Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust's

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering

Department of Computer Engineering

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III

Unit I : Linear Differential Equation

Mrs. Ashwini Vaze

(9011030530)
 UNIT I : Linear Differential Equations

Linear Differential Equation

A differential equation in which the dependent variable and its derivatives occur only in the first degree
and not multiplied together is called Linear Differential Equation (LDE)
i.e. following terms are not allowed in LDE
2 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 , , ,….
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Linear Differential Equation with constant coefficient

The general form of this equation is

dny d n 1 y d n2 y dy
an n
 an 1 n 1
 an2 n2
 ....a1  a0 y  f (x)
dx dx dx dx
Where, 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛;1 , … . . , 𝑎0 are constants
𝒅
Notation : 𝑫 = 𝒅𝒙
 Linear Differential Equations
an D n y  an 1 D n 1 y  an  2 D n 1 y  ....a1Dy  a0 y  f ( x )

  an D n  an 1 D n 1  an  2 D n 1  ....a1 D  a0  y  f ( x )

𝑛𝑡ℎ degree Polynomial in D denoted by 𝜑(𝐷)

  ( D)  y  f ( x)
The above D.E. is called as general form of L.D.E with constant coefficients

General Solution of LDE

Def : It is the solution of D.E. in which

𝐺. 𝑆. = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶. 𝐹. + 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 (𝑃. 𝐼. )

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
 Complimentary Function
Complement Function (C.F.)
Def : Complement function is a solution of 𝜑 𝐷 𝑦 = 0 i.e. 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
Methods to find Complement Function (C.F.)
Step 1 : Find roots of the polynomial 𝜑 𝐷 = 0, where the polynomial equation 𝜑 𝐷 = 0 is known as
an auxiliary equation.
Step 2 : Depending upon nature of the roots of the auxiliary equation, complement function is as follows
Sr. Roots of the Auxiliary Equation C.F.
No.
1 If 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 , … , 𝑚𝑛 are real 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚3𝑥 +….+𝑐𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑛 𝑥
and distinct roots
2 If 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 , … , 𝑚𝑛 are real a) If roots are 𝑚1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 , 𝑚4 , 𝑚5
and repeated roots 𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 ) 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 +
(𝑐4 𝑥 + 𝑐5 )𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 +𝑐6 𝑒 𝑚3𝑥 +𝑐7 𝑒 𝑚4 𝑥 + 𝑐8 𝑒 𝑚𝑛 𝑥
No. of arbitrary
b) If roots are 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 , 𝑚3 , 𝑚3 , 𝑚4 , 𝑚5 , 𝑚6 , 𝑚6
constants is equal to
Number of roots 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 +𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 +(𝑐3 𝑥 2 + 𝑐4 𝑥 + 𝑐5 ) 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥
+𝑐6 𝑒 𝑚4 𝑥 + 𝑐7 𝑒 𝑚5𝑥 + (𝑐8 𝑥 + 𝑐9 )𝑒 𝑚6𝑥
 Complimentary Function
Sr. Roots of the Auxiliary Equation C.F.
No.
3 If roots are complex 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽, 𝑚 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚𝑥

4 If complex roots are repeated 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑥 2 + 𝑐5 𝑥 + 𝑐6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥

𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽, 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽, 𝛼 ± 𝑖𝛽, 𝑚 + 𝑐7 𝑒 𝑚𝑥

EXAMPLES :
Q.1 Find complement functions of following roots
a) 0,0, −3, −3, −3, 5, 7,1
Ans : 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 + 𝑐4 𝑥 + 𝑐5 𝑒 ;3𝑥 + 𝑐6 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑐7 𝑒 7𝑥 +𝑐8 𝑒 𝑥

b) 2 ± 3i, 2 ± 3i, 4,4, −2

Ans : 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑐5 𝑥 + 𝑐6 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐7 𝑒 ;2𝑥

c) 𝑖, 2, −2,0,0, 3 + 4𝑖
Ans: 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑒 ;2𝑥 + 𝑐5 𝑥 + 𝑐6 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑐7 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 𝑐8 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
 Particular Integral (P.I.)
Remark:
If roots are real and distinct of the form ±𝑎, then its complement function can be written as
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑥 OR 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑎𝑥

Particular Integral (P.I.)

The particular integral of L.D.E. 𝜑 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by

1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜑 𝐷
 Examples on Complimentary Function
Examples :
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.1 Solve −5 + 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
Solution : Let 𝐷 = ∴ 𝐷2 𝑦 − 5𝐷𝑦 + 6𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥

Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)

  ( D)  y  f ( x)
𝜑 𝐷 =0⇒ 𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6 = 0
𝐷−3 𝐷−2 =0
𝐷 = 3,2
Hence the solution is
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
 Examples on Complimentary Function
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.2 Solve − 5 2 + 12 + 28𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
Solution : Let 𝐷 = ∴ 𝐷4 𝑦 − 5𝐷2 𝑦 + 12𝐷𝑦 + 28𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷4 − 5𝐷2 + 12𝐷 + 28 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  ( D)  y  f ( x)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 4 − 5𝐷 2 + 12𝐷 + 28 = 0
Use synthetic division to find roots of the above polynomial
𝐷 + 2 𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 14 = 0
-2 1 0 -5 12 28
𝐷 = −2, −2,2 ± 3𝑖
Hence the solution is -2 4 2 -28
1 -2 -1 14 0

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3x + 𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥

 Examples on Complimentary Function
Q.3 Solve 𝐷4 + 8𝐷2 + 16 𝑦 = 0

Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 4 + 8𝐷 2 + 16 = 0
Let 𝐷2 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 = 0
𝑥+4 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 + 4 2 =0
𝐷 = ±2𝑖, ±2𝑖
Hence the solution is
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
 Particular Integral (P.I.)
General form of LDE
  D y  f  x
General solution of LDE
y  yc  y p = complimentary function + Particular Integral

Particular Integral (P.I.)

The particular integral of L.D.E. 𝜑 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by

1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜑 𝐷
 Particular Integral
Methods to Find Particular Integral

1) General Method
2) Shortcut Method
3) Method of Variation of Parameters
 General Method
1) General Method
  ( D)  y  f ( x)
General Method is depend upon nature of the 𝜑 𝐷
Case I : 𝜑 𝐷 = 𝐷 − 𝑚 and corresponding D.E. is 𝐷 − 𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷−𝑚

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑒 ;𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Case II : 𝜑 𝐷 = 𝐷 + 𝑚 and corresponding D.E. is 𝐷 + 𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷+𝑚

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 General Method
1) General Method
General Method is depend upon nature of the 𝜑 𝐷
Case III : 𝜑 𝐷 = 𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2 and corresponding D.E. is 𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2
1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 OR 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2 𝐷 − 𝑚2 𝐷 − 𝑚1

Using Partial fraction :

1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2

Case IV : 𝜑 𝐷 = 𝐷, 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 , …
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … . .
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷3
Methods to find Particular Integral - General Method
𝟏
Sr. No. 𝐲𝐩 = 𝐟 𝐱 Formula
𝛗 𝐃
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑒 ;𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷−𝑚

2 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑚

3 1 𝑦𝑝 =
1 1
𝑓 𝑥 OR
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝐷;𝑚1 𝐷;𝑚2
𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷;𝑚2 𝐷;𝑚1

Using Partial Fraction : 1 1 1

𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑓 𝑥
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷 − 𝑚2
1 1
4 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
𝐷 𝐷2
1
𝑦𝑝 = 3 𝑓 𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷
 Examples on General Method
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒙
Q.1 Solve +𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
Solution: Let 𝐷 = ∴ 𝐷2 𝑦 + 3𝐷𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 ⇒ 𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 2 + 3𝐷 + 2 = 0
𝐷+2 𝐷+1 𝑦=0
𝐷 = −2, −1
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ;2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2
1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒𝑒
𝐷+2 𝐷+1
By case III of general method
1 1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒𝑒
𝐷+2 𝐷+1
 Examples on General Method
1 1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒𝑒
𝐷+2 𝐷+1
1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+2
Put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐷+2
1 1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑒 𝑒
𝐷+2 𝐷+2
𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
 Examples on General Method

𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑t = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 𝑡
𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 𝑒

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ;2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑥 +𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 𝑒
 General Method
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
Q.2 Solve + =
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏:𝒆𝒙
𝑑 1 1
Solution : Let 𝐷 = ∴ 𝐷2 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = ⇒ 𝐷 2+𝐷 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1:𝑒 𝑥 1:𝑒 𝑥
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 + 𝐷 = 0
𝐷 𝐷+1 =0
𝐷 = 0, −1
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑥 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷 +𝐷
1 1
𝑦𝑝 =
𝐷 𝐷 + 1 1 + 𝑒𝑥
By case III and using partial fraction
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = −
𝐷 𝐷 + 1 1 + 𝑒𝑥
 General Method
1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = −
𝐷 1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝐷 + 1 1 + 𝑒𝑥
1 ;𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒𝑥 1 + 𝑒𝑥
1 ;𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒𝑥 1 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = ;𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +1 1 + 𝑒𝑥
For 1st integral : Put 𝑒 ;𝑥 + 1 = 𝑡 ⇒ −𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
For 2nd Integral : Put 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
−𝑑𝑡 ;𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑒
𝑡 𝑢
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑙𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑢
𝑦𝑝 = −𝑙𝑛 𝑒 ;𝑥 + 1 − 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 ;𝑥 + 1 − 𝑒 ;𝑥 𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
 General Method
Q.3 Solve 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟔 𝒚 = 𝒆;𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙

Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 2 + 5𝐷 + 6 = 0
𝐷+3 𝐷+2 =0
𝐷 = −3, −2
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ;3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;2𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑓 𝑥
𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 6
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝐷+3 𝐷+2
By case III of general method
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝐷+3 𝐷+2
 General Method
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+3
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐷+3
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 1 + 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐷+3
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑡 2
𝐷+3
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝐷+3
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 General Method

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 1

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ;3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;2𝑥 + 𝑒 ;2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1
 Shortcut Method

2) Short Cut Method :

This method depends on nature of the 𝑓 𝑥

Note :
Short cut method works only for the following functions
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕(𝑎𝑥
+ 𝑏), 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒(𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 4
− 3𝑥 2 + 4 … ), 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉, 𝑥𝑉

Where 𝑉 is function of 𝑥 i.e. 𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑥)

 SHORT CUT METHODD
Sr. No. Function Formula Case of failure
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 in 𝜑 𝐷 If 𝜑 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝜑 𝑎2 𝑜𝑟 𝜑 −𝑎2 = 0
then
2 𝑎𝑥 Replace 𝐷 by log 𝑎 in 𝜑 𝐷
a) Multiply 𝑦𝑝 by 𝑥
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 in 𝜑 𝐷 b) Replace 𝜑 𝐷 by 𝜑 ′ 𝐷
4 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 in 𝜑 𝐷 1
i.e. 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 Replace 𝐷2 by 𝑎2 in 𝜑 𝐷 𝜑′ 𝐷

6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 Replace 𝐷2 by 𝑎2 in 𝜑 𝐷 If 𝜑′ 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝜑′ 𝑎2 𝑜𝑟 𝜑′ −𝑎2 =

7 Polynomial Use the formula 0 then repeat the same steps as
Function 1 above
= 1 − 𝑋 + 𝑋2 − 𝑋3 + ⋯
1+𝑋
1 1
= 1 + 𝑋 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 + ⋯ We get 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑′′ 𝐷
1−𝑋 and so on…
8 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉
𝜑 𝐷 𝜑 𝐷+𝑎
Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 in 𝜑 𝐷
9 𝑥𝑉 1 𝜑′ 𝐷 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑉 = 𝑥 − 𝑉
𝜑 𝐷 𝜑 𝐷 𝜑 𝐷
SHORT CUT METHODD
 Short Cut Method
Case I : 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙
Q.1 Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟔 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒆𝟓𝒙
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 2 − 5𝐷 + 6 = 0
𝐷−3 𝐷−2 =0
𝐷 = 3,2
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 3𝑒 5𝑥
𝐷 − 5𝐷 + 6
1
𝑦𝑝 = 3 2 𝑒 5𝑥
𝐷 − 5𝐷 + 6
Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 = 5 in 𝜑 𝐷
 Short Cut Method
1 5𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 3 𝑒
(5)2 −5(5) + 6
1 5𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒
2
1 5𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒
2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Q.2 Solve +𝟒 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆;𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑑
Solution : Let 𝐷 = ∴ 𝐷2 𝑦 + 4𝐷𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 ;3𝑥 ⇒ 𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 3 𝑦 = 𝑒 ;3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 2 + 4𝐷 + 3 = 0
𝐷+3 𝐷+1 =0
𝐷 = −3, −1
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ;3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
 Short Cut Method
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑒 ;3𝑥
𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 3
Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 = −3 in 𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑒 ;3𝑥
(−3) +4(−3) + 3
1 ;3𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒
0
Case of failure
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑒 ;3𝑥
2𝐷 + 4
Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 = −3
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑒 ;3𝑥
2(−3) + 4
1 ;3𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑒
−2
𝑥 ;3𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒
−2
𝑥 ;3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 𝑒 ;3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 ;𝑥 + 𝑒
−2
 Short Cut Method
Note :
1 𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑛
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒
𝐷−𝑎 𝑛!
Proof : For 𝑛 = 2
For 𝑛 = 1 1
1 𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐷−𝑎
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐷−𝑎 Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎
Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 1
1 𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 0
0 Case of failure
Case of failure 1
1 𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑒 2(𝐷 − 𝑎)
1 Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎
1 𝑎𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒
0
Case of failure
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 2 × 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2
 Short Cut Method
Case II : 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒂;𝒙
Q.1 Solve 𝑫𝟒 − 𝟒𝑫𝟑 + 𝟔𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 4 − 4𝐷 3 + 6𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 1 = 0
𝐷−1 4 =0
𝐷 = 1,1,1,1
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 2 + 𝑐4 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 4 2
𝐷 − 4𝐷3 + 6𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 1
1
𝑦𝑝 = 4
2𝑥
𝐷−1
Replace 𝐷 by log𝑎 = log 2 in 𝜑 𝐷
 Short Cut Method
1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 4
2
log 2 − 1
1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥2 + 𝑐4 𝑥3 𝑒𝑥 + 4
2 𝑥
log 2 − 1
Q.2 Solve 𝑫 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝑫 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐;𝒙
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 =0⇒ 𝐷−1 2 𝐷+1 =0
𝐷 = 1,1, −1
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 ;𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
1 2𝑥 + 2;𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒
𝐷−1 2 𝐷+1
1 2𝑥 + 1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑒 2 2;𝑥
𝐷;1 𝐷:1 𝐷;1 𝐷:1
For first : Replace 𝐷 by 2 , For second : Replace 𝐷 by − log 2
 Short Cut Method
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2;𝑥
2−1 2 2+1 − log 2 − 1 2 − log 2 + 1
1 2𝑥 1 ;𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 + 2
3 log 2 + 1 2 − log 2 + 1
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 ;𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2
2;𝑥
3 log 2 + 1 − log 2 + 1
 Short Cut Method

Case III : 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 or cos 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃

Formula : Replace 𝑫𝟐 by −𝒂𝟐 in 𝝋 𝑫 𝑫 = 𝑵𝒐𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆, 𝑫𝟑 = 𝑫𝑫𝟐 = −𝑫𝒂𝟐 , 𝑫𝟒 = 𝑫𝟐 𝑫𝟐 = 𝒂𝟒
Q.1 Solve 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 2 + 2𝐷 + 1 = 0
𝐷+1 2 =0
𝐷 = −1, −1
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 ;𝑥
 Short Cut Method
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 1
1
𝑦𝑝 = 5 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 1
Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 = −4 in 𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
−4 + 2𝐷 + 1
1
𝑦𝑝 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
2𝐷 − 3
To generate 𝐷 2 , multiply and divide by conjugate of denominator
1 2𝐷 + 3
𝑦𝑝 = 5 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
2𝐷 − 3 2𝐷 + 3
2𝐷 + 3
𝑦𝑝 = 5 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
4𝐷 − 9
 Short Cut Method
2𝐷 + 3
𝑦𝑝 =5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
4(−4) − 9
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2𝐷 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
−5
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2𝐷 sin 2𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥
−5
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 cos 2𝑥 × 2 + 3 sin 2𝑥
−5
1
𝑦𝑝 = 4 cos 2𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥
−5
1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 ;𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥
−5
 Short Cut Method
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Q.2 Solve +𝟒 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝑑
Solution : Let 𝐷 = ⇒ 𝐷3 + 4𝐷 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 3 + 4𝐷 = 0
𝐷 𝐷2 + 4 = 0
𝐷 = 0, ±2𝑖
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 2𝑥 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 2𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝐷 + 4𝐷
Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 = −4 in 𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝐷(−4) + 4𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
0
 Short Cut Method
Case of failure
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
3𝐷2 + 4
Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 = −4 in 𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
3(−4) + 4
1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
−8 −8
Hence the solution is
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥
−8
Note : We can also apply short cut method for the following functions using simplification
1
1) sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
2) cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
3) sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
1
4) cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
1;cos 2𝑥 𝑒 0𝑥 cos 2𝑥 1:cos 2𝑥 𝑒 0𝑥 cos 2𝑥
5) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = = − , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = = +
2 2 2 2 2 2
 Short Cut Method
Q.3 Solve 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 + 1 = 0
𝐷 = ±𝑖
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 0𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝐷 +1
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 cos −𝑥 − cos 3𝑥
𝐷 + 12
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = cos 𝑥 − cos 3𝑥
2 𝐷2 + 1
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 3𝑥
2 𝐷 +1 𝐷 +1
For first : Replace 𝐷 by −𝑎2 = −1 & For second : Replace 𝐷 2 by −𝑎2 = −9
2
 Short Cut Method
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = cos 𝑥 − cos 3𝑥
2 (−1) + 1 (−9) + 1
For first : Case of failure
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × cos 𝑥 − cos 3𝑥
2 2𝐷 −8
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 × sin 𝑥 + cos 3𝑥
2 2 8
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 3𝑥
4 16
Hence the solution is
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 3𝑥
4 16
Case IV :𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 or 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
Formula : Replace 𝑫𝟐 by 𝒂𝟐 in 𝝋 𝑫
 Short Cut Method
𝒅𝟑 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Q.1 −𝟒 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝑑
Solution : Let 𝐷 = ⇒ 𝐷3 − 4𝐷 𝑦 = 2 cosh 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 3 − 4𝐷 = 0
𝐷 𝐷2 − 4 = 0
𝐷 = 0,2, −2
Hence the complementary function is
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 ;2𝑥 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 ;2𝑥
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 3 2 cosh 2𝑥
𝐷 − 4𝐷
Replace 𝐷2 by 𝑎2 = 4 in 𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 cosh 2𝑥
𝐷 4 − 4𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = cosh 2𝑥
0
 Short Cut Method
Case of failure
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2𝑥 × 2 cosh 2𝑥
3𝐷 − 4
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2𝑥 × cosh 2𝑥
3(4) − 4
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2𝑥 × cosh 2𝑥
8
𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = cosh 2𝑥
4
Hence the solution is
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 ;2𝑥 + cosh 2𝑥
4
Note : We can also apply short cut method for the following functions using simplification

