42 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METI
[1.2] Vector Integration
Vector Line Integral
Consider a curve C in space which consists of infinitesimally
elements of length dr, Then the line integral of a vector A ( X/Y,2)
ed to be the sum of the sealar products of A and d#
curve C is defin
represented by jaar
e
If C is a closed curve which do not intersect any where, the line i
around C is denoted by fad?
If Fis the force acted upon by a particle in displacing it along the
then fF -di represents the total work done by the force. It also ri
c
circulation of F about C where F represents the velocity of the fluid.
F is said to be irrotational if fFedr =O
WORKED PROBLEMS
[41] If F = xyityzjt2xk, evaluate fF-d? where C is the curve
a
byx=t,y=,z2=8, -1sts1.
or We have F = xyit+ yzj+2xk and 7 = xit+yj+zk will give
d7 = dxi+dyj+dzk
F df= xydx+yzdy + zx dz
Since, x = t, y=1’,z = by data, we obtain
dx = dt, dy = 2tdt, dz = 3¢° dt
B-d7 = 0 dt+0(2t)dt+e' (38 )dt [a2] Evaluate [F-d? where F = xyi+(x? +y")j along
c
(i) the path of the straight line from (0,0) to (1,0) and then to (1, 1)
(ii) the straight line joining the origin and (1,2).
+ fF-dF = fuydat (x? +9" )dy Ot
© c
drat = [F-ar+ [Pear .-Q
é oA AB
Along OA : y = 0.
dy = 0 and O
=i :
i 7 peel Veg 373 ee
: iy Aj gs
Using (3) and (4) in (2) we obtain JF-d¥ = 0+
4 : nr
The equation of the line is given by vee
ie, y=2x .. dy = 2dx and x varies from 0 to 1
my 1
Hence from (1), [Fede = le dx + (x? + 4x7 )2dx
1 ant
Fed? = f 12x7dx = || .
Thus, | J a : 3 Io (4)
[43] If F = (3x? + 6y)i— 14yz j + 20.x2* k, evaluate JF-di from( (
(1, 1,1) along the curve given byx = t y= P,2= 8
& B= (3x7 +6y)i-14yzj + 20x27k
df = dxitdyj+dzk
m1
-d# = (3x? + 6y) dx — 14yzdy + 20.x2" dz
Since x = t, y= f, z= f° we obtain dx = dt, dy = 2tdt, dz = 3h
: 1
fF-d = [ (91 -281° + 601” at
po
1
3
|. <3-446
24s Bits, cite
Thus, JEe = [90-28% +60
[44] If F =x? i+ xy) evaluate [Fd from (0,0) to( 1,1) 4
é
(i) the line y = x (ii) the parabola y = Vx
GF Fedt =x? dx+xydy
7 , evviy=x and 2ydy = dx, 0 x=x' or x(x°-1)=0
x = 0,1 and hence y = 0, 1. The Points of
intersection are ( 0, 0 ) and (1,1).
Let, M = 3x’ -8y’, N = 4y-6xy theorem ina plane, —
atte nay = my Jee =
LHS = [Max + Ndy
€
= [Max +Ndy+ [ Mdx+Ndy = 1, +1, (say)
oA ao
Along OA: y = x", dy = 2xdx,x varies from 0 to 1.
1
I= | (3x7 -8x*) dx + (4x? - 6x° (2x) dx
x=0
;
= (3x? +8x° — 20x )dx = [x° + 2x¢— 4x7) = -1
zat
Along AO: y = Vx or x= y° = dx = 2ydy, y varies from 1 to 0.
0
1, = f (3y* -8y*)(2y)dy + (4y —6y° dy
yet
0
©
= f(4y-22y° + 6y? dy =[ay Byte]
1
-0-(2-141)=5
2 2
Hence, LHS = I, +1, = -1+5/2
Also, RHS = {ff ON _ 2M
f Os By dxdy
h 1
Rus = |
RHS = [f-£
Thus we have and hence the theorem is verifieg
ius Wi
Note : Suppose in the problem, we are asked to evaluate the line integ
Green's theorem we need to do only the RHS part of the theorem for obtain
desired result.
148] Verify Green’s theorem for Joy +y?)dx+x° dy where C is the
curve of the region bounded by y= x and y=x°. [Dec 2016, Jun
® — We shall find the points of intersection of y = x and y = x4,
Equating the RHS we have, x = x or x(1~x) =0 > x=0,1
y= 0, Land hence (0,0), (1, 1) are the points of intersecti
We have Green’s theorem in a plane,
éN 0M
for + Nay = Uo Se a a7 sy
= ae seyar=[%] [=] 3,1_19
I CO Rael Sng dye
Next, along AO we have y = x +. dy = dx and x varies from 1 to 0.
