Unit - 1

Computer Systems And Organization

Prepared by Jeny Prakash

Computer works on the principle of I P O.
Input Process Output
So, we can define the definition of Computer from this 3 words.

“Computer is an electronic device that accepts input through

input devices in the form of data and instructions, process the
data using CPU ( Central Processing Unit) and produces the
result as Output through output devices.”
Father of Computer
Components of a Computer System:

Computer System

Hardware Software
Functional Components of a Computer System:-
CPU:-
Central Processing Unit has 2 parts.
Control Unit:-
It controls the flow of data(signals) from input
devices to memory and from memory to output
devices.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):-
It performs all the arithmetic(+, -, *, /) and
logical(>, <, <=, >=, ==, <>) operations and the
Von- Neuman Architecture result is returned to the memory.
Functional Components of a Computer System:-
Registers:-
 They are the high speed temporary storage
area found in the CPU that works as per the
instructions given by the control unit(CU).

 It can hold an instruction, a storage address or

any kind of data.

 The CPU places the highest priority jobs/ data

inside register for faster execution/
Von- Neuman Architecture processing.
Functional Components of a Computer System:-
Bus:-
It is used to transfer data from a source to
destination.
Input/ Output Bus:-
It is the pathway used for Input and Output
devices to communicate with the computer
processor.
Mass memory:-
It is used for storing large amount of data.
Von- Neuman Architecture Eg:- Hard disk, Memory cards, Magnetic Tapes
Input Device:-
It accepts the user data / information , converts it into the
corresponding binary form ( computer understandable format).
Binary format means 1 and 0.
These are the 2 states – ON / OFF
HIGH / LOW voltage
1 for ON
0 for OFF
Input Devices:-
Keyboard:-
We can enter the data in the form of letters, digits and commands into the computer.

Mouse:-
It is a pointing device used for moving a pointer on a computer monitor. It converts the
movements of the user’s hand into a unique set of binary digits representing the position of the
mouse at a particular instant.
Light Pen:-
It is a pointing device that is used to select on the computer screen by pointing or drawing
directly on the screen. It is used by engineers, architects.

Optical Mark Reader:-

It scans a printed form and reads predefined positions and records where marks are made on the
form. It is used for grading specially designed MCQ answer sheets.
Smart Card Reader:-
The reader machine is used to reads a microprocessor embedded in a smart card which holds a
certain amount of personal data in its memory.

Bar Code Reader:-

It is a machine that reads barcodes present in any surface. The machine consists of a light
source, a lens and a light sensor which translates optical impulses into electrical signals.
QR (Quick Response)Code Reader:-
It is a reader that can scan a special kind of barcode that can scan with a smartphone App that
directs the user to a website.

Biometric Sensor:-
It is a device which is used to uniquely identify a person on the basis of his physical or
behavioural traits such as eyes, fingerprints etc.
Touch Screen:-

It is a type of display screen which allows interaction with computer through a touch sensitive
transparent panel covering the entire screen.

Microphone:-
It is used to provide audio data to a computer. It is used for sound recording.
Output Device:-

Output devices produce the output by the CPU in human understandable format.

Output Devices:-

Monitor:-

It is also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU). It is used for displaying the produced output.

CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitor Touch Screen Monitor
Printer:-

It is an output device which is used to generate hard copies (printout) of the output generated
by the computer system.

Dot Matrix Printer Ink Jet Printer Laser Printer

Speakers:

It is an output device that generates sound as output.

Plotters:-

It is an output device which is used fro producing good quality images and drawings.
It is mainly used in CAD ( Computer Aided Designing).
Memory Unit:-

It is the storage unit for program as well as data. Memory Unit is divided into 2

 Primary Memory

 Secondary Memory

Primary Memory:-

It is the computer memory that is accessed directly by the CPU. It is divided into 2 types.

 RAM(Random Access Memory)

 ROM(Read Only Memory)

RAM ( Random Access Memory):-

It is a read / write memory where both operations are performed. i.e. read from and write to. It
is a volatile memory as it loses its contents when the power is switched off or interrupted.