1) sinh 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ;𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
2) sinh 𝑎𝑥 = 2

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 : 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
3) cosh 𝑎𝑥 = 2
 Short Cut Method
𝑯𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑾𝑶𝑹𝑲

  3D  y  cosh 2 x sinh 3x
D 3

 D 3
 1 y  sin  2 x  3   e x
 2 x

 D 4
 6 D 2
 8  y  sin 2
x cos 2 x
 Short Cut Method
Case IV : Polynomial Function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏;𝟏 𝒙𝒏;𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏;𝟐 𝒙𝒏;𝟐 + ⋯ . +𝒂𝟎

Steps to find Particular Integral for polynomial functions

1
Consider the particular integral 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝝋 𝑫

Step 1 : In this case, convert 𝜑 𝐷 in terms of 1 + 𝛾(𝐷) by taking lowest degree term
common from 𝜑 𝐷 .
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜹 𝑫 𝟏 + 𝜸(𝑫)

Step 2 : Use the following formulae to find the P.I.

1
= 1 − 𝑋 + 𝑋2 − 𝑋3 + ⋯
1+𝑋
1
= 1 + 𝑋 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 + ⋯
1−𝑋
Where 𝑋 = 𝛾(𝐷)
 Short Cut Method
Q.1 Solve 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟓 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐

Solution : Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)

𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 + 5 = 0
𝐷 = 1 ± 2i
Step 1 : In this case, convert 𝜑 𝐷 in terms of
Hence the complementary function is 1 + 𝛾(𝐷) by taking lowest degree term common
𝑥
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥 from 𝜑 𝐷 .
Now, Particular Integral 1 1
1 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝜹 𝑫 𝟏 + 𝜸(𝑫)
𝜑 𝐷
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 25𝑥 2 Step 2 : Use the following formulae
𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 5 to find the P.I.
1 1 2 1
𝑦𝑝 = 25𝑥 = 1 − 𝑋 + 𝑋2 − 𝑋3 + ⋯
5 𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 1+𝑋
1+ 1
5 2 3
=1+𝑋+𝑋 +𝑋 +⋯
2 1−𝑋
1 𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 𝐷2 − 2𝐷
𝑦𝑝 = 1 − + − ⋯ 25𝑥 2
5 5 5
 Short Cut Method
1 1 2 1
𝑦𝑝 = 1 − 𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 2 − ⋯ 25𝑥 2
5 5 25
1 1 2 1
𝑦𝑝 = 1 − 𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 𝐷4 − 4𝐷 3 + 4𝐷 2 − ⋯ 25𝑥 2
5 5 25
Since given polynomial has degree 2, so all the derivatives of order 3 and above are
zero
1 𝐷2 2𝐷 4𝐷 2
𝑦𝑝 = 1 − + + 25𝑥 2
5 5 5 25
1 𝐷2 2𝐷
𝑦𝑝 = 1 − + 25𝑥 2
5 25 5
1 𝐷 2 2𝐷
𝑦𝑝 = 25𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 2
5 25 5
1 2
1
𝑦𝑝 = 25𝑥 − 50 + 20𝑥
5 25
2
2
𝑦𝑝 = 5𝑥 − + 4𝑥
5 2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 − + 4𝑥
5
 Short Cut Method
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Q.2 Solve − + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑑
Solution : Let 𝐷 = , 𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑥
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
𝜑 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 1 = 0
1 ± 3𝑖
𝐷=
2
Hence the complementary function is
1 3 3
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥
2 2
Now, Particular Integral
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥 Step 1 : In this case, convert 𝜑 𝐷 in terms of
𝜑 𝐷 1 + 𝛾(𝐷) by taking lowest degree term common
1 from 𝜑 𝐷 .
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
𝐷 −𝐷+1 1 1
1 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 𝜹 𝑫 𝟏 + 𝜸(𝑫)
1 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷
 Short Cut Method
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
1 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷

𝑦𝑝 = 1 − 𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 𝐷 2 − 𝐷 2 − 𝐷2 − 𝐷 3 +⋯ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
𝑦𝑝 = 1 − 𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 𝐷4 − 2𝐷3 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷6 − 3𝐷5 + 3𝐷4 − 𝐷3 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
Since given polynomial has degree 3, so all the derivatives of order 4 and
above are zero
𝑦𝑝 = 1 − 𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 2𝐷3 + 𝐷2 + 𝐷3 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 Step 2 : Use the following formulae
𝑦𝑝 = 1 + 𝐷 − 𝐷3 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 to find the P.I.
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝟏 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑫 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑫𝟑 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 = 1 − 𝑋 + 𝑋2 − 𝑋3 + ⋯
1+𝑋
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 −6 = 1 + 𝑋 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 + ⋯
1−𝑋
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 5
Hence the solution is
1 3 3
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 5
2 2
 Short Cut Method
Case V : 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉, where 𝑉 is any function of 𝑥

FORMULA

1 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑉=𝑒 𝑉 Replace 𝐷 by 𝐷 + 𝑎 in 𝜑 𝐷
𝜑 𝑫 𝜑 𝑫+𝒂

Solve by using
previous cases of
Short Cut Methods
 Short Cut Method
EXAMPLES
Q.1 Solve  D 2  4 D  3 y  x 3e 2 x
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D2  4D  3  0
  D  3 D  1  0
 D  3,1
 yc  c1e3 x  c2 e x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.)
1
yp  f  x 1 1
  D 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑉=𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑉
1 𝜑 𝑫 𝜑 𝑫+𝒂
yp  2 x 3e 2 x
D  4D  3
 Short Cut Method
1
y p  e2 x x3
 D  2  4  D  2  3
2

1
y p  e2 x x 3

D2 1
1
y p  e 2x
x 3

1  D2
1
y p  e 2 x 1  D 2  D 4  ... x 3  1  X  X 2  X 3  ...
1 X
y p  e 2 x 1  D 2  x 3 Since given polynomial has degree 3, so all the derivatives of order 4 and
above are zero
y p  e 2 x  x 3  D 2 x 3 

y p  e 2 x  x 3  6 x 

y  yc  y p  c1e3 x  c2e x  e 2 x  x 3  6 x 
 Short Cut Method
d3y dy
Q.2 Solve 3
 7  6 y  e 2x
1  x 
dx dx
Solution :

  D 3  7 D  6  y  e 2 x 1  x 
Let D 
d
dx
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D   0  D3  7 D  6  0
 D  1 D  2  D  3  0  D  1, 2,3
 yc  c1e  x  c2 e 2 x  c3e3 x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.)
1
yp  f  x
  D
 Short Cut Method
1
yp  e 2x
1  x 
D  7D  6
3

1
yp  e 2x
1  x 
 D  2  7  D  2  6
3

1
y p  e2 x 1  x 
D  6 D  5 D  12
3 2

 
2x 1
 1 
yp  e   1  x 
12  D  6 D  5 D 
3 2
1
 12 
e2 x   D3  6 D 2  5D  
yp  1     .... 1  x 
12   12  
 Short Cut Method
e2 x  5D 
yp  1  1  x 
12  12 
e2 x  5D 
yp  1  x   1  x 
12  12 

e2 x  5  e 2 x  17 
yp  1 x     x 
12  12  12  12 

x 2 x e2 x  17 
y  yc  y p  c1e  c2 e  c3e 
3x
 x  12 
12
 Short Cut Method
Q.3 Solve  D 2  4 D  4  y  e x cos 2 x
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D   0  D2  4D  4  0
 D  2   0  D  2, 2
2

 yc   c1  c2 x  e 2 x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.)
1
yp  f  x
  D
1
yp  2 e x cos 2 x
D  4D  4
1
 yp  e x
cos 2
x
 D  2
2
 Short Cut Method
1
yp  e x
cos 2 x
 D  1  2
2

