INTRODUCTION TO
ROBOTICS Name- Niladri Nath
Stream- Textile Technology
Roll No.- 11005220022
Subject- Robotics (OETT701C)
Year- 4 th Sem- 7 th
Definition of Robotics
◦ Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture
and operation of robots.
◦ This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence,
mechatronics, nontechnology, bioengineering along with textile engineering.
What is Robot?
◦ Defined by Robotics Industry Association (RIA) as
◦ a re-programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to
move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through
variable programmed motion for a variety of tasks
◦ possess certain anthropomorphic characteristics
◦ mechanical arm
◦ sensors to respond to input
◦ Intelligence to make decisions
Robotics Timeline
◦ 1922 Czech author Karel Capek wrote a story called Rossum’s Universal Robots and
introduced the word “Rabota”(meaning worker)
◦ 1954 George Devol developed the first programmable Robot.
◦ 1955 Denavit and Hartenberg developed the homogenous transformation matrices
◦ 1962 Unimation was formed, first industrial Robots appeared.
◦ 1973 Cincinnati Milacron introduced the T3 model robot, which became very
popular in industry.
◦ 1990 Cincinnati Milacron was acquired by ABB.
Robot Classification
The following is the classification of Robots according to the Robotics Institute of
America
◦ Variable-Sequence Robot : A device that performs the successive stages of a task
according to a predetermined method easy to modify
◦ Playback Robot :A human operator performs the task manually by leading the Robot
◦ Numerical Control Robot : The operator supplies the movement program rather than
teaching it the task manually.
◦ Intelligent Robot : A robot with the means to understand its environment and the ability
to successfully complete a task despite changes to the environment.
Robot Accessories
A Robot is a system, consists of the following elements,
which are integrated to form a whole:
◦ Manipulator / Rover : This is the main body of the Robot
and consists of links, joints and structural elements of the
Robot.
◦ End Effector : This is the part that generally handles
objects, makes connection to other machines, or performs
the required tasks.
It can vary in size and complexity from end effector on the
space shuttle to a small gripper .
Robot Accessories(cont.)
◦ Acutators : Actuators are the muscles of the manipulators. Common
types of actuators are servomotors, stepper motors, pneumatic
cylinders etc.
◦ Sensors : Sensors are used to collect information about the internal
state of the robot or to communicate with the outside environment.
Robots are often equipped with external sensory devices such as a
vision system, touch and tactile sensors etc which help to
communicate with the environment
◦ Controller : The controller receives data from the computer,
controls the motions of the actuator and coordinates these motions
with the sensory feedback information.
Types of Robots
Mobile robots Robotic Arms Autonomous Soft Robots Mimicking
vehicles Robots
Softbots Nanobots
Current Uses of Robots
◦ There are over 3.5 million robots in use in society of which,
about 1 million are industrial robots
◦ 50% in Asia, 32% in Europe, 16% in North America
◦ Factory robot uses:
◦ Mechanical production, e.g., welding, painting
◦ Packaging – often used in the production of packaged food,
drinks, medication
◦ Electronics – placing chips on circuit boards
◦ Automated guided vehicles – robots that move along tracks,
for instance as found in a hospital or production facility
Current Uses of Robots(cont.)
◦ Other robot uses:
◦ Bomb disabling
◦ Exploration (volcanoes, underwater, other planets)
◦ Cleaning – at home, lawn mowing, cleaning pipes in the field, etc
◦ Fruit harvesting
Robot Software Architectures
◦ Traditionally, the robot is modeled with centralized control
◦ That is, a central processor running a central process is responsible for planning
◦ Other processors are usually available to control motions and interpret sensor values
◦ passing the interpreted results back to the central processor
◦ In such a case, we must implement a central reasoning mechanism with a pre-specified
representation
◦ Requiring that we identify a reasonable process for planning and a reasonable
representation for representing the plan in progress and the environment
Robot Configurations
Robot Reference Frames
Conclusion
Today we find most robots working for people in industries, factories, warehouses, and
laboratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, it boosts economy because
businesses need to be efficient to keep up with the industry competition. Therefore,
having robots helps business owners to be competitive, because robots can do jobs better
and faster than humans can, e.g. robot can built, assemble a car. Yet robots cannot
perform every job; today robots roles include assisting research and industry. Finally, as
the technology improves, there will be new ways to use robots which will bring new hopes
and new potentials.