0 0
I= ff (xextx*)dx+xtdx = [ 3edx=[eh =-1
wel x21
ry
Hence, LHS = I, +1, Snes
To evaluate the RHS we have M = xy+y?, N =x*
éN 6M
—-— =2x- 2y) =x-2;
me ee
R is the region bounded by y = x’ and y = x.
ts
We -Secw= J J (x-2y)dydx, from the figure.
®
x20 yor?
ox oy
1
~ fbxy-¥ Je ae
x20
= J (G28 )-G8-x4)]ax
xed
Hd ¢ |
- fot-r rere [ET] «5a
x0
RARY, NIE IT, MYSURU
20908
the theorem is verified.
Fr Fous 8 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICSS
2 4y? )dx 43x? ydy
i in the plane for f(x" +
[49] Verify Green's theorem in )
the circle x2 + y? = 4 traced in the positive sense.
éN 6M dy (Green's theorem)
® [Max+Ndy = We ag dxdy (Gree
) vl a y
LHS = fc x’+y*)dx+3x* ydy and the parametric equation of
circle is x = 2cos0, y = 2sin0, 0< 0 < 2n.
2s 2x 2 :
LHS = J 4(-2sin8)do+ J 3(4cos* @)(2sin 0)(2cos 0) a9
eso eo
= 8[cosO]* + 48 cos’ OsinOd0
3
= Blcos2x-coso) al ‘88 =o] i
cos2n = 1 = cos0)
Now, if M
as : oN
Hx +y',N = 3x? y then —
RHs = es om
x ~y )eau
R oy
2 Vey
“LL aya yayas
yee
1 G-nly]
Ve
dx
Vi?
2
BED 2 (Sp anh ta oes
12-2
)-(4=x)} dx =[9]
Thus the theorem is verified,
$e pb mploy Green's theorem in a plane to show that the area enclosed by a plane
we (
j i fey y.dx and hence find the area of the ellipse x*/a? + y?/b? = 1
We have Green's theorem in a plane,
(oN @M
dx + Nd
(md dy If dae, dx dy a)
)
vs enclosed by a plane curve C is ff andy .@
:
ved Meet ees ot
N , . e in, ———-— => -|-5]=1
nh 2 ee art 2}
nce (1) becomes,
; fxdy- ydx = ff dx dy = Area(A)
k
to find the area of the ellipse x*/a* + y7/b* = 1 we have
= acos9, y = bsin@; 0<0<2n
dx = —asin0d@, dy = bcos6d6
A= ; J [4c050- bcos -bsin8(—asin6)]d0
650
A} Ff ab(cos'0+ sin’ 0)40 = SI6h = nab
«fo
the required area ( A ) =[7ab]sq. units.
| Find the area between the parabolas y* = 4x and x° = pee i hee of
eens theorem in a plane. ine 2018]
We have the area eile ‘
Ax Ifdedy =} frdy-yd 54 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHOps_ 1 7
ie, (©) = ay or x(x'~64)=0 > x= 02-4 2 yong
i 4
The points of intersection are (0,0) and (4, 4).
x
C, is the curve x? = dy 3. dy = Be and Osx<4
1
y “nN
C, is the curve y? = 4x 2. dx = oy and 45 Jxdy-yar+ 5 Jrdy—yax
26 c
: [ei [4] of
24/1, 124],
Thus the required area is
[52] Find the area of the astroi
theorem.
‘The shape of the astroid is as shown in figur
Total area A = 4 (area in the first quadrant)
pl
A = 4x Jxdy—ydx
w2
A = 2 [[acos’ 0(3asin? 0coso
j ,
A= 60 fs ora
A = 60° [ sin’ Ocos’ 040 =
} j
the required area is [3 xa°/8] sq. units,
3] Eoaluate OX¥~*')dx +3) vd where C is the closed curve formed by
- 0 x= and y =x (a) directly as a line integral (b) by Green’s theorem.
