Computer Organization Class 11 Notes

Session 1: Fundamentals of Computer

What is Computer System?

The word “computer” is derived from “compute,” which means to calculate.
A computer is an electronic machine that is used for computing. A computer
is an electronic device that can accept data, store it, and process it according
to the instruction. Computers come in various forms depending on the size,
like laptops, desktops, tables, smartphones, mainframes, and
supercomputers. Computers work on binary language 0 and 1 using electronic
signals. Computers consist of hardware and software.

 Hardware: Physical components of a computer like a mouse,

keyboard, and monitor, etc.
 Software: The intangible instruction in the computer-like operating
system and applications.

Characteristics of a computer system

Speed – The computer can process data and instructions at high speed. The
speed of a computer can be measured in MIPS (million instructions per
second). The number of signals transmitted in the transmission medium is
known as baud.
 Versatility – Computers are capable of doing multiple tasks at once.
For example, you can multitask while downloading movies, playing
music, and creating word documents.
 Accuracy – The machine not only completes various tasks quickly, but
also precisely and accurately. If any fault is found in the output, then the
computer will generate an error instead of giving the wrong output. This
process in computers is known as GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out).
 Diligence – A computer is free from tiredness. It can operate for several
hours without making any mistakes. A computer will complete every
calculation with the same accuracy even if millions of calculations need
to be made.
 Memory – Computer memory is an important part of a computer. The
main memory is volatile, meaning the data will be erased when the
computer is turned off, like RAM. Second, secondary memory, which
 can store data permanently, like hard discs, pen drives, portable hard
discs, etc.
 Storage – A computer is capable of holding a vast amount of data and
information for later retrieval. A computer’s memory is unlimited and
does not degrade over time like a human’s does.
 Intelligence – In early times, computers were programmed to carry out
certain tasks. Now we have an intelligence-based computer that plays
chess against the greatest players and drives a car without a human.
Computer hardware upgrade service
Computer software

What are the components of a Computer?

Every computer follows an Input- Process- Output Cycle (IPO cycle).

Computer can take input and based on the inputs computer can process and
give output after processing.

Input Unit: The input unit takes the input from the input device like keyboard,
mouse, microphone etc.,
 Process: The central processing unit does the processing of data
 Output Unit: The output unit produces the output.
 Memory Unit: The memory unit holds the data and instructions during
the processing.
Block diagram of Computer System?
A block diagram of a computer helps to understand how the components of a
computer are connected with each other.

What is Control Unit?

The control unit is responsible for coordination between the different units of a
computer. It controls the input, processing, and output operations. For
example, it coordinates with the peripheral devices to accept the input or
display the output. It is like a manager of all operations.

What is ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)?

The actual processing of data is done by the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The
data is taken from the storage unit and subjected to arithmetic operations
before being compared or otherwise processed. The processed data is then
transferred back to the storage.

What is Storage device?

In computer system storage device is used to store informationa and

instruction. There are basically two types of computer storage devices:

a. Primary Memory

Primary memory is known as main memory. Primary memory has internal

storage, and the CPU can access it directly, meaning the CPU has direct
access to information kept in primary memory. Primary memory is also known
as volatile memory. The primary memory RAM has two types: DRAM and
SRAM.

 DRAM – DRAM is used in main memory and is less expensive than

SRAM. It is slower and consumes less power than SRAM, but it has a
greater capacity for data storage.
 SRAM – SRAM is more expensive, consumes more power than DRAM,
and is utilised in cache memory.
Difference between DRAM and SRAM

DRAM SRAM

Used in main memory It is used in cache

Inexpensive Expensive

Uses less power Uses more power

Slower than SRAM Faster than DRAM

b. Secondary Storage

Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary or external memory, which can

store the data for the long term. Secondary memory does not connect to
the computer system internally. Some of the secondary memory are magnetic
tapes, compact discs, and portable hard drives. These aren’t connected to the
CPU directly.

What is Cache Memory?

Cache memory works as a temporary storage space in a computer. Cache

memory can hold data and instructions just like RAM and is located between
the CPU and the main memory. The cache memory is fast memory and is
used to improve the performance of the CPU. Cache memory is expensive but
decreases the average time when every CPU accesses the information from
main memory
Session 2: Components of Computer

Inside the Computer

If we look at a personal computer, from outside, it looks like a box (sometimes
called CPU) that contains CPU and hard disks, keyboard, mouse, monitor and
speakers. The major functionality in a computer is done in the Processing
Unit.

