CE315: Design of Concrete Structures I 20/3/2023

Lecture # 01
Introduction

Lt Col Md. Jahidul Islam, PhD, Engrs

e-mail: jahid817@yahoo.com

 Introduce mechanics of
structural concrete.
 Develop capability in the
design of real life concrete
structure and structural
components.

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 Fundamental behavior of reinforced concrete and loads

on structure;
 Introduction to strength design and alternate design
methods; flexural design of beams (singly reinforced,
doubly reinforced, T-beam) using strength design
method;
 Shear, diagonal tension, and torsion of beams;
 Bond and anchorage of reinforcement and its detailing.
 Design of one-way slabs;
 Design of two-way edge supported slabs: using strip and
alternate methods.
 Introduction to floor systems; structural forms;
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 Text:
Design of Concrete structures, A. H. Nilson, D. Darwin

and C. W. Dolan, 15th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
 Reference Books:
 Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, James
Wight and James MacGregor, Pearson, 6th Edition.
 Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, Edward
G. Nawy, Pearson, 5th Edition.
 Design of Reinforced Concrete, Jack C. McCormac and
James K. Nelson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 7th Edition.

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 Bangladesh National Building Code:

2006

 2020
 ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary:
 American Concrete Institute, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 &
2018.
 Most highway bridges are designed according to the
requirements of the AASHTO bridge specifications.

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Superstructure

Substructure

Foundation

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 Concrete is a stone like

material obtained by permitting
a carefully proportioned
mixture of cement, sand and
gravel or other aggregate, and
water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimension of the
desired structure.
 Concrete is a brittle material,
and its tensile strength is small
compared to its compressive
strength.
 Therefore, reinforcement was
introduced in concrete to
eliminate this limitation.
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Cement:
 A cementitious material is one that has
the adhesive and cohesive properties
necessary to bond inert aggregates into
a solid mass of adequate strength and
durability.
 Portland cement is the most common
type of cement.
Water is needed for the chemical process
(hydration) in which the cement powder
sets and hardens into one solid mass.
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Aggregates:
 In ordinary structural concretes,
the aggregates occupy about 65 to
75 % of the total hardened
volume.
 Natural and/or synthetic
aggregates are classified as fine
and coarse.

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Admixtures
 These are often used to improve concrete performance,
such as to accelerate or retard setting and hardening, to
improve workability, to increase strength and to impart
other properties.

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 Joseph Monier, the owner of an

important nursery in Paris, generally
deserves the credit for making the
first practical use of reinforced
concrete in 1849 to 1867. He acquired
first French patent in 1867 for iron
reinforced concrete tubs, then
followed by his pipes, tanks in 1868,
flat plates in 1869, bridges in 1873,
stairways in 1875. He apparently had
NO QUANTITATIVE KNOWLEDGE
regarding its behavior or ANY METHOD
of making design CALCULATIONS.
Back
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 Ingalls Building
 Location: Cincinnati,
Ohio
 This is the world’s
first reinforce
concrete skyscraper.
 It was built in year
1903 with height of
16 stories. Back

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 The Petronas Twin

Towers
 Location: Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
 The 88 story high
towers are
constructed largely of
reinforced concrete.

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 311 South Wacker Drive

 Location: Chicago, USA
 This 65-story high skyscraper
was once second tallest
reinforced concrete building in
the world.

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 Structural concrete refers

to a family of concrete that
are used for structural
construction.

• Plain Concrete
1
• Reinforced
2 Concrete
• Partially Pre-
3 stressed Concrete
• Pre-stressed
4 Concrete
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 Plain concrete is
concrete without
reinforcement.
Hoover Dam, 1931-1936,
 It is used in gravity
Colorado River,
structures such as Neveda/Arizona, USA
dams; and in structures
relying mainly on
compressive forces to
transmit forces, such as
arches or arch bridges.

Cleft Ridge Span, 1872, Brooklyn, USA

First unreinforced concrete arch built in
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 Since concrete is strong in compression

and weak in tension, the provision of
reinforcement in regions of tensile
stresses help improve the structural
performance of concrete.
 Reinforced concrete typically comprise
concrete as the matrix with steel bars
as the reinforcement.
 The reinforcement usually used in RCC
are round steel rods with appropriate
surface deformations to provide
interlocking.
 However, in recent years, fiber-
reinforced polymer (FRP) has been
developed as an alternative reinforcing
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 With the development of high-strength reinforcement, it was

found the benefit of high strength could not be fully realized
unless the reinforcement were pre-stressed.
 This leads to the concept of Pre-stressed Concrete.
 Depending on the level of pre-stress or the extent to which
pre-stressing forces are introduced, one may classify pre-
stressed concrete into fully pre-stressed or partially pre-
stressed concrete.