1  1  cos 2 x 
y p  ex 2  
 D  1  2 
ex 1
yp  
2 
e 0x
 cos 2 x 
2  D  1
ex  1 1 
2 
yp   e  
2 
0x
cos 2 x 
2   D  1  D  1 
ex  1 
y p  1  2  cos 2 x 
2  D  2D  1 
ex  1 
 yp  1   cos 2 x  
2  4  2 D  1 
 Short Cut Method
ex  1 
y p  1   cos 2 x 
2  2D  3 
ex  1 2D  3 
y p  1    cos 2 x 
2  2D  3 2D  3 
ex  2D  3 
yp   1   cos 2 x 
 4D  9 
2
2
e x  2D  3 
y p  1  cos 2 x 
2  4  4   9 
ex  2D  3 
yp  1   cos 2 x  
2  25 
ex  2 D  cos 2 x   3  cos 2 x  
 yp  1  
2  25 
 Short Cut Method
ex  4sin 2 x  3cos 2 x 
yp  1  
2  25 
e x  4sin 2 x  3cos 2 x 
y p  1  
2 25 
 4sin 2 x  3cos 2 x 
x
e
y  yc  y p   c1  c2 x  e 2 x  1  
2  25 
 Short Cut Method
Case VI : 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑥𝑉, where 𝑉 is any function of 𝑥

FORMULA

1 𝜑′ 𝐷 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑉 = 𝑥 − 𝑉
𝜑 𝐷 𝜑 𝐷 𝜑 𝐷

Solve by using
previous cases of
Short Cut Methods
 Short Cut Method
EXAMPLES
d2y
Q.1 Solve 2
 4 y  x sin x
Solution :
dx
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D2  4  0
 D  2i
Hence the complimentary solution is
 yc  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.)
1
yp  f  x
  D
1
yp  2 x sin x
D 4
 Short Cut Method
1
yp  x sin x 𝑦𝑝 =
1
𝑥𝑉 = 𝑥 −
𝜑′ 𝐷 1
𝑉
D 4
2
𝜑 𝐷 𝜑 𝐷 𝜑 𝐷
 2D  1
yp  x  2  sin x
 D  4 D  4
2

Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 = −1
2𝐷 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥
𝐷 + 4 −1 + 4
 2D  1
yp  x  2  sin x
 D  4 3
1 2D 
yp  x  2  sin x
3 D  4
1 2D 
y p   x sin x  2 sin x 
3 D 4 
 Short Cut Method
1 2D 
y p   x sin x  2 sin x 
3 D 4 
Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 = −1
2𝐷
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 −
(−1) + 4
1 2D 
y p   x sin x  sin x 
3 3 
1 2 
y p   x sin x  cos x 
3 3 
1 2 
y  yc  y p  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x   x sin x  cos x 
3 3 
 Short Cut Method
EXAMPLES
d2y
Q.2 Solve 2
 4 y  x cosh x
Solution :
dx
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D2  4  0
 D  2
Hence the complimentary solution is
 yc  c1e 2 x  c2 e 2 x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.)
1
yp  f  x
  D
1
yp  2 x cosh x
D 4
 Short Cut Method
1
yp  x cosh x
D 4
2

 2D  1
yp  x  2  cosh x
 D  4 D  4
2

Replace 𝐷2 by 𝑎2 = 1
2𝐷 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 − 2 cosh 𝑥
𝐷 +4 1 −4
 2D  1
yp  x  2  cosh x
 D  4  3
1  2D 
yp   x   cosh x
3  D  4
2

1  2D 
yp   x cosh x  2 cosh x 
3  D 4 
 Short Cut Method
1  2D 
yp  x cosh x  cosh x
3  D2  4 

Replace 𝐷2 by 𝑎2 = 1
2𝐷
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑥 − cosh 𝑥
1 −4
1  2D 
yp  x cosh x  cosh x
3  3 

1  2 
yp  x cosh x  sinh x
3  3 

1 2 
y  yc  y p  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x   x cosh x  sinh x 
3 3 
 Short Cut Method

MISCELLANEOUS
QUESTIONS ON SHORT CUT
METHOD
 Short Cut Method
EXAMPLES
Q.1 Solve  D 2  2 D  1 y  2 cos x  3 x  2  3e x
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D 2  2 D  1  0   D  1  0
2

 D  1, 1
Hence the complimentary solution is
 yc   c1  c2 x  e  x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.)
1
yp  f  x
  D
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒆𝒙
𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 1
 Short Cut Method
1 1 1
yp  2 cos x   3 x  2   3e x

D2  2D  1 D2  2D  1 D2  2D  1
For First : Replace 𝐷2 by −𝑎2 = −1
For Second : Write 𝜑 𝐷 in terms of 1 + 𝛿 𝐷 and use series
1 1
expansion of 𝑜𝑟
1:𝑋 1;𝑋
For Third : Replace 𝐷 by 𝑎 = 1
1 1 1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2 + 3 𝑒
(−1) + 2𝐷 + 1 1 + 𝐷2 + 2𝐷 (1)2 +2(1) + 1

cos x  1   D  2 D   ....  3 x  2   e
1 3 x
yp  2  2

2D 4
y p  sin x  3 x  2   D  2 D  3 x  2   e
3 x
 2

4
3 x
y p  sin x  3 x  2   2 D  3 x  2   e
4
 Short Cut Method
3
y p  sin x  3 x  2  2(3)   e x
4
3 x
y p  sin x  3 x  4  e
4
3 x
y  yc  y p   c1  c2 x  e  sin x  3x  4  e
x

4
 Short Cut Method
Homework Examples with Hint
Q.2 Solve  D  1 y  1  e
3

x 2

Hint :

y p  3 1  e 
1 x 2

D 1
y p  3 1  2e x  e 2 x 
1
D 1
y p  3  e0 x  2e x  e 2 x 
1
D 1
1 1 1
y p  3 e  2 3 e  3 e2 x
0x x

D 1 D 1 D 1
 Short Cut Method
Homework Examples with Hint
Q.3 Solve  D 4  2 D 3  3D 2  4 D  4  y  x 2e x
Hint :
A.E. :   D   0  D 4  2 D 3  3D 2  4 D  4  0
 D  2   D  1 0
2 2

1
P.E. y p  4 x 2 x
e
D  2 D  3D  4 D  4
3 2

1
yp  x 2 x
e
 D  2   D  1
2 2

1
yp  e x
x 2

 D  1  2   D  1  1

2 2

1 1  1 2
yp  e x
x 2
 x
 D 2  4 D  4 
      
2 2 2
D 1 D 2 D 2 D 1
 Short Cut Method
Homework Examples with Hint
Q.4 Solve  D 4  1 y  cos x cosh x
Hint :
1
P.E. y p  cos x cosh x
D 1
4

1  e x  e x 
y p  4 cos x  
D 1  2 
1 1
yp  
 e x
cos x  e x
cos x 
2 D 1
4

1 1 1 1 x
yp  e x
cos x  e cos x
2 D 1
4
2 D 1
4
 Short Cut Method
Homework Examples with Hint
Q.5 Solve  D 2  4 D  4  y  e x cos 2 x
Hint :

1 x  1  cos 2 x 
yp  2 e  
D  4D  4  2 
1 1
yp  e x
1  cos 2 x 
2 D  4D  4
2

yp 
1 1
2 D  4D  4
2  e x
 e x
cos 2 x 

yp 
1 1
2  D  2 2  e x
 
1 1
2  D  2 2
e x
cos 2 x
 Short Cut Method
Homework Examples with Hint
Q.6 Solve  D 2  2 D  1 y  xe  x cos x
Hint :
1 x
P.E. y p  xe cos x
D  2D  1
2

1
yp  e x
 x cos x 
 D  1
2

1
yp  e x
 x cos x 
 D  1  1
2

 1
x 
y p  e  2 x cos x 
D 
x  2D  1
y p  e  x  2  2 cos x
 D D
 Methods to Find Particular Integral : MOVP

Method 3 :Method of Variation of Parameters

This method is applicable only for Linear Differential Equation of order 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
i.e 𝐚 𝟐+ 𝒃 + 𝒄𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Steps to find Particular Integral by Method of Variation of Parameters

(MOVP)
Step 1 : Find complimentary function of the given D.E.
𝒚𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Step 2 : Particular integral by MOVP
𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝒚𝟏 + 𝒗𝒚𝟐
;𝒚𝟐 𝒇 𝒙 𝒚𝟏 𝒇 𝒙 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
where 𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 & 𝐯= 𝒅𝒙 & 𝑾 = 𝒚′
𝑾 𝑾 𝟏 𝒚′𝟐