The computer has several components inside the CPU that are connected to
each other to perform any task. Some of the components inside the CPU are
the motherboard, processing unit, storage device, random access memory,
hard disc, etc.

a. Motherboard: This is the main circuit board which holds together various
components like CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical
drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections in the
form of various ports (such as USB ports). It provides a connection to every
component of the computer.

b. Input Device: Input devices takes input from the user. The input may be in
the form of text, image, sound, video
etc.

 Keyboard: this is a standard input device and takes data in the form of
text.
 Mouse ; it is a pointing input device.
 Webcam: it takes data in the form of video/image
 Scanner : it generally stores data in the form of graphics
 Microphone : it is used for voice input/ audio input
 Handwriting input board: it is used for giving input from

c. Output Devices: devices that are used to give output to the user. Output
may be in the form of visuals, text, audio, printout etc.

 Monitor/ VDU ( Visual Display Unit) : it is the standard output device

and is similar to a television screen.
 Speaker : it is an output device that gives output in the form of an
audio/ voice.
  Printer : it is also a very commonly known output device that gives
output in the form of print out also called as hard copy.
 Plotter : it is a large printer like device that is used to take print of large
maps, architectural designs.
 Projector : it is an output device that gives an enlarged view of the
output on a large screen. It is generally used for giving a view of output
to a large audience.

d. CPU: The CPU is a primary component of a computer; it is also known as

the central and main processor of the computer. The CPU executes the user
instructions and coordinates among all other units of the computer. Thus, it is
primarily responsible for the performance of the machine. Central Processing
Units can be classified on the basis of speed, technology, and their
manufacturers, like dual-core, quad-core, octa-core, Intel, AMD, etc.

Note: Speed of processors is usually measured in megahertz (MHz) (millions

of instructions per second) and gigahertz (GHz) (billions of instructions per
second), which is indicative of its power.

e. Power Supply Unit: This component of the computer is the one which
converts the alternate current power supply being received by homes or
offices to the low voltage direct current required by the machine.

f. Random Access Memory ( RAM): RAM plays an important role in

computer systems. The operating system, instructions, and the software that
manage the computer are loaded in the RAM. Nowadays, the computer has
around 8 to 32 GB of RAM. More RAM can increase the performance of the
computer.

g. Hard Disk(HD): A hard disc is a physical device that is used to store data.
It is a non-volatile storage device, which means that the data can be stored for
a long time. When you save the file on the computer, it is first stored on the
hard disc, from where it is transferred to RAM. These days the capacity of a
hard disc is expressed in terms of gigabytes and terabytes.

h. Pen drive/Flash drives: it is a small pen-like storage device of and can be

accessed by directly inserting in the USB(Universal Serial Bus) Port. It is very
popular these days because of its small size and easy accessibility.
Every bit of information in computer is stored in terms of Bits (Binary
Digits) i.e. 0s and 1s

1 nibble = 4 bits

1 byte = 8 bits

1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB)

1024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB)

1024 GB = 1 Terabyte (TB)

1024 TB = 1 Petabyte (PB)

1024 PB= 1 Exabyte(EB)

1024 EB = 1 Zettabyte(ZB)

1024 ZB = 1 Yottabyte (YB)

i. Optical Storage devices: Digital video discs (DVD) and compact discs
(CD) are two types of optical storage media. A DVD has a larger capacity than
a CD. By placing the disc in a disc drive, you can access the data on a CD or
DVD.
Session 3: Operating System

What is Operating System?

The operating system is a system software that helps to manage computer
hardware and software resources. It acts as a channel between computer
hardware and the users. Every computer required an operating system to
communicate with computer hardware. for example, Windows, Linux, Unix,
MS-DOS, Solaris, and Mac OS. The father of operating systems is regarded
as Gary Arlen Kildall.