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Figure: Typical compressive stress-strain curves for An in  fc’ leads to :

(a) normal-density concrete with wc = 145 pcf; (b)  in cu
lightweight concrete with wc = 100 pcf.  in linear portion
 in ductility
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fc’ (Mpa) fc‘ (ksi) w/c ratio

Normal concrete 21 - 41 3-6 0.40 – 0.45
High strength concrete 41 – 62 6-9 0.35 – 0.40
Ultra high strength concrete 62 – 85 9 – 12 0.30 – 0.35
85 - 140 12 - 20 0.22 – 0.30

o Concrete can be categorized according to their strengths.

o The table above shows the approximate water-cement
ratio for various grades of concrete.
o It is obvious that with higher concrete strengths, the w/c
ratio is reduced and there is a need to introduce admixtures
to ensure workability of the mix.
o Also, higher strength concrete means higher cement
content and hence higher heat of hydration.
Reference: Carrasquillo RL, Slate FO, Nilson AH. Microcracking and behavior of high strength concrete subject to
short-term loading, J. ACI, vol. 83,
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M. Jahidul pp. 171-178.
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 In reinforced concrete beams, the concrete resists the

compressive force, longitudinal steel reinforcing bars
placed near tension zone to resist the tension force.
 Reinforcement may also used for resisting compressive
force where it is desired to reduce dimensions of
compression members.
 A minimum amount of reinforcement is placed to
safeguard against accidental tensile loading.
 For most effective reinforcing action, it is essential that
steel and concrete have a strong bond.
 This bond is provided by
 Large chemical adhesion that develops at the interface
 The natural roughness of hot-rolled reinforcing bars
 The closely spaced rib-shaped
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 The most common type of

reinforcing steel is in the form
of round bars, often called
rebars.
 These bars are furnished with
surface deformations for the
purpose of increasing resistance
to slip between steel and
concrete.

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 Reinforcing bars with 40 ksi (Grade 40) yield stress, almost standard 30
years ago.
 However, they have largely been replaced by bars with 60 ksi (Grade
60) yield stress.
 Grade 60 bars are more economical and tend to reduce steel
congestion in the form.

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Serviceability
• Refers to the ability of a structure or structural member to perform the function that is
intended to under normal working loads.
• For example, a floor should not deflect excessively under working loads as it may affect the
opening and closing of doors or windows.
Safety
• Refers to the ability of the structural member or system to withstand overloads such that
the users or occupants are given sufficient warning in the event of an imminent collapse.
• It also requires the structure to possess robustness so that failure, if it occurs, would be
localized and not lead to a total collapse.
Economy
• A structure should not be unduly conservative in design, resulting in high costs.
• Neither should it be designed to cut costs while compromising on safety.
Restorability
• Refers to the possibility of repairing a structure when it has been slightly damaged.
• Especially important in seismic design, since it would not be economical to demolish and
rebuild slightly damaged structures.

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 Working stress design (WSD)

 Focus on working load level
 Check induced stress against allowable values
 Ultimate strength design (USD)
 Focus on ultimate load level
 Check factored actions against resistance
 Limit state design (LSD)
 Considers both serviceability and ultimate limit states
 Performance-based design (PBD)

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 In the earlier days (i.e., before 1970s), concrete design

was based on working stresses.
 To check for adequacy, the stresses (e.g. compressive,
tensile, or shear stresses) in a member is checked
against the allowable value, which is taken as the
ultimate material strength divided by a safety factor.
 For example, the maximum compressive stress in a
concrete due to working loads may be checked against
the allowable value, which is the compressive strength
of concrete divided by a factor of 3.
 Similarly, the stress in the reinforcement is checked
against the allowable stress equal to the yield strength
of the reinforcement divided by a factor of 1.5.
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 In this approach, focus is placed on the ultimate

condition where the structure fails under over-loads.
 The resistance provided by the member is checked
against the actions due to factored loads (i.e., working
loads multiplied by a load factor).
 For example, the nominal moment of resistance Mn
which is further reduced by a strength reduction factor
, is checked against the ultimate moment Mu due to the
factored loads.