Here W is called “Wronskian” 74

 Method of Variation of Parameters
EXAMPLES
Q.1 Solve by Method of Variation of Parameter  D 2  4  y  sec 2 x
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D2  4  0
 D  2i
Hence the complimentary solution is Step 1 : Find complimentary
function of the given D.E.
 yc  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x
𝒚 𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
y1  cos 2 x, y2  sin 2 x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.) Step 2 : Particular integral by
y p  uy1  vy2 MOVP
𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝒚𝟏 + 𝒗𝒚𝟐
y p  u cos 2 x  v sin 2 x.......(1)
75
 Method of Variation of Parameters
Wronskian of the D.E. is where 𝒖 =
;𝒚𝟐 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 & 𝐯=
𝒚𝟏 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑾 𝑾
y1 y2 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
& 𝑾=
W 𝒚′𝟏 𝒚′𝟐
y1' y2'
cos 2 x sin 2 x y1  cos 2 x, y2  sin 2 x
W
2sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x
W  2 cos 2 2 x  2sin 2 2 x
W  2  cos 2 2 x  sin 2 2 x   2
Case I : To find 𝑢
 y2 f  x 
u
W
 sin 2 x sec 2 x
u dx
2
76
 Method of Variation of Parameters
1
u
2  tan 2 x dx

1 1
u   log  sec 2 x  
2 2
1
u   log  sec 2 x 
4
Case II : To find 𝑣
y1 f  x 
v
W
cos 2 x sec 2 x
v dx
2
1 1 1 1
v   dx   dx  x v x
2 2 2 2
77
 Method of Variation of Parameters
Hence, particular integral is

y p  u cos 2 x  v sin 2 x

1 1
y p   log  sec 2 x  cos 2 x  x sin 2 x
4 2
General solution is

1 1
y  yc  y p  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x  log  sec 2 x  cos 2 x  x sin 2 x
4 2

78
 Method of Variation of Parameters
EXAMPLES
d2y
Q.2 Solve by Method of Variation of Parameter 2
 y  cos ecx
dx
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D2  1  0
 D  i
Hence the complimentary solution is Step 1 : Find complimentary
function of the given D.E.
 yc  c1 cos x  c2 sin x
𝒚 𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
y1  cos x, y2  sin x
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.) Step 2 : Particular integral by
y p  uy1  vy2 MOVP
𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝒚𝟏 + 𝒗𝒚𝟐
y p  u cos x  v sin x.......(1)
79
 Method of Variation of Parameters
Wronskian of the D.E. is where 𝒖 =
;𝒚𝟐 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 & 𝐯=
𝒚𝟏 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑾 𝑾
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
y1 y2 & 𝑾=
W 𝒚′𝟏 𝒚′𝟐
y1' y2'
y1  cos x, y2  sin x
cos x sin x
W
 sin x cos x
W  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
W 1
Case I : To find 𝑢
 y2 f  x 
u
W
 sin x cosecx
u dx
1
80
 Method of Variation of Parameters
u   1 dx   x u  x
Case II : To find 𝑣
y1 f  x 
v
W
cos x cos ecx
v dx
1
v   cot x dx  log  sin x 

v  log  sin x 
Hence, particular integral is
y p   x cos x  log  sin x  sin x
General solution is y  yc  y p  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  x cos x  log  sin x  sin x 81
 Method of Variation of Parameters
EXAMPLES 3x
Q.3 Solve by Method of Variation of Parameter  D 2  6 D  9   2
e
x
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D2  6D  9  0
 D  3,3
Hence the complimentary solution is Step 1 : Find complimentary
 yc   c1  c2 x  e3 x function of the given D.E.
𝒚 𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
 yc  c1e3 x  c2 xe3 x
y1  e3 x , y2  xe3 x
Step 2 : Particular integral by
Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.) MOVP
y p  uy1  vy2 𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝒚𝟏 + 𝒗𝒚𝟐

y p  ue3 x  vxe3 x .......(1) 82

 Method of Variation of Parameters
Wronskian of the D.E. is where 𝒖 =
;𝒚𝟐 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 & 𝐯=
𝒚𝟏 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑾 𝑾
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
y1 y2 & 𝑾=
W 𝒚′𝟏 𝒚′𝟐
y1' y2'
3x 3x y1  e3 x , y2  xe3 x
e xe
W
3e3 x 3 xe3 x  e3 x
W  3 xe6 x  e6 x  3xe6 x
W  e6 x
Case I : To find 𝑢
 y2 f  x 
u
W
3x
e
 xe3 x 2
u x dx
e6 x 83
 Method of Variation of Parameters
1
u    dx
x
u   log x
Case II : To find 𝑣
y1 f  x 
v
W
3x
e
e3 x 2
v x dx
e6 x
1
v   2 dx
x
1
v
x
84
 Method of Variation of Parameters
Hence, particular integral is

y p  ue3 x  vxe3 x
1 3x
y p   log xe  xe
3x

x
y p   log xe3 x  e3 x
y p  e3 x 1  log x 

General solution is

y  yc  y p  c1e3 x  c2 xe3 x  e3 x 1  log x 

85
 Method of Variation of Parameters
EXAMPLES
d2y 2
Q.4 Solve by Method of Variation of Parameter y
dx 2
1  ex
Solution :
Consider the auxiliary equation (A.E.)
  D  = 0  D2 1  0
 D  1, 1
Hence the complimentary solution is Step 1 : Find complimentary
 yc  c1e x  c2 e  x function of the given D.E.
𝒚 𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
y1  e x , y2  e  x

Consider the Particular Integral (P.I.) Step 2 : Particular integral by

MOVP
y p  uy1  vy2 𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝒚𝟏 + 𝒗𝒚𝟐

y p  ue x  ve  x .......(1) 86
 Method of Variation of Parameters
Wronskian of the D.E. is where 𝒖 =
;𝒚𝟐 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 & 𝐯=
𝒚𝟏 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑾 𝑾
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
y1 y2 & 𝑾= 𝒚′𝟏 𝒚′𝟐
W
y1' y2'
x x y1  e x , y2  e  x
e e
W
ex e  x
W  1  1  2
W  2
Case I : To find 𝑢
 y2 f  x 
u
W
2
e  x
u 1  e x dx
2 87
 Method of Variation of Parameters
e x
u dx
1 e x

1
u x dx
e 1  e 
x

1 1 
u   x  x 
dx
 e 1 e 
1 1
u dx   dx
e x
1 e x

x f ' x
 f  x  dx  log f  x 
e
u   e  x dx    x dx
e 1
u  e  x  log 1  e  x 

88
 Method of Variation of Parameters
Case II : To find 𝑣
y1 f  x 
v
W
x2
e
v 1  e x

2
f ' x
v
ex  f  x  dx  log f  x 
1  ex
v  log 1  e x 
Hence, particular integral is

y p   e  x  log 1  e  x   e x  log 1  e x  e  x
General solution is

y  yc  y p  c1e x  c2e  x  1  e x log 1  e  x   e  x log 1  e x  89

 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.

Type I :Cauchy’s or Euler’s LDE

Definition :
A D.E. of the type
n 1
dny n 1 d y 2
2 d y dy
an xn
n
 an 1 x n 1
 .....a2 x 2
 a1 x  a0 y  f  x 
dx dx dx dx
is called Cauchy’s or Euler’s LDE

90
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Conversion of Cauchy’s LDE into LDE with constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒛 and 𝑫′ =
𝒅𝒛

dy dy dz dy dy 1 dy dy dy
   x  x  D' y
dx dz dx dx dz x dx dz dx

d 2 y d  dy  d 2 y d  dy 1 
    2   
dx 2
dx  dx  dx dx  dz x 

d 2 y dy  d  1   1  d  dy  
 2        
dx dz  dx  x   x  dx  dz  

d 2 y dy  1  1  d  dy  dz 
 2   2 
    
dx dz  x  x  dz  dz  dx 
91
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
d 2 y 1 dy 1 d 2 y 1
 2  2 
dx x dz x dz 2 x
d 2 y 1 dy 1 d 2 y
 2  2  2 2
dx x dz x dz
2 2
d y dy d y
x 2
2
  2
dx dz dz

 
2 2
2 d y ' '
x 2
 D y  D y
dx

 D '  D '  1 y
2
d y
x 2
2
dx

and so on…

92
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Conversion of Cauchy’s LDE into LDE with constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒛 and 𝑫 =
𝒅𝒛

    
2 3
dy d y  ' ' y d y  ' ' ' 2  y
x  D' y x 2
 D D 1 x 3
 D D  1 D and so on…
dx dx 2   dx 3  

Therefore the Cauchy’s LDE

n 1
dny n 1 d y 2
2 d y dy
an xn
n
 an 1 x n 1
 .....a2 x 2
 a1 x  a0 y  f  x 
dx dx dx dx
become

      
an  D ' D '  1 D '  2 ... D '   n  1  y  .....  a2  D ' D '  1  y  a1D ' y  a0 y  f  x 
   

        
an  D ' D '  1 D '  2 ... D '   n  1   .....  a2  D ' D '  1   a1D '  a0 y  f  x 
   
93
𝝋 𝑫′
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Examples
d2y dy
Q.1 Solve x 2
 x  4 y  cos  log x   x sin  log x 
2

dx dx
Sol : Given D.E. is the Cauchy’s LDE
To convert it into LDE with the constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒛 and 𝑫′ =
𝒅𝒛