Operating System as an Interface Functions of an Operating system can

be broadly categorized as:
− Communication Manager
− Resource Management
− Process Management
− File Management
− Memory Management
  Communication Manager – Manages the communication needs of the
system, be it communicating with the peripheral devices or the internet,
are addressed by the operating system.
 Resource Management – The working of a computer system is
predominantly dependent on how its resources are being managed. The
resources that we talk of here are -the memory of the computer, the
CPU time, files, secondary storage, input/output devices etc.
 Process Management – A process is a program currently executing in
the memory or waiting for the CPU. In a computer there are multiple
processes in the system.
 Memory Management – For a process to be executed, it has to be
loaded in the working memory that is the RAM (Random Access
Memory).
 File Management – Operating system takes care of all the files and
folders (directories) maintained on the computer disk. The basic tasks
that a user needs to perform on files are creation, renaming, deletion,
copying or moving of a file or folder.

Types of Operating system

Operating systems can be classified in different ways; depending on various
parameters.

a. Single-tasking and Multi-tasking operating system

 Single Task Operating System – These operating systems only permit

the execution of one programme at a time.
 Multi-tasking Operating System – An operating system that supports
multiple tasks can run multiple programmes at once. Various processes
share the processor time in this scenario.
b. Single user and Multi-user operating system

 Single user Operating System – Operating systems for one user only
permit one user to use the system at a time. The desktop systems are
within the category of standard single user systems.
 Multi-user Operating System – By keeping track of every user who
has registered, multi-user operating systems enable several users to
access the system simultaneously.
c. Real-Time Operating System

Real-time operating systems are defined as those that provide a constant

response time. They are designed for applications that require speedy,
minimal delays in the processing of data.
d. Batch Processing Systems

Similar jobs are grouped together and sent to the processor as a block for
processing in a batch processing system. User involvement in such systems is
low. One by one, the tasks are selected and carried out.

Session 4: Troubleshooting and utilities

Common Troubleshooting Steps

As soon as the system is turned on, the power supply recognises the CPU
and peripherals. Most computers will beep when the system boots up if all
peripheral devices have been correctly detected. Try the following if any
connected device—such as a keyboard, mouse, printer, and monitor—fails to
turn on:

 Check the Cables connection

 Use Operating System Help to identify the problem
 Check the Error Messages and act acodianly
Troubleshooting Hardware Problem

Monitor is not Showing any Display/ The Screen is Blank

1. The System is in Sleep Mode

2. The wire is connected properly
3. Check the Laptop battery is charged or not
Keyboard Troubleshooting

 Check the cable connection

 Check for any damage
 Check the batteries if wireless keyboard
 Check weather key is not stuck
Mouse Troubleshooting

 Check the cable connection

 Check for any damage
 If coddles moue then check the battery
 Clean the mouse if dust is there
Troubleshooting Printer Problems

 Check weather Printer is Not Connected Properly or Not Switched On

 The Printer is Out Of Paper
 The Printer Paper Jam
  The Ink Cartridge of Printer is Empty
 Incorrect Printer Driver
Printer is Slow

By lowering the printing quality and using Fast Draft/Fast Printing, the printing
speed can be increased. This is effective for routine printing. Make Fast Draft
the default printer quality option instead of Normal.

Sound Troubleshooting

 Check Speaker Volume

 Check Audio Player Controls
 Check the Cables
 Check the Sound Using Headphones
An Application is Running Slow

Check for Available Updates

Check for updates if restarting the application does not increase performance.
Look for the option to check for updates under the Help menu. If this choice is
not available, You can look for application updates online.

An Application is Frozen

An application might freeze occasionally. You won’t be able to click any

application buttons or close the window when this occurs. You might try the
following troubleshooting techniques –

Utilities

Utilities are the special programs that help computer systems to work more
smoothly, efficiently and effectively. Utility software programs help in :

– improving the performance of computer

– provide security from virus,
– manage disk space
– free disk space on hard Disk – provide backup etc.

Check Minimum Free Disk Space Required

On your system, there should be between 200 and 500 MB of free hard drive
space. The lack of available free space inhibits the computer’s operation.
Open the Windows Explorer application and select My Computer to see the
available disc space. This will display the various hard disc partitions,
including C and D.

Delete Unused Files and Programs

Delete unnecessary files and programmes on a regular basis. Your disk’s free
space will rise as a result, improving computer performance. Images and
movies occupy a large amount of storage. You can transfer these to an
external drive.

Empty Your Recycle Bin

This can be done by right-clicking on the Recycle Bin icon (usually on the
desktop), and then selecting Empty Recycle Bin.