(a) Let M =xy-°,N=3x7y
[Mdx + Nady = [Max +Ndy+ [ Mdx+Ndy+ { Mdx+Ndy
is fo
on
Along OA: y =0 = dy=0 and O dx=0 and O dy = dx and 1sx<0
rp 0,00 ACL, &
J x’ dx
1
f [¢] le} EG dln al
epee | He = =
Pumeehe so 24 | 12
[Max + Ndy = [ Pare {vars
° v2 Be ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERIC ‘AL METHODS « 1g |
Thus nas «[%-2'] 1 1 _|-1
meee ria oo a8 (12
[54] Verify Stoke's theorem for vector F = (x" 4 yim 2xy j taken royy
rectangle bounded by x = 0, x = 4 ¥ Oy =. Dune
© We have Stoke's theorem : fF a? = ff(v*F) fas
Pedr = (x2 +? )dx-2xy dy y
i io a C(O, b) Hy
fE-dr= [F-d7 + [F-dr
e oa An
+[Fdr+ [Ear
Bc co
(0, 0) ‘Aa, 0)
(i) Along OA:y = 0 = dy = 0 and O dx =0 and Osy
e=0
=<
=
[curl F- i ds = [Jcurl F-ds where we have,
s s
ds = dydzi+dzdx j+dxdyk
ffcurlF-fids = f[-dxdy (. z= 0).
$ $
But ff dx dy represents the area of the circle x? + y? = 1 which is equal
m since r = 1.
Hence, RHS = ffcurl F-iids =[Ex]
Thus from (1) and (2) we conclude that the theorem is verified.
[56] Verify Stoke's theorem for F = (x? + y )i-
2xy j taken round the rectan,
bounded by the lines x = + a, y= Oand y=b.
[Dec 2016, June 1
r fE-ar = JlcurlF fas [Stoke's theorem]
¢ s
F-d? = (x7 +y?)dx— 2x
(i) Along AB: y=0 i Along BC: x" 4 dy «0;0syeb
I { davdy «{-ay’f ab
2
ji) Along CD ye b ody =0;asxs~a
) Along DA: x= ~a = dx=0;bsys0
I= f 2aydy =[ay’ |) = ~ab’
4 5
te a7 = gp? 7 — Dab ab? Eat] gf
c
JF=VxF=| — ee
, curl F RE Fa ay 22
ds = nds = dydzi+dzdxj+dxdyk
curl F ads = ~4ydxdy ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL ME THODS- 18 yyy
1
dab? f
heorem is verified.
r Hence, ffcurl! nds =
Thus from (1) and (2) we conclude that #
[57] Evaluate fry dx+xy? dy by Stoke's theorem where C is the square in
x-y plane with vertices (1,0)(-1,0)(0,1 \(GH 1):
8 We have Stoke's theorem,
[Bar = [foul F-ds
i s
From the given integral it is evident the
Fexyitxyj Gi,0)
since d7 = dxi+dyj+dzk
Hence, [ryder + xy" dy = [F-d?
é tw
Which is to be evaluated by applying Stoke’s theorem.
PTS jeamih
Now, curl F = Vx F = PcparGade ah
Oy oz
ane
ie, curlF = (y’~x)k, on expanding the determinant.
Further, ds = dy dzi + dzdx j + dxdyk
ffcurlF-ds = f(y? -x)dxdy
s
It can be clearly seen from the figure that -1 ly°
[jcurl F-ds { wy
= , Jy xt
i. + afiot
[jeurlF ds T|Geg)-xaen]a
2 4
ALM (Desa
§] Verify Stoke's theorem for F = (2x-y)i-yz* j—y° zk where S is the upper
aif surface of the sphere x* +y? +z? = 1, C is its boundary. [Dec 2017]
iF dr= ffcurl F-ads (Stoke's theorem)
is the dircle: x? +y? = 1,7 =0
F-d7 = (2x-y)dx-y2 dy-y°z dz = (2x-y)dx (»z=0)
x =.cos@, y = sin®, where 0<0<2n
= [Far = Ff (2cos0-sino)(-sin0) 40
lies? i
ODS-18 Mg
eB ERICAL METH
CALCULUS & NUM!
NCED CALC!
ADVA. A
sof
Hence, fF-d? =f]
é
fe ris Ine
ade as: oF
Also, curl F = Vx F = éx dy éz
ax—y -y2? -y?z
= i(-2y2+2yz)- j(0)+k(0+1) =k
ds = itds = dy dzi+dzdxj+dxdyk
Hence, RHS = ffeurl F-fids = {f dxdy =f] tam |
s
Jf ax dy represents the area of the circle x2 4 y =1 which is x. ;
Thus from (1) and (2) we conclude that the theorem is verified,
WOME FS (252 ogy )i-2xyj ~ 4x k evaluate III¥ Fav where Vis the regin
v
bounded by the planes x = Oy=02=0 and 2x +2y+z=4
pp. 8 é é
ViF = (3989 ay tv) +—(~ 4x) =
7 ay (2* hea Wet ) = 2x
Here z varies from 0 to 4- 2x-2y
When z = 0 we get 2x+2y =4 or x4
Y= > ¥ Varies from 0 to 2 —
z=0, ¥ = will give us 2x = 4 or y =
2. x varies from 0 to 2.