    
2 3
dy
x 2 2   D' D'  1  y x3 3   D' D'  1 D'  2  y
d y d y
x  D' y
dx dx   dx  
and so on…

 
D ' D '  1 y  D ' y  4 y  cos  z   e z sin  z 

  
 D' D'  1  D'  4  y  cos z  e z sin z
    
 
 ' 2


D  2 D '  4



y  cos  z   e z
sin  z  is the LDE with the constant coefficients
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
 
 ' 
2

 D  2 D  4  y  cos  z   e z sin  z 
' is the LDE with the constant coefficients
 
We solve above LDE by Short Cut Method 1. Short Cut Method
2. Method of Variation of
Complimentary function of above D.E. is Parameters

   
2 3. General Method
 D'  0  D'  2 D'  4  0

D'  1  i 3
yc  e z c1 cos
  3z   c sin  3z 
2

Particular Integral is
1
yp  f z
 
 D'
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
1 1
yp  cos  z   e z sin  z 
D 
' 2
 2D  4
'
D ' 2
 2D'  4
For First : Replace 𝐷′ 2 by −1
1 1
For second : Use the rule of 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉 e axV  e ax V
  D   D  1

1 1
yp  cos  z   e z
sin  z 
 1  2 D  4
'
 D'  1  2  D'  1  4
2

1 1
yp  cos  z   e z
sin  z 
3  2D D   3
' ' 2

For First : Generate 𝐷′ 2 term by multiplying & Dividing by the conjugate of denominator
For Second : Replace 𝐷′ 2 by −1
1 3  2D' 1
yp   cos  
z  e z
sin  z 
3  2D 3  2D
' '
 1  3
3  2D' z 1
yp  cos  z   e sin  z 
9  4  D' 
2
2
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
For First : Replace 𝐷2 by −1
𝒅
3  2D '
1 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒛 and 𝑫′ =
cos  z   e z sin  z 
𝒅𝒛
yp 
9  4  1 2

y p   3  2 D '  cos  z   e z sin  z 

1 1
13 2
1 z 1
y p  3cos  z   2 D cos  z    e sin  z 
 '

13 2
1 z 1
y p  3cos  z   2sin  z    e sin  z 
13 2

y  yc  y p  e z c1 cos
  
3z  c2 sin   1
 13
1
3 z   3cos  z   2sin  z    e z sin  z 
2

y  x c1 cos
  
3 log x  c2 sin   1 1
3 log x  3cos  log x   2sin  log x    x sin  log x 

 13 2
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Examples
d3y  1
2
2 d y
Q.2 Solve x 3
 2x  2 y  10  x  
 x
3 2
dx dx
Sol :
Given D.E. is the Cauchy’s LDE
To convert it into LDE with the constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒛 and 𝑫′ =
𝒅𝒛

dy d2y d3y
x
dx
 D' y x2

dx 2
 
 D '
 D '
 1 y
 x3

dx 3
 
 D '
 D '
 1 D '
 2  y
 and so on…

D '  D '  1 D '  2  y  2 D '  D '  1 y  2 y  10  e z  e  z 

 D '  D '  1 D '  2   2 D '  D '  1  2  y  10e z  10e  z
 
 D    D 
' 3 ' 2

 2 y  10e z  10e  z is the LDE with the constant coefficients
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
 D    D 
' 3 ' 2

 2 y  10e z  10e  z is the LDE with the constant coefficients

We solve above LDE by Short Cut Method 1. Short Cut Method

2. Method of Variation of
Complimentary function of above D.E. is Parameters
3. General Method
  D '   0  D '3  D '2  2  0
D '  1,1  i
yc  c1e  z  e z c2 cos  z   c3 sin  z  

Particular Integral is
1
yp  f z
 D 
'

1
y p  '3 
10 e z
 10 e z

D D 2
'2
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
1 1 z
yp  10 e z
 10 e
D '3  D '2  2 D '3  D '2  2
For First : Replace 𝐷 by 1
For Second : Replace 𝐷 by −1
1 1
y p  10 e z  10 e z
1  1 2 1  1 2
3 2 3 2

1 z 1
y p  10 e  10e  z
2 0
For Second : Case of failure
1 z 1 z
y p  10 e  10 z e
2 3D '2  2 D '
1 z 1 z
y p  10 e  10 z e
3  1  2  1
2
2
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
1 z 1 z
y p  10 e  10 z e 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒛 and 𝑫′ =
𝒅
2 5 𝒅𝒛

y p  5e z  2 ze  z

y  yc  y p  c1e  z  e z c2 cos  z   c3 sin  z    5e z  2 ze  z

1 1
y  yc  y p  c1  x c2 cos  log x   c3 sin  log x    5 x  2 log x
x x
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Examples
3 2
d y d y dy y
Q.3 Solve x 2 3  3x 2    log x
dx dx dx x
Sol :
Since the given D.E. is not the Euler’s LDE
To convert it into Cauchy’s LDE, multiply by 𝑥
3 2
d y d y dy
x 3
3
 3x 2
2
 x  y  x log x
dx dx dx
To convert it into LDE with the constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝒛 and 𝑫′ =
𝒅𝒛
dy 2 3
x 2 2   D '  D '  1  y x 3 3   D '  D '  1 D '  2   y
x  D' y d y d y
and so on…
dx dx dx

 
D '  D '  1 D '  2   3D '  D '  1  D '  1 y  e z z
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
 D  ' 3

1 y  ez z is the LDE with the constant coefficients

We solve above LDE by Short Cut Method

Complimentary function of above D.E. is

  D   0   D  1  0
' ' 3

1 3
D  1,  i
'

2 2
 z
 3 
1
z  3 
yc  c1e  e c2 cos  2
z   c3 sin  z  
  2   2  
Particular Integral is
1
yp  f z
 D 
'

1
 yp  ez z
D  ' 3
1
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
1
yp  e z
z
 D  1
3
'
1
1
yp  e z

 D  
z
' 3
 3 D ' 2
  3  D'   1  1
1
yp  e z
z
D 
' 3
 3 D 
' 2
 3D '  2

ez 1
yp  z
2   D   3  D   3D ' 
' 3 ' 2

1  
 2 
 
z    D ' 3  3  D '  2  3 D '  
e     ... z
yp  1
2  2  
   
 LDE Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
e     
z  D ' 3  3 D ' 2  3D '  
yp  z  z
2  2  
   
e z   3D '  
yp  z    z
2  2  

ez  3
yp   z  2 
2
z
1
z 3   3  ez  3
y  yc  y p  c1e  e c2 cos 
2
z   c3 sin  z     z  2 
  2   2   2

1   3   3  x  3
y  c1  x c2 cos  log x   c3 sin  log x    log x  
x   2   2   2  2
 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.

Type II : Legendre’s LDE

Definition :
A D.E. of the type
n 1
dny n 1 d y 2
2 d y dy
an  ax  b               a0 y  f  x 
n
n
a n 1 ax b n 1
.....a 2 ax b 2
a1 ax b
dx dx dx dx
is called Legendre’s LDE

Conversion of Legendre’s LDE into LDE with constant coefficients

𝒅 𝒅
Put 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝒛 and 𝑫 = 𝐨𝐫 𝑫′ =
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛

dy d2y d3y
 ax  b   a Dy  ax  b 
2
 a 2
 D  D  1  y  ax  b  3  a3  D  D  1 D  2   y
3

dx dx 2 dx
and so on…
And convert given LDE to LDE with constant coefficient LDE 106
 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Examples
d2y dy
Q.1 Solve  2 x  1  2  2 x  1  12 y  6 x
2
2
dx dx
Sol :
Given D.E. is the Legendre’s LDE
To convert it into LDE with the constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒛 and 𝑫 =
𝒅𝒛
dy d2y d3y
 2 x  1  2 Dy  2 x  1 2  22  D  D  1  y
2
 2 x  1 3  23  D  D  1 D  2   y
3

dx dx dx
and so on…
 e  1
z
 2 D  D  1 y   2   2 Dy   12 y  
2

 2 
 4 D 2  8D  12  y  3e z  3
 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Examples
d2y dy
Q.1 Solve  2 x  1  2  2 x  1  12 y  6 x
2
2
dx dx
Sol :
Given D.E. is the Legendre’s LDE
To convert it into LDE with the constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒛 and 𝑫 =
𝒅𝒛
dy d2y d3y
 2 x  1  2 Dy  2 x  1 2  22  D  D  1  y
2
 2 x  1 3  23  D  D  1 D  2   y
3

dx dx dx

 e z
 1 and so on…
 2 D  D  1 y   2   2 Dy   12 y  
2

 2 
 4 D 2  8D  12  y  3e z  3
4  D 2  2 D  3 y  3e z  3
 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
 D 2  2 D  3 y  
3 z
4
e  1 is the LDE with the constant coefficients