Remove Temporary files

It is important to periodically remove the temporary files and the Internet

browsing history. This too will increase the free space on your disk.

Disk Defragmentation

The data in our files is always changing. As a result, the memory file becomes
incomplete or has gaps in it (hard disk). As a result, the file uses up more
space on the computer, which could slow it down. To regain this space, you
must use a disc defragmentation application. The next steps can help you do
that.

 Open the Windows Explorer Application and click on My Computer.

 Highlight the C drive and right click to get a pop-up menu.
 Select the Properties option from this popup Menu.
 The dialog box showing the properties of the local disk (C:)
### **Self-Assessment Exercises: Answers**

#### **1. Definitions:**

a. **Computer** – A computer is an electronic device that processes data

according to a set of instructions (programs) to produce meaningful
information. It can perform arithmetic, logical, and input/output operations.

b. **Input Device** – A hardware component that allows users to enter data

and instructions into a computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner).

c. **Output Device** – A hardware component that displays or presents

processed data to the user (e.g., monitor, printer, speakers).

d. **Processor (CPU - Central Processing Unit)** – The brain of the computer

that performs calculations, executes instructions, and manages data flow
between different components.

---

#### **2. Abbreviations (Expanded Forms):**

a. **ALU** – Arithmetic Logic Unit

b. **CPU** – Central Processing Unit
c. **CU** – Control Unit
d. **RAM** – Random Access Memory
e. **EEPROM** – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
f. **ROM** – Read-Only Memory
g. **DRAM** – Dynamic Random Access Memory
h. **SDRAM** – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

---

#### **3. Detailed Answers:**

**a. Block Diagram of a Computer**

A computer consists of the following key components:

1. **Input Unit** – Receives data (keyboard, mouse).

2. **Central Processing Unit (CPU)** – Processes data and has three parts:
- **ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)** – Performs calculations & logical
operations.
- **CU (Control Unit)** – Manages instruction execution.
- **Registers** – Temporary storage for fast access.
3. **Memory Unit** – Stores data & instructions (RAM, ROM, Cache).
4. **Output Unit** – Displays results (monitor, printer).

**b. Functions of ALU and CU**

- **ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):** Performs mathematical calculations
(addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).
- **CU (Control Unit):** Directs operations by fetching instructions from
memory, decoding them, and executing them via the ALU and other
components.

**c. Difference Between RAM and ROM**

| **RAM (Random Access Memory)** | **ROM (Read-Only Memory)** |

|-------------------------------|----------------------------|
| Volatile (loses data when power is off) | Non-volatile (retains data) |
| Used for temporary storage while working | Stores permanent firmware
(BIOS) |
| Read & Write operations | Read-only (usually) |
| Faster but expensive | Slower but cheaper |

**d. Difference Between Input and Output Devices**

| **Input Devices** | **Output Devices** |

|--------------------|--------------------|
| Send data to the computer | Receive data from the computer |
| Examples: Keyboard, Mouse | Examples: Monitor, Printer |
| Used for giving commands | Used for displaying results |

**e. Importance of Cache Memory**

- Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located inside or near the
CPU.
- It stores frequently used data to reduce access time.
- Improves processing speed by providing faster data retrieval than RAM.
- Reduces the workload on the main memory (RAM), enhancing overall
system performance.
### **Self-Assessment Exercises: Answers**

---

#### **1. Explain Storage Devices of a Computer**

Storage devices are hardware components used to store data, programs, and
information permanently or temporarily. They include:
- **Primary Storage (RAM, Cache)** – Fast, volatile memory for active
processing.
- **Secondary Storage (HDD, SSD, USB, Optical Disks)** – Non-volatile, long-
term storage.
- **Tertiary Storage (Cloud, Tape Drives)** – Used for backups and archives.

---

#### **2. Describe Secondary and Primary Storage Devices**

| **Primary Storage** | **Secondary Storage** |

|---------------------|----------------------|
| Faster but expensive | Slower but cheaper |
| Volatile (RAM) / Non-volatile (ROM) | Non-volatile |
| Directly accessed by CPU | Accessed via I/O channels |
| Examples: RAM, Cache, ROM | Examples: HDD, SSD, USB, CDs |

---

#### **3. Short Note on Optical Storage Devices**

Optical storage devices use laser technology to read/write data on reflective
surfaces. Examples:
- **CD (Compact Disk)** – 700 MB storage.
- **DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)** – 4.7 GB to 17 GB.
- **Blu-ray Disk** – 25 GB to 128 GB (HD content).
**Uses:** Software distribution, movies, backups.