ROM ( Read Only Memory):-

The data and instructions are placed in the ROM at the time of its manufacturing and can’t be
changed . It is used to hold essential instructions to check basic hardware components such as
booting, procedures to load operating systems.
Cache Memory:-
 It is a small memory that works faster than RAM.
 When CPU requires certain data present in RAM, it sends the request to the cache.
 Cache memory is placed between CPU and main memory.
 It reduces the access time.
 It improves the overall performance of the computer.
 1 YB = 1024 ZB (Zetta Bytes)
Units of Memory:-
Elementary unit of memory is a bit. 1 BB = 1024 YB ( Yotta Bytes)

4 bits form 1 Nibble 1 Geop Byte = 1024 BB (Bronto Bytes)

Eight bits form 1 byte.

1 Byte = 8 Bits
• Smallest Memory Unit is Bit
1KB = 1024 Bytes
1MB = 1024 KB ( Kilo Bytes) • Largest Memory Unit is Geop Byte
1GB = 1024 MB ( Mega Bytes )
1TB = 1024 GB ( Giga Bytes)
1 PB = 1024 TB ( Tera Bytes)
1 EB = 1024 PB ( Peta Bytes)
1 ZB = 1024 EB ( Exa Bytes)
Secondary Memory:-

It is an additional storage area which is used to store large amount of data permanently and
can be reused whenever it is necessary.
Hard Disk:-
It is a high capacity storage device which can be placed inside the CPU or can be used
externally for storage.
The storage capacity ranges from 1GB to several Terabytes.

Internal Hard disk External Hard disk

Blue- Ray Disk:-
It is a high capacity optical disk which can be used for recording, rewriting and playing back
high definition video.
It supports high resolution and can be used for storing advanced video and audio formats.

Compact Disk ( CD):-

It is an optical storage device which is used to store audio and video data.
The maximum storage capacity is 700 MB.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD):-
It is an optical storage device which is used to store data and can be recorded on single side or
on double side.
The storage capacity ranges from 4.7 GB to 8.5 GB.

Universal Serial Port (USB):-

It is a small portable memory which can be plugged into a computer with USB port.
It is also called as Flash drive or pen drive.
Memory Cards:-
These are the storage devices mainly used with digital cameras, computers, mobile phones
etc.
Communication Bus:-

A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside

a computer or between computers.
It carries binary information to or from input / output devices and memory.

There are 3 types of buses:

Address Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
Address Bus:-

It is used to specify address of a data / memory

location.

Data Bus:-
It carries data in binary form. It is used to transfer
data from one place/ component to another in a
computer system.

Control Bus:-
It carries instructions to carry out operations such as
Read from/ Write to memory and its I / O
operations.
Hardware:
The physical components of a computer is called as Hardware.
Eg:- Monitor, Keyboard, Motherboard, Mouse etc.

Software:
The set of programs or instructions that instructs the computer to
perform a task is called as Software.
Eg:- Microsoft Word, MS Paint
Hospital Management System, School Administration System.
Software is classified into 2 types:

 System Software
 Application Software
System Software:-

It acts as an interface between hardware and software. It directs the computer

what to do, when to do and how to do.

Functions of System Software:-

Reading data and receiving information.

Translating data and instructions
Controlling all the peripheral devices
Processing and generating output.
 System Software

Operating System Language Translators

Operating System:-

 It is the first program to be executed on

a computer after the BIOS.( Basic Input
/ Output System)
 It is a program that acts as an interface
between the user and hardware of the
computer.
 It helps to manage resources of the
computer and optimize its performance.
Functions of Operating System:
User Interface:- It provides the instructions to prepare user interface
Program Execution:- It loads necessary programs into the computer memory which are required for its
proper functioning.
Resource Allocation:- It controls and allocates the system resources like CPU time, memory (RAM).
Manipulation of File System:- It manages the method / format in which information is stored on and
retrieved from the hard disk.
I/ O Operations:- It handles all the input- output operations.
Error Detection:- IT performs the crucial function of error detection and handling.
It controls the various system hardware and software resources and allocates them to users or programs as
per their requirements.
It performs functions such as Process Management, Memory Management, File Management and Device
Management .