We solve above LDE by Short Cut Method

Complimentary function of above D.E. is

  D   0  D2  2D  3  0
D  3, 1
yc  c1e3 z  c2 e  z
Particular Integral is
1
yp  f z
  D
yp  2
1
D  2D  3 4

3 z
e  1

yp 
3 1
4 D  2D  3
2  e z
 e 0z

 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
3 1 3 1
yp  e z
 e 0z

4 D2  2D  3 4 D2  2D  3
3 1 3 1
yp  e 
z
e0 z
4 1  2 1  3 4 0  2 0  3
3 z 1
yp  e 
16 4
z 3 z 1
y  yc  y p  c1e  c2e  e 
3z

16 4
3 1
y  c1  2 x  1  c2  2 x  1   2 x  1 
3 1

16 4
 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
Examples
d2y dy
Q.2 Solve  x  1   x  1   2 x  3 2 x  4 
2
2
dx dx
Sol :
Given D.E. is the Legendre’s LDE
To convert it into LDE with the constant coefficients
𝒅
Put 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒛 and 𝑫 =
𝒅𝒛
dy d2y d3y
 x  1  Dy  x  1 2   D  D  1  y
2
 x  1 3   D  D  1 D  2   y
3

dx dx dx
and so on…

 D  D  1 y    Dy    2  e z  1  3  2  e z  1  4 
D 2 y   2e z  1  2e z  2 
D 2 y  4e 2 z  6e z  2 is the LDE with the constant coefficients
 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
We solve above LDE by Short Cut Method
Complimentary function of above D.E. is
  D   0  D2  0
D  0, 0
yc   c1  c2 z  e0 z  c1  c2 z
Particular Integral is
1
yp  f z
  D
y p  2  4e 2 z  6e z  2 
1
D
y p  2  4e 2 z  6e z  2e 0 z 
1
D
1 1 1
y p  2 4e 2 z  2 6e z  2 2e 0 z
D D D
 Equation Reducible to LDE with constant coeff.
1 1 1
yp  4 e 6
2z
e 2
z
e 0z

 2 1 0
2 2 2

For third : case of failure

1 0z
y p  e 2 z  6e z  2 ze
2D 𝒅
1 0z 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒆𝒛 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒛 and 𝑫 =
y p  e  6e  z
2z z
e 𝒅𝒛
 0
For third : case of failure
1
y p  e 2 z  6e z  z 2 e0 z
1
y p  e 2 z  6e z  z 2
General solution is
y  yc  y p  c1  c2 z  e 2 z  6e z  z 2

y  yc  y p  c1  c2 log  x  1   x  1  6  x  1  log  x  1 
2 2
 Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations

B) Simultaneous LDE
Sometimes in applications we come across equations, containing one independent but two
and more dependent variables.

A D.E. which contain two or more dependent variables and only one independent variable is
called as Simultaneous linear differential equation.

For example :

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝟏 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒕 OR 𝒅𝒕
+ 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒚=𝒕

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
− 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐
 Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations
Examples
dx
Q.1 Solve  2x  3y  t
dt
dy
 3 x  2 y  e 2t
dt
Sol :
d
Let D 
dt
Dx  2 x  3 y  t
Dy  3 x  2 y  e 2t
 D  2 x  3 y  t
3 x   D  2  y  e 2t .................(*)
Case I : To find 𝑥
To eliminate 𝑦, multiply first equation by 𝐷 + 2 and second by −3 in equation (*)
 Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations
 D  2 x  3 D  2 y   D  2 t
2

9 x  3  D  2  y  3e 2t
 D  2 x  3  D  2  y  1  2t.........(1)
2

9 x  3  D  2  y  3e 2t ....................(2)
Adding equation (1) and (2)

 D  2 x  9 x  1  2t  3e 2t
2

D 2
 4 D  5  x  1  2t  3e 2t
This is LDE in 𝑥 with constant coefficients and we solve it by Short Cut Method
Complimentary solution is
  D   0  D2  4D  5  0
D  5,1
yc  c1e 5t  c2 et
 Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations
Particular Integral is
1
xp  f t 
  D
1
xp  2 1  2t  3e 2t 
D  4D  5
1 1
xp  2 1  2t   2 3e 2t 
D  4D  5 D  4D  5
1 1 1
xp  1  2t   3 
 e 2t

5 D2  4D D  4D  5
2
1
5
1   D2  4D   1
xp   
1    ... 1  2t   3 
 e 2t

5   5   D  4D  5
2
 Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations
1   D2  4D   1
xp     
      
2t
1 2t  1 2t  3  e
5   2  4  2  5
2
 5  
1   4D   1 2t
xp   1  2t     1  2t    3 e 
5   5   7
1  4  3 2t
xp  1  2t   2    e   D  2 x  3 y  t
5  5  7
3 x   D  2  y  e 2t .................(*)
1  13  3 2t
xp   2t    e 
5  5 7
1 13  3 2t
x  xc  x p  c1e 5t
 c2e   2t    e 
t

5 5 7
Case II : To find 𝑦
We have
 Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations
Case II : To find 𝑦
We have
dx 1  dx 
 2x  3y  t  y    2x  t 
dt 3  dt 
1 13  3 2t
5t
since x  c1e  c2 e   2t 
t
  e 
5 5 7
dx 5t 2 3 2t
  5c1e  c2 e   2e
t

dt 5 7
1 2 3 2t  5t 1 13  3 2t  
 y   5c1e  c2 e   2e  2 c1e  c2e   2t    e    t 
5t t t

3 5 7  5 5 7  
1 5t 12 2t 9 36 
 y   3c1e  3c2 e  e  t  t

3 7 5 25 
5t 4 2t 3 12
 y  c1e  c2 e  e  t 
t

7 5 25
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
C) Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equation
Def : First Ratio
A Differential equation of the form
Second Ratio
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 Third Ratio
= =
𝑷 𝑸 𝑹
where 𝑃, 𝑄 & 𝑅 are the functions of 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧 only.
is called the Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equation.

General Solution :
General solution of above differential contain two functionally independent solution

Methods to solve symmetrical simultaneous differential equation

1) Method of Grouping (Combinations)
2) Method of Multipliers
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
1) Method of Grouping (combination)
Step 1 : Find two ratios in which third variable is absent or can be cancelled.
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
Step 2 : Solve by using variable separable form to get the first solution. = =
𝑷 𝑸 𝑹

Step 3 : Repeat step 1 & step 2 for another two ratios in which third variable is absent or can
be cancelled or we can use first solution to cancel third variable and find second solution

Examples
dx dy dz
Q.1 Solve 2  2  2 2 2
y x x y z
Solution :
To find first solution, consider first two ratios
dx dy
2
 2 (∵ third variable z is absent)
y x
x 2 dx  y 2 dy which is in variable separable form
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
dx dy dz
On integrating Q.1 Solve 2  2  2 2 2
y x x y z
   dy  c1
2 2
x dx y

x3 y 3
  c1
3 3
 x 3  y 3  c1  x 3  y 3  c1

To find second solution, consider first and third ratios

dx dz dx dz
2
 2 2 2   2 2 (∵ third variable y is absent)
y x y z 1 x z
dz
 x dx  2
2
which is in variable separable form
z dz

On integrating  x dx 
 z 2  c2
2
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
x 3 1
   c2
3 z
3
 x   c2
3

z
dx dy dz
Q.2 Solve  
2 x  y 4 xy 2  2 z
Solution :
To find first solution, consider first two ratios
dx dy
 (∵ third variable z is absent and in variable separable form)
2x  y
dx dy 1
On integrating      c1  ln x   ln y  c1
2x y 2
ln x  2 ln y  c1  ln x  2 ln y  ln c1  ln x  ln y 2  ln c1  ln  xy 2   ln c1
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
 xy 2  c1.......(1) dx dy dz
Q.2 Solve  
2 x  y 4 xy 2  2 z
To find second solution, consider first and third ratios

dx dz

2 x 4 xy 2  2 z
From equation (1), put the value of 𝑦 2
dx dz

2 x 4 x c1  2 z
x
dx dz
 (∵ third variable y is absent and in variable separable form)
x 2c1  z
dx dz
On integrating    c2  ln x   ln  2c1  z   c2
x 2c1  z
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
 ln x  ln  2c1  z   ln c2

 ln  x  2c1  z    ln c2

 x  2c1  z   c2

 x  2 xy 2  z   c2 ..... from equation (1) xy 2  c1

dx dy dz
Q.3 Solve  
1 3 5 z  tan  y  3 x 
Solution :
To find first solution, consider first two ratios
dx dy (∵ third variable z is absent and in variable separable form)

1 3
dx dy 1
On integrating     c1  x  y  c1  3x  y  c1  y  3 x  c1
1 3 3
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
dx dy dz
Solve  
3 5 z  tan  y  3 x 
To find second solution, consider first and third ratio
1
dx dz