---

#### **4. Role of Power Supply Unit (PSU)**

- Converts AC (Alternating Current) from wall outlets to DC (Direct Current) for
computer components.
- Provides stable voltage to CPU, motherboard, HDD, etc.
- Protects against power surges and fluctuations.
- **Types:** ATX, SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply).

---
#### **5. Units to Measure Storage Capacity**
Storage is measured in:
- **Bit (b)** – Smallest unit (0 or 1).
- **Byte (B)** = 8 bits
- **Kilobyte (KB)** = 1024 B
- **Megabyte (MB)** = 1024 KB
- **Gigabyte (GB)** = 1024 MB
- **Terabyte (TB)** = 1024 GB
- **Petabyte (PB)** = 1024 TB

---

#### **6. Storage Capacity Conversions**

**a. 2 GB = ________ KB**
\[ 2 \text{ GB} = 2 \times 1024 \text{ MB} = 2 \times 1024 \times 1024 \text{
KB} = 2,097,152 \text{ KB} \]

**b. 210 MB = ________ B**

\[ 210 \text{ MB} = 210 \times 1024 \text{ KB} = 210 \times 1024 \times 1024
\text{ B} = 220,200,960 \text{ B} \]
### **Fill in the Blanks:**

1. The unit used to measure the performance of a computer is **FLOPS

(Floating Point Operations Per Second)** or **MIPS (Million Instructions Per
Second)**.
2. Two main types of File systems are **FAT (File Allocation Table)** and
**NTFS (New Technology File System)**.
3. **Operating System (OS)** is the software that acts as an interface
between the user and the hardware.

---

### **Short Answer Questions:**

#### **1. Functions of an Operating System**

An operating system performs the following key functions:
- **Process Management** – Executes and manages running programs.
- **Memory Management** – Allocates and deallocates RAM.
- **File Management** – Organizes and controls files on storage devices.
- **Device Management** – Controls hardware via drivers.
- **User Interface** – Provides GUI (Graphical) or CLI (Command Line)
interaction.
- **Security & Access Control** – Protects data via passwords/permissions.
- **Networking** – Enables communication between computers.

#### **2. Comparison: Batch Processing vs. Multiprogramming Systems**

| **Batch Processing System** | **Multiprogramming System** |

|----------------------------|----------------------------|
| Jobs are grouped and executed sequentially. | Multiple programs run
concurrently. |
| No user interaction during execution. | Allows user interaction. |
| Efficient for large, repetitive tasks. | Maximizes CPU utilization. |
| Example: Payroll processing. | Example: Modern OS (Windows, Linux). |

#### **3. What is FAT? Give an Example.**

- **FAT (File Allocation Table)** is a file system used to organize files on
storage devices (HDD, USB).
- It keeps track of file locations using a table structure.
- **Example:** **FAT32** (supports drives up to 32GB, commonly used in
USB drives).

---
### **Troubleshooting Exercises: Solutions**

List some common troubleshooting steps that you should keep in mind.

What steps would you take if the monitor is not showing any display, or the
screen is blank.

What would you do when your keyboard or mouse is not responding/ working
properly?

What troubleshooting step will you take when the printer is not responding?

How can you check the IP address of a printer connected through a wireless
connection?

What steps do you need to take to change the default printer?

What could be the reasons for the print jobs being sent to the wrong printer?

What checks would you undertake when the speaker is not working?

What are the troubleshooting steps taken when an application freezes?

What could be the possible cause for all the applications to be running slow?

How can one free disk space on the computer?

How do we remove temporary files?

Why is disk defragmentation required? How can we achieve disk

defragmentation?

What steps do we take to remove unused shortcuts and program services?

How can we check the network connectivity of your system?

Explain how you would check the validity of the IP address.

How will you check whether the network fly lead is working properly?

