integral which is evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral. Consider a
surface S. Let 𝑭 be a vector valued function which is defined at each point on the surface
and let P be any point on the surface and 𝒏 be the unit outward normal to the surface at P.
The normal component of 𝑭 at P is 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏.
The integral of the normal component of 𝑭is denoted by 𝑺
𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝒔
EVALUATION OF SURFACE INTEGRAL
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
If 𝑹𝟏 be the projection of S on the xy-plane, 𝒌 is the unit vector normal the xy-planethen 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒏𝒌
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑭∙𝒏
𝒏𝒌
𝑺 𝑹𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
If 𝑹𝟐 be the projection of S on the yz-plane, 𝒊 is the unit vector normal the yz-plane then 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒏𝒊
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
∴ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑭∙𝒏
𝒏𝒊
𝑺 𝑹𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛
If 𝑹𝟑 be the projection of S on the xz-plane, 𝒋 is the unit vector normal the xz-plane then 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒏𝒋
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛
∴ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑭∙𝒏
𝒏𝒋
𝑺 𝑹𝟏
Problems based on Surface Integral
1) Evaluate 𝑺
𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 if 𝑭 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌 and S is the surface of the plane
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 in the first octant.
Solution:
Given 𝑭 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌
Let 𝝋 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝝏𝝋 𝝏𝝋 𝝏𝝋
𝛁𝝋 = 𝒊 +𝒋 +𝒌 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 and 𝛁𝝋 = 𝟒 + 𝟏 + 𝟒 = 𝟗 = 𝟑
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝛁𝝋 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌
𝒏= =
𝛁𝝋 𝟑
𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌
𝑭∙𝒏= 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒋 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒌 ∙
𝟑
𝟏
= [𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚𝒛]
𝟑
𝟐
= [𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛]
𝟑
𝟐
= 𝒚[𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛]
𝟑
𝟐
= 𝒚 + 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 [∵ 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚]
𝟑
𝟐
= 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙
𝟑
𝟒
= 𝒚[𝟑 − 𝒙]
𝟑
Let R be the projection of S on the xy – plane
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝒅𝒔 =
𝒏𝒌
𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 𝟐
𝒏∙𝒌= ∙𝒌 =
𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑭∙𝒏
𝒏𝒌
𝑺 𝑹
𝟒 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
= 𝒚[𝟑 − 𝒙] ∙ 𝟐
𝟑
𝑹 𝟑
=𝟐 [𝟑 − 𝒙] 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟔−𝒚
In 𝑹𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟔 , 𝒙 varies from 0 to
𝟐
y varies from 0 to 6
𝟔−𝒚
𝟔
𝟐
=𝟐 𝒚 𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟎
𝟔−𝒚
𝟔
𝒙𝟐 𝟐
=𝟐 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎
𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
=𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − (𝟔 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟐 𝟖
𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝒚𝟐 𝟑𝒚𝟑 𝟔−𝒚 𝟑
= − −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟖 𝟑 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝟗(𝟔)𝟐 − 𝟔 𝟑
+ (𝟎) − 𝟎 − 𝟎 + (𝟔 ) = 𝟖𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔.
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
2) Evaluate 𝑺
𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒔 where S is the portion of the plane 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 that lies in
front of yz plane.
Solution: We are looking for portion of the plane ABC that lies in front of the yz–plane,
Therefore ,we write equation of the surface in the form 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒚, 𝒛
For the points on the surface we have 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒚 − 𝒛
𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟔(𝟏 − 𝒚 − 𝒛)𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝑨
𝑺 𝑺
𝟏 𝟏−𝒚
=𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟏 − 𝒚 − 𝒛 𝒚𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
𝟏−𝒚
𝟏
=𝟔 𝟑 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒚 𝒛 − 𝒚𝒛𝟐
𝟐
𝒅𝒚
𝟐 𝟎
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝟔 𝟑 𝒚 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟒 =
𝟒 𝟑 𝟖 𝟎 𝟒
3) Evaluate 𝑺
𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒔 where S is the portion of the plane 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 that lies in
front of yz plane.
GREEN’S THEOREM IN PLANE:
Statement:-
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 , , be continuous every where in a region R of xy plane bounded by a
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
closed curve c then 𝒄
𝑴 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒅𝒚 = 𝑹
− 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚.
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
1) Verify Green’s Theorem for 𝒄
[ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒚]where C is the
boundary of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Solution: The points of intersection of the parabola y=x2 and the line y=x are obtained
as x=x2, x=0,1 and y=0,1.
Hence, O (0,0) and B (1,1) are the points of intersection.
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥, = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
(𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦) = (𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦) + (𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦) … … … … (1)
𝑐
𝑂𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑂
⟹ Along 𝑂𝐴𝐵 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1
(𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦) = [ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦]
𝑂𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐴𝐵
1
= [ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
0
1
19
= (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 5 + 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
6
0
⟹ Along 𝐵𝑂 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 1 𝑡𝑜 0
(𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦) = [ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦]
𝐵𝑂 𝐵𝑂
1
35
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −
12
0
19 35 𝟏
Substituting in (1) ⟹ 𝑐
(𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦) = − = … … … … (2)
6 12 𝟒
Let R be the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 along the
vertical strip AA’.
⟹𝑦 varies from 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 and in the region R, x varies from 0 to 1
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 𝑥
𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥2
2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1
2 𝑥 1
= 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑥2 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = … … … … (3)
0 0 4
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝟏
From equation (2) and (3)⟹ 𝑐
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝟒
2) By using Green’s Theorem evaluate 𝒄
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒚 𝒅𝒚 ,where C
is the boundary of the region bounded by𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙and the line 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 .
