Example 5.1.1.
(a) Solve (D2 - 5D+6) y = 0
Solution: Given: (D2 - 5D+6) y = 0
The auxiliary equation is m2 - 5m + 6 = 0
i.e., m = 2, m = 3
C.F. = Ae2x + Be3x
The general solution is given by y = C.F
i.e., y = Ae2x + Be3x
Example 5.1.1(b) Solve (D2 + 6D + 9) y = 0 [A.U M/J 2016 R-8]
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 6m + 9 = 0 ⇒ m = −3, m = −3
Solution: Given: (D2 + 6D +9) y = 0
y = C.F = (Ax + B) e-3x
Note: Solving quadratic equations and cubic equations use your calculator fx 991MS,
Example 5.1.1(c) Solve (D2 + 2D + 1) y = 0 [A.U M/J 2014 R-13]
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = −1, −1
Solution: Given: (D2 + 2D + 1) y = 0
y = (Ax + B)e-x
Example 5.1.2. Solve d2y / dx2 – 6 dy/dx +13y = 0.
[A.U N/D 2009, N/D 2003, M/J 2007]
Solution:
Given: d2y / dx2 – 6 dy/dx +13y = 0.
The auxiliary equation is m2 - 6m + 13 = 0 i.e.,(D2 – 6D + 13) y = 0
Hence, the solution is y = e3x [A cos (2x) + B sin (2x)].
Example 5.1.3 Solve (D2 + 1) y = 0, given y (0) = 0, y' (0) = 1. [A.U April, 1996]
Solution :
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m2 = -1 m = ± i
Given: (D2 + 1) y = 0
y = A cosx + B sin x
Given: y (0) = 0 ⇒ y (0) = A = 0
i.e., y (x) = A cos x + B sin x … (1)
Given: y' (0) = 1 ⇒ y' (0) = B = 1
y(x) = - A sin x + B cos x
(1) ⇒ y (x) = sin x
Note: The above problem is called an initial value problem (I.V.P), because all the conditions are
given at a single point i.e., x = 0.
Example 5.1.4 (a) Solve (D2 +1) y = 0 given y (0) = 1, y (π/2) = 0
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m2 = -1 m = ± i
Solution: Given (D2 + 1) y = 0
y = A cos x + B sin x
Given y (0) = 1 ⇒ y (0) = A = 1
i.e., y(x) = A cosx + B sin x … (1)
Given: y (π/2) = 0 ⇒ y (π / 2) = B = 0
(1) ⇒ y (x) = cos x
Note: The above problem is called a boundary value problem (B.V.P), because the conditions are
given at more than one point i.e., x = 0 and x = π/2
Example 5.1.4(b) Solve (D2+ D + 1) y = 0
[A.U M/J 2016 R-13]
The auxiliary equation is m2 + m + 1 = 0 ⇒ m = -1/2 ± √3/2 i
Solution: Given: (D2 + D + 1)y = 0
Example 5.1.5. Solve d3 y / dx3 – 6 d2y / dx2 + 11 dy/dx – 6y = 0.
Solution: Given: d3 y / dx3 – 6 d2y / dx2 + 11 dy/dx – 6y = 0.
i.e., (D3 – 6D2 + 11D – 6) y = 0
The auxiliary equation is m3 - 6m2 + 11m - 6 = 0
i.e., m = 1, m = 2, m = 3
All these roots are real and different.
Hence, the solution is y = Aex + Be2x + Ce3x
Example 5.1.6. Solve (D3 - 3D2 + 3D - 1) y = 0 [A.U D15/J16 R-13]
Solution: Given: (D3 - 3D2 + 3D - 1) y = 0
The auxiliary equation is m3 - 3m2 + 3m - 1 = 0
i.e., m = 1 (thrice)
Hence, the solution is y = ex [A+ Bx + Cx2]
Example 5.1.7 Solve (D3 + D2 + 4D + 4) y = 0
[A.U A/M 2015 R-13]
Solution: Given: (D3 + D2 + 4D + 4) y = 0
⇒ m = -1, ± 2i
The auxiliary equation is m3 + m2 + 4m + 4 = 0
y = Ae-x + e0x [B cos 2x + C sin 2x]
= Ae-x + B cos 2x + C sin 2x
Example 5.1.8 Solve : (D3 + 1) y = 0
[A.U N/D 2018 R-17]
Solution: Given: (D3 + 1)y = 0
⇒ (m.+ 1) (m2 - m + 1) = 0
The auxiliary equation is m3 + 1 = 0
Example 5.1.9. (a) Solve (D4 + 4D3 + 8D2 + 8D + 4) y = 0.