1 5 z  tan  y  3 x 
dx dz
 ..... from equation (1) y  3x  c1
1 5 z  tan  c1 
Which is in variable separable form, so on integrating
dz
 dx   5 z  tan  c1   c2
x  ln  5 z  tan  c1    c2
1
5
5 x  ln  5 z  tan  y  3 x    c2 ..... from equation (1) y  3 x  c1
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
2) Method of Multipliers
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
Step 1 : Consider given symmetrical simultaneous differential equation = =
𝑷 𝑸 𝑹

Step 2 : Choose multipliers 𝒍, 𝒎, 𝒏 such that 𝒍𝑷 + 𝒎𝑸 + 𝒏𝑹 = 𝟎

Step 3 : Solve the equation 𝒍𝒅𝒙 + 𝒎𝒅𝒚 + 𝒏𝒅𝒛 = 𝒄𝟏 , we get first solution
Step 4: Repeat above steps and one more set of multipliers 𝒍′, 𝒎′, 𝒏′ to get second solution

Examples
dx dy dz
Q.1 Solve  
yz zx x y
Solution :
Here, 𝑷 = 𝒚 − 𝒛, 𝑸 = 𝒛 − 𝒙, 𝑹 = 𝒙 − 𝒚
Choose the multipliers 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
x  y  z  y  z  x  z  x  y  0
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
First solution is
dx dy dz
Q.1 Solve  
 xdx  ydy  zdz  c 1 yz zx x y
x2 y 2 z 2
   c1 Here, 𝑷 = 𝒚 − 𝒛, 𝑸 = 𝒛 − 𝒙, 𝑹 = 𝒙 − 𝒚
2 2 2
x 2  y 2  z 2  c1
Choose the multipliers 1,1,1

1 y  z   1 z  x   1 x  y   0
Second solution is

 1dx  1dy  1dz  c 2

x  y  z  c2
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
dx dy dz
Q.2 Solve 2 3 3  2 3 3  2 3
x  y  z  y  z  x  z  x  y3 
Solution :
Here, 𝑷 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒛𝟑 , 𝑸 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 , 𝑹 = 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Choose the multipliers 𝟐 , 𝟐 , 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛

x 2
x 
1 2 3 3
y  z  
y 2
y 
1 2 3 3
z  x  
1 2 3
z 2
z  x  y 3
 0

First solution is
1 1 1
 x 2 dx  y 2 dy  z 2 dz  c1
1 1 1 1 1 1
    c1     c1
x y z x y z
 Symmetrical Simultaneous Differential Equations
To find second solution
Here, 𝑷 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒛𝟑 , 𝑸 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 , 𝑹 = 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑

Choose the multipliers 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛

x3  y 3  z 3   y 3  z 3  x3   z 3  x3  y 3   0

∴ Second solution is

 xdx  ydy  zdz  c 2

x2 y 2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2

 x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
 Miscellaneous Problems
dx dy dz
Q.1 Solve   x2  y 2
y  x xe
Solution :
To find first solution, consider first two ratios
dx dy (∵ third variable z is absent)

y x
xdx  ydy  0 Which is in variable separable form

On integrating  xdx  ydy  c 1

x2 y 2
  c1
2 2
x 2  y 2  c1.......(1)
 Miscellaneous Problems
To find second solution, consider first two ratios dx dy dz
Q.1 Solve   x2  y 2
y  x xe
dy dz
 x2  y 2
 x xe
dy dz
  x2  y 2
1 e
dy dz
  c1 .... from equation (1) x 2  y 2  c1
1 e
 ec1 dy  dz  0
Which is V.S. form, so on integrating

 dyc1  dz  c2
c1
e
 ye  z  c2
x2  y 2
 ye  z  c2
 Miscellaneous Problems
dx dy dz
Q.2 Solve  
x  2 y  z  y  z  2x  z  x4  y4 
4 4 4 4

Solution :
Here, 𝑷 = 𝒙 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝒛𝟒 , 𝑸 = 𝒚 𝒛𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 , 𝑹 = 𝒛 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒚𝟒

Choose the multipliers 𝒙 𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 , 𝒛 𝟑

x4  2 y 4  z 4   y 4  z 4  2x4   z 4  x4  y 4   0
First solution is

   dz  c1
3 3 3
x dx y dy z
x4 y 4 z 4
   c1
4 4 4
x 4  y 4  z 4  c1
 Miscellaneous Problems
Here, 𝑷 = 𝒙 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝒛𝟒 , 𝑸 = 𝒚 𝒛𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟒 , 𝑹 = 𝒛 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒚𝟒

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Choose the multipliers , ,
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛

 2 y 4
 z 4
 
 z 4
 2 x 4
 
 2 x 4
 y 4
0
Second solution is

1 1 2
 x dx  y dy  z dz  c1
ln x  ln y  2 ln z  ln c1

xyz 2  c1
 Miscellaneous Problems
adx bdy cdz
Q.3 Solve  
 b  c  yz  c  a  xz  a  b  xy
Solution :
𝒃;𝒄 𝒚𝒛 𝒄;𝒂 𝒙𝒛 𝒂;𝒃 𝒙𝒚
Here, 𝑷 = , 𝑸= ,𝑹 =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
Choose the multipliers 𝒂𝒙, 𝒃𝒚, 𝒄𝒛
 b  c  xyz   c  a  xyz   a  b  xyz  0
First solution is

 axdx  bydy  czdz  c 1

x2 y2 z2
a  b  c  c1
2 2 2
ax 2  by 2  cz 2  c1
 Miscellaneous Problems
𝒃;𝒄 𝒚𝒛 𝒄;𝒂 𝒙𝒛 𝒂;𝒃 𝒙𝒚
Here, 𝑷 = , 𝑸= ,𝑹 =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄

Choose the multipliers 𝒂𝟐 𝒙, 𝒃𝟐 𝒚, 𝒄𝟐 𝒛

a  b  c  xyz  b  c  a  xyz  c  a  b  xyz  0

Second solution is

   zdz  c2
2 2 2
a xdx b ydy c
2 2 2
x y z
a2  b2  c2  c2
2 2 2

a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2  c 2 z 2  c2
 Miscellaneous Problems

Note : In the Method of Grouping, we can use one more ratio using set of
multipliers to calculate two ratios free from third variable

dx dy dz ldx  mdy  ndz

  
P Q R lP  mQ  nR

dx dy 2dz
Q.4 Solve  
xz yz  x  y 2
Solution :
To find first solution, consider first two ratios
dx dy dx dy
   (∵ third variable z is absent and in V.S. form)
xz yz x y
 Miscellaneous Problems
On integrating
dx dy 2dz
dx dy Q.4 Solve  
 x   y  c1 xz yz  x  y 2

ln x  ln y  ln c1
x
 c1.....(1)
y

To find second solution, consider second & third ratios

dy 2dz

yz  x  y 2
dy 2dz
 From equation (1)
yz  c1 y  y 2
 Miscellaneous Problems
dy 2dz
 which is free from third variable 𝑥
y  c1  1
2
z

 c1  1 ydy  2 zdz
2
V.S. form

 c1  1  ydy   2 zdz  c
2
2

2
x 
 y  1  x  y
2

  y2  z2  c   z 2  c2
2
2 2
 Miscellaneous Problems
Another approach to find second solution :
dx dy dz ldx  mdy  ndz
We have   
P Q R lP  mQ  nR
dx dy 2dz
 
xz yz  x  y 2

dx dy 2dz 1dx  1dy  0dz

  
xz yz  x  y 2 1 xz   1 yz   0  x  y 2

dx dy 2dz dx  dy
  
xz yz  x  y 2 xz  yz
Consider third and fourth ratio

2dz dx  dy

 x  y xz  yz
2
 Miscellaneous Problems
2dz dx  dy

x y z

2zdz   x  y  dx  dy  V.S. form

On integrating

 2zdz    x  y  dx  dy   c
2

Put x  y  u  dx  dy  du
z 2   udu  c2
2
u
z 2   c2
2

 x  y
2

z2   c2
2
 Miscellaneous Problems
dx dy dz
Q.5 Solve  
y 2  xy x  z  2 y 
Solution :
To find first solution, consider first two ratios
dx dy
 (∵ third variable z is absent and in V.S. form)
y 2
 xy
dx dy
 
y x
xdx  ydy  0 (∵ third variable z is absent and in V.S. form)

x 2  y 2  c1
dx dy dz
 
To find second solution, y 2
 xy xz  2 xy
Consider the multipliers 𝟎, 𝒛, 𝒚
 Miscellaneous Problems
0dx  zdy  ydz zdy  ydz

0 y 2  z ( xy )  yx(z  2 y ) 2 xy 2
dx dy dz zdy  ydz
  
y 2  xy x  z  2 y  2 xy 2
Consider first and fourth ratio

dx zdy  ydz

y 2
2 xy 2
dx zdy  ydz

1 2 x
2 xdx  zdy  ydz  0

2 xdx  d  yz   0 V.S. form

 Miscellaneous Problems

 2xdx  d  yz   c
2

x 2  yz  c2