Solution: y2=x and y=x2 are two parabolas intersecting at
(0,0) and (1,1).Here, M=3x2− 8y2, N=4y−6xy
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⟹ = −16𝑦, = −6𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝑥 1 1
2 𝑥 3
= 10𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 5𝑦 𝑥2
=5 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 =
0 𝑥2 0 0 2
𝟏
3) Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by 𝟐 𝑪
𝒙 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 .Hence
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
find the area of the ellipse𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 by using green’s theorem.
Solution:
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By Green’s Theorem , 𝑐
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Let 𝑀 = −𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 ⟹ = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐶)
𝐶
𝑅 𝑅
1
∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐶 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐶
Parametric equation of the ellipse
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
1 2𝜋
Area of the ellipse = 0
( 𝑎 cos 𝜃)(𝑏 cos 𝜃) − (𝑏 sin 𝜃)(−𝑎 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 1 1
= 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 2
+ (sin 𝜃) 2
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏[𝜃]2𝜋
0 = 𝝅𝒂𝒃
2 0 2 0 2
𝟏
4) Evaluate 𝟐 𝑪 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 by Green’s theorem where C is the boundary of the
region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝑎𝑛𝑠. = 6
𝟏
5) Verify Green’s theorem in plane for 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒚, where C is the boundary
𝟐 𝑪
128
of the region bounded by the parabola 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖𝒙 and the line 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝑎𝑛𝑠. = 5
GAUSS-DIVERGENCE THEOREM: (Convert surface integral to volume integral)
Statement: If 𝐹 be a vector point function having continuous partial derivatives in the region
bounded by a closed surface 𝑆, then
F.nds divFdv
s v
where 𝑛 is the unit outward normal at any point of the surface 𝑆.
1) Find the flux of F yzj z k outward through the surface s cut from the cylinder
2
y 2 z 2 1, z 0 by the plane 𝒙 = 𝟎 & 𝒙 = 𝟏.
Solution: The outward normal field on S calculated from the gradient of 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝛻𝑔 2𝑦 𝑗 +2𝑧 𝑘 2𝑦 𝑗 +2𝑧 𝑘
to be 𝑛 = = = = 𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝛻𝑔 4𝑦 2 +4𝑧 2 2 1
𝛻𝑔 2 1
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑔.𝑘 2𝑧
Since 𝑧 ≥ 0 on S, 𝐹. 𝑛 = 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 . (𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘)
= 𝑦2𝑧 + 𝑧3
= 𝑧 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧
Therefore, the flux F outward through S is
1
𝑆 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑆 𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑥𝑦 = 2
𝑧
2) Find the flux of F 4 xzi y j yzk outward through the surface of the cube cut from the
2
first octant by the planes 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1
Solution: Here 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻∙𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑧 + −𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 = 4𝑧 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
∴ 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹 = 4𝑧 − 𝑦
Over the interior of cube:
1 1 1
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝛻. 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 0 0 0
4𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
VOLUME INTEGRAL:
dv ( x, y, z)dxdydz Fdv
V v v
1.) If 45x y then evaluate
2 dv where v denote the closed region bounded by the
v
planes 4 x 2 y z 8 , x 0, y 0 , z 0
2 4−2𝑥 8−4𝑥−2𝑦
Solution: ∅ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
45 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 4−2𝑥
= 45 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑥 2 𝑦 8 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= 45 𝑥=0 3
𝑥 2 4 − 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 = 128
STOKE’S THEOREM:
If s is an open two sided surface bounded by a closed non intersecting curve and if a vector function
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) has continuous first partial derivatives in a domain in a space containing s. Then
F.dr (curlF ).nds F ds
c s s
^
Where c is described in positive (anti clock wise) direction and n is a unit positive(outward drawn)
normal to S.
1.) Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐴 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘, where S is the upper half surface of
the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and C is its boundary.
Solution: The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy-plane of radius unity and centre at the origin. Let
𝑥 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡, 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡, 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 be the parametric equations
of C
Then, 𝐶
𝐴. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐶
[ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑑𝑧]
2𝜋
= 0
(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)(− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2𝜋
= 0
(−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =𝜋
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Also, 𝛻 𝑋 𝐴 = 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐴 . 𝑛 = 𝑘. 𝑘 = 1
𝑆 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐴 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where R is the projection of S on the xy-plane
1 1−𝑥 2
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−1 − 1−𝑥 2
1
= 2 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
=4 0
1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋
Hence, Stoke’s Theorem is verified.
2.) Evaluate 𝑆 𝛻 𝑋 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑆 taken over the portion of the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧 = 0 and
the bounding curve in the plane z=0 and 𝐹 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −
𝑧2𝑘
Solution: The given surface meets the plane 𝑧 = 0 in the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
𝐹 = 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑥2 𝑖 + 𝑧2 + 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑗 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2
𝛻𝑋 𝐹 = 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑦 + 𝑧2 − 𝑥2 𝑧2 + 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑧2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑖 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 𝑗 2𝑧 − 2𝑥 + 𝑘(2𝑥 − 2𝑦)
The surface integral of 𝛻 𝑋 𝐹 over the given surface is the same as the surface integral of 𝛻 𝑋 𝐹 over
the area of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑎 2𝑎𝑥 −𝑥 2
𝑆 (𝛻 𝑋 𝐹). 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 − 2𝑎𝑥 −𝑥 2
2𝑎 2𝑎𝑥 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 2𝑎𝑥 −𝑥 2
= 0 − 2𝑎𝑥 −𝑥 2
2𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 0 − 2𝑎𝑥 −𝑥 2
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 2𝑎𝑥 −𝑥 2
=2 0 0
2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 2𝑎𝑥−𝑥2
=4 0
𝑥𝑦 0 = 2𝜋𝑎2