Solution: Given: (D4 + 4D3 + 8D2 + 8D + 4) y = 0
The auxiliary equation is
m4 + 4m3 + 8m2 + 8m2 + 4 = 0
(m2) 2 + (2m) 2 + (2) 2 + 2 (m2) (2m) + 2 (2m) (2) + 2 (2) (m2) = 0
⇒ (m2 + 2m + 2) 2 = 0
[a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2 bc + 2 ca = (a + b + c) 2]
m = -2 ± √ 4 – 8 = -1 ± i (twice)
y = e-x [(C1 + C2x) cos x + (C3+ C4x) sin x]
Example 5.1.9 (b) If 1 ± 2i, 1 ± 2i are the roots of the auxiliary equation corresponding to a fourth
order homogeneous linear differential equation F (D) y = 0, find its solution. [A.U M/J 2016 R-13]
Solution :
Given: m = 1 ± 2i [twice]
y = ex [(C1+ 2x) cos 2x + (C3 + C4x) sin 2x]
Example 5.1.9 (c) Solve (D4 + 1) y = 0
[A.U N/D 2016 R-8]
The auxiliary equation is m4 + 1 = 0 ⇒ m4 = −1 = eiπ
Solution: Given: (D4 + 1) y = 0
Example 5.1.9 (d) Solve (D4 - 2D2 + 1) y = 0[A.U. N/D 2019, R-17]
Solution: Given:
⇒ (D2 -1)2 y = 0
(D4 - 2D2 + 1) y = 0
⇒ m2 - 1 = 0 ⇒ m2 = 1 ⇒ m = ±1
The auxiliary equation is (m2 - 1)2 = 0
m = 1, 1, -1, -1
y = ex (C1x + C2) + e-x (C3x + C4)
Example 5.1.10 (a) Solve (D2 - 4D +13) y = e2x.
Solution: Given: (D2 - 4D + 13) y = e2x
The auxiliary equation is m2 - 4m + 13 = 0
Example 5.1.10(b) Solve: y'' + 7y' - 8y = e2x
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 7m – 8 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, m = −8
Solution: Given: [D2 + 7D - 8] y = e2x
C.F = A ex + Be-8x
P.I = (1/ D2 + 7D – 8) e2x = (1 / 4 + 14 – 8) e2x
[Replace D by 2]
= 1 / 10 e2x
y = C.F + P.I
y = A ex + Be-8x + 1/10 e2x
Example 5.1.10(c) Find the particular integral of (D2 + 4D+8) y = e2x
[A.U M/J 2016 R-8]
Solution: P.I = 1 / D2 + 4D + 8 e2x
= (1 / 4 + 8 + 8) e2x
[Replace D by 2]
= 1/ 20 e2x
Example 5.1.11 (a) Solve (D - 2)2 y = e2x.
Solution: Given: (D - 2)2 y = e2x
The auxiliary equation is (m - 2)2 = 0
i.e., m = 2, 2.
Example 5.1.11 (b) Find the particular integral of (D2 - 4D + 4) y = 2x
[A.U N/D 2012]
Solution:
Given: (D2 - 4D + 4) y = 2x
i.e., (D - 2)2 y = 2x = elog2x = e(log2x)
P.I = 1 / (D – 2)2 elog2x = 1 / (log2 – 2)2 elog2x
[Replace D by log 2]
Example 5.1.12 Solve (D2 + 7D + 12) y = 14 e-3x
[A.U M/J 2016 R-8]
Solution: Given: (D2 + 7D + 12) y = 14e-3x
⇒ m = -3, m = -4
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 7m + 12 = 0
Example 5.1.13. Solve (4D2 - 4 D + 1) y = 4.
Solution: Given: (4 D2 - 4D + 1)y = 4
The auxiliary equation is 4m2 - 4m + 1 = 0
m = 1/2, 1/2
Example 5.1.14 Solve (D2 - 4) y = 1
[A.U N/D 2013 R-8]
The auxiliary equation is m2 - 4 = 0 ⇒ m = ±2
Solution: Given: (D2 - 4) y = e0x
Example 5.1.15. Solve (D2 - 4) y = e2x + e-4x.
Solution: Given: (D2 - 4) y = e2x + e 4x
̄
The auxiliary equation is m2 – 4 = 0
Example 5.1.16. Solve d2y / dx2 + 4 dy/dx + 5y = -2 cosh x
[AU, April 2002]
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 4m +5 = 0
Example 5.1.17. Find the P.I of (D2-1) y = (ex + 1)2
Solution: Given: (D2 - 1)y = (ex + 1)2
(D2 - 1)y = (ex)2 + 1 + 2ex
Example 5.1.18. Solve (D3 - 3D2 + 4D - 2) y = ex.
Solution: Given: (D3 - 3D2 + 4D - 2)y = ex
⇒ m 1, m = 1 ± i
The auxiliary equation is m3 - 3m2 + 4m − 2 = 0
C.F. Aex + ex [B cos x + C sin x]
P.I. = (1 / D3 - 3D2 + 4D – 2) ex
= (1 / 1 – 3 + 4 – 2) ex [Replace D by 1]
= 1/0 ex [Ordinary rule fails]
= x (1 / (1 / D3 - 3D2 + 4D – 2) ex
= x ( 1 / 3 – 6 + 4)ex = xex
Hence, the solution is
y = C.F. + P.I
y = Aex + ex [B cos x + C sin x] + x ex
Example 5.1.19. Solve (D5 - D) y = 12 ex.
Solution: Given: (D5 - D)y = 12ex
The auxiliary equation is m5 – m = 0