fifv-Eav - j il Th zeal 4
v T20 y50 rag 4 ULE t 63
iy Fav 2 ji dxy2x'y xy? | de
t ;
2 f [ax(2-)= 20? (2x) =x (=x) Ide
«2 I (wv! = 4x? 4 4x) dx
rev
: x43 f 32 B
V rav =2|* : 120 | =2{4-5 +8).
ys 4-3 ee 3 3
60] Verify the divergence theorem for the vector function
=(x°-yz)it (y? - 2x) j+( z? —xy)k taken over the rectangular parallelo-
iped O a ay! a xi + 2y j+2z
oe weet ARTEL pe ee eee
IV] [22 (x? +9? +27)
ee xi + yj + zk _ xityjtzk pays? oa
yx+yt2 a
oif, F = yzitzxj+xyk,
Foi = Mayet yer any) = 2 - (1)
‘ojecting the given surface on the x 0 y plane we get dxdy =n kds
Refer the definition of surface integral]
i dxdy _ dxdy _ adx dy
ak za Zz
ac: a ADVANCED CALCULLIS & NUMERICAL ME 005 yl
:
rf > circle x? + y?
The region R of integration is the quadrant of the circle y? = gi
If
[JFends = 3 j J xvdydy ;
. reo y
63] Evaluate J (axi+by j+ezk)-Ads where S is the surface of the sph
5
ety +2? = 1
os Let F = axi+by j+cezk
We have, [JF -ids = [fJaiv Fav
divF =V-F=(a+b+c)
[Fads = [[f(a+b+c)av = (a+btc)V
s
where V is the volume of the sphere with unit radius and V = 4/3-nrt
a sphere of radius r,
Here since we have r = 1, V = 4/30
[ ULE -!
f = 2xyit ye? jt xzk and S is the rectangular parallelopiped bounded by
ar *
=0,y = 02 = 0.x = 2.y= 12-3. Find the flux across §, [June 2018}
Flux across S = {fF = fea ds
eregence theorem, [fFetds = ffaiv Fav
$ ¥
y diveres
e have, divF=V-F= (2y+22 4x)
a er
[Fads = J j [ (ey 42 +x) dedy dx
r=0 y=0 2=0
ae ao?
= level [ayer +22] de
=a ye 3 =D
1
pe (6y +9+3x)dy dx
Wi
roc
2
= J [3y? +9y + 3xy]} 4x
e 2 at
[JF fds = j a2eanydr = [12022] e7e0
s Zo jr=0
“xi +yj++zk over the sphere
We have Gauss diver
[JF fds = [fai S& ODS - 18 MAT.
ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERIC AL METH! a
.
div? -v-F = | is
2 ).(rivy i +2k)
az
divF =3
[fF -iias = fff3av = 3v
td : df
i a’ represented by
here V is the volume of the sphere of radius
where V 1s
3
V4yi42 =a? is given by 4na’/3
4na° 3
F.jids = 3-—— = 4a’
Hence {jr nds =3 3
[[F-tids = 4na°
3
1.23 | Applications
Work done by a force and flux
If F is the force acted upon by a particle in displacing it along the curve (
then the vector line integral fF “dF represents the total work done by the
é
force.
We have Stoke's theorem,
fE-ar = Jfcurl F-ids = flcurl F-ds a
é s s
Further, we know that curlF = 0 = is irrotational. Therefore, from Q
fF -d? = 0, when F is irrotational, Hence we conclude that the total wor
£
done is zero if F is irrotational and vice-versa,
Also, if F_ represents the velocity si a ft id
Flux of F across a closed s ;ODULE I 71
ie have Gauss divergence theorem,
e Ne
if nds [[[aiv Fdv QO
v
urther we know that divF =0 = F is solenoidal. Therefore from (2)
if fds = 0, when F is solenoidal. Hence we conclude that the flux of F
> is zero if F is solenoidal and vice-versa.
ASSIGNMENT
Evaluate jFear where F = (x? —y*)i+xyj where C is the arc of the
.
y= from (0, 0) to (2,8).
esinyi+e*cosyj, find the circulation of F round the curve
C is the rectangle with vertices (0,0) (1,0) (1 2/2)
work done in moving a particle in a force field
+10xk along the curve : x =f+1,y =2¢,2=1