Describe the procedure to check whether the network card is working properly
#### **1. Common Troubleshooting Steps**
1. Restart the device
2. Check physical connections (cables, power)
3. Verify software/driver updates
4. Run diagnostic tools
5. Check for error messages
6. Test with alternative components
7. Restore system to earlier working state

---

#### **2. Monitor Not Displaying (No Signal)**

1. Check power cable and monitor power
2. Verify video cable connection (HDMI/VGA/DP)
3. Test with another monitor
4. Try a different video port on GPU
5. Reseat RAM/GPU (for desktop PCs)
6. Listen for motherboard beep codes

---

#### **3. Keyboard/Mouse Not Responding**

1. Reconnect USB/RF receiver
2. Try different USB port
3. Replace batteries (wireless)
4. Clean debris under keys (keyboard)
5. Check Device Manager for errors
6. Test with another keyboard/mouse

---

#### **4. Printer Not Responding**

1. Check power and "Online" status
2. Restart printer and computer
3. Verify cable/Wi-Fi connection
4. Clear print queue (Control Panel > Devices)
5. Reinstall printer drivers

---

#### **5. Check Printer's Wireless IP Address**

1. Print configuration page (printer menu)
2. Check router's connected devices list
3. Use `arp -a` in Command Prompt
4. Printer software dashboard
---

#### **6. Change Default Printer**

**Windows:**
Settings > Devices > Printers > Right-click desired printer > "Set as default"

**Mac:**
System Preferences > Printers > Right-click > "Set as Default"

---

#### **7. Print Jobs Sent to Wrong Printer**

- Incorrect default printer setting
- Network printer auto-selection
- Saved printer preference in document
- Multiple printers with similar names

---

#### **8. Speaker Not Working**

1. Check volume/mute settings
2. Verify audio output selection
3. Test with headphones
4. Update/reinstall audio drivers
5. Check BIOS for disabled audio

---

#### **9. Application Freezes**

1. Force quit (Ctrl+Shift+Esc)
2. Restart application
3. Update software
4. Check Task Manager for high resource usage
5. Reinstall application

---

#### **10. All Applications Running Slow**

- High CPU/RAM usage (check Task Manager)
- Disk at 100% (HDD failing)
- Malware infection
- Too many startup programs
- Overheating components

---
#### **11. Free Disk Space**
1. Disk Cleanup utility
2. Uninstall unused programs
3. Delete large files (Downloads, Temp)
4. Empty Recycle Bin
5. Cloud storage/External drive backup

---

#### **12. Remove Temporary Files**

**Windows:**
`Win + R` > `%temp%` > Delete all
or
Settings > System > Storage > Temporary Files

**Mac:**
Disk Utility > Cleanup

---

#### **13. Disk Defragmentation**

**Why Needed:**
- Reorganizes fragmented files for faster access
- Crucial for HDDs (not SSDs)

**How To:**
1. Search "Defragment" in Start Menu
2. Select drive > Analyze > Optimize

---

#### **14. Remove Unused Shortcuts/Services**

**Shortcuts:**
- Manually delete from desktop/Start menu
- Use CCleaner for bulk removal

**Services:**
1. `msconfig` > Services tab
2. Hide Microsoft services > Disable unnecessary ones

---

#### **15. Check Network Connectivity**

1. Ping test (`ping google.com`)
2. Check network icon (Windows)
3. `ipconfig` (verify IP assignment)
4. Router/modem status lights

---

#### **16. Validate IP Address**

1. `ipconfig` (Windows) / `ifconfig` (Mac/Linux)
2. Verify format (e.g., 192.168.x.x)
3. Ping default gateway
4. Check DHCP is enabled

---

#### **17. Test Network Fly Lead (Ethernet Cable)**

1. Try another cable
2. Check LED lights on NIC/router
3. Cable tester (if available)
4. Bend test for internal breaks

---

#### **18. Check Network Card Functionality**

1. Device Manager > Network adapters (no warnings)
2. `ping 127.0.0.1` (loopback test)
3. Try another network port
4. Boot from Live USB to rule out driver issues

---

### **Key Tools to Remember**

- **Task Manager** (Ctrl+Shift+Esc)
- **Device Manager** (Hardware issues)
- **Command Prompt** (`ipconfig`, `ping`, `arp`)
- **Disk Cleanup/Defrag** (Storage maintenance)

Let me know if you need elaboration on any solution! 🔧🔧