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Dead Load:
 Dead load are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in
location through-out the life of the structure.
 Self weight of the structure, floor finish, plastered wall and ceilings
are considered as the dead load for a building.
 For bridges, dead load may include wearing surfaces, sidewalks, curbs
etc.
Live Load:
 Live load chiefly consist of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic
load on bridges.
 The minimum design live load for a structures are given in Table 1.1.
Environmental Load:
 Environmental load consists wind pressure and suction, earthquake
load etc.
 Like Live load, Environmental Load are both uncertain in magnitude
and distribution.
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 The safety provisions of the code are govern by strength

reduction factors and load factors.
 The design strength Sn, of a structure or member must be
at least equal to the required strength U calculated from
the factored loads, i.e.,
Design strength, Sn  required strength, U
 In specific terms for a member subjected to moment, shear
and axial load:
Mn  Mu
Vn  Vu
 Pn  Pu
Where the subscripts n denote the nominal strengths, and
the subscripts u denote the factored load.
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 The strength reduction factors  in the ACI Code are given

different values depending on the accuracy with which
various strengths can be calculated.
 Also  values reflect the probable importance of the
particular member and of the probable quality control
achievable.
Strength Condition Strength Reduction
Factor, 
Tension controlled sections 0.90
Compression-controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.70
Other reinforced members 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75
Bearing on concrete 0.65
Strut-and-tie models 0.75
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Load combinations for determining required strength in

the ACI code.
 U = 1.2D+1.6L
 U = 1.4(D+F)
 U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
 U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
 U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or R)
 U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
 U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
 U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
where D = dead load; F = lateral fluid pressure; T = self-straining force (creep,
shrinkage, and temperature effects); L = live load; H = load due to the weight
and lateral pressure of soil and water in soil; Lr = roof load; S = snow load; R =
rain load; W = wind load; E = earthquake load.
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 Since concrete is used mostly

in compression, its
compressive stress-strain
curve is essential to
determine its strength.
 All the curve shows similar
characteristics, an initial
straight elastic portion, then
begin to curve reaching the
maximum stress.
 Higher strength concrete are
more brittle then the low
strength concrete.
 Compressive strength of
normal density cast-in-place Figure: Stress-strain curves
concrete range from 3,000 to for normal density concrete.
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 The modulus of elasticity Ec,

i.e., the slope of the initial
straight portion of the stress-
strain curve, is seen to be
larger for higher strength
concrete.
 For concrete in the strength
range to about 6000 psi
(according to ACI code):
Ec = 33wc1.5 f c
where, wc is the unit weight of
the hardened concrete in pcf
and fc’ is its strength in psi.
 For concretes with regular sand Figure Stress-strain curves
and stone, and wc = 145 pcf, for normal density concrete.
Ec = 57, 000 f c
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 cu
Creep coefficient: Ccu =
 Creep is the slow  ci
deformation of a material Where, εcu is the final creep strain,
over considerable lengths εci is the instantaneous strain.
of time at constant stress
or load.
 With elapsing time, creep
proceeds at a decreasing
rate and ceases after 2 to
5 years.
 Depending on concrete
strength and other
factors, creep strain is
1.2 to 3 times the
magnitude of the
instantaneous strain.
Figure: The nature of 48
the creep process.
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 When concrete is subject to fluctuating rather than sustained loading,

its fatigue strength is considerably smaller than its static strength.
 When plain concrete in compression is stressed cyclically from zero to
maximum stress, its fatigue limit is from 50 to 60 percent of the static
compressive strength for 2,000,000 cycles.
 The fatigue strength of concrete depends not only on its static
strength but also on moisture condition, age, and rate of loading.

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 Direct tensile strength:

ft = 3 ~ 5 f c ( psi )

 Split-cylinder strength:

f ct = 6 ~ 8 f c ( psi )

 Modulus of rupture:
f r = 8 ~ 12 f c ( psi )

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 When concrete dries in exposed air, it shrinks in volume.

 Again, when it is immersed in water, it expands, regaining
most of the lost volume before shrinkage.
 When not properly handled, it can cause unsightly and
often deadly cracks in slabs, walls, etc.
 Values of final shrinkage for ordinary concretes are
generally on the order of 400 x 10-6 to 800 X 10-6.
 For structures in which a reduction in cracking is of
particular importance, such as liquid storage tanks, bridge
decks, the use of expansive cement concrete is
appropriate.

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 Like most other materials, concrete expands with

increasing temperature and contracts with decreasing
temperature.
 Temperature contraction can lead to objectionable
cracking, especially when superimposed on shrinkage.
 The coefficient of thermal expansion and contraction
varies somewhat and it is generally within the range of 4 X
10-6 to 7 X 10-6 per ̊F.

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 In recent years there has been a rapid growth of interest in

high-strength concrete.
 Concrete having uniaxial compressive strength in the range of
about 8,000 to 15,000 psi or higher is refer to as high strength
concrete.
 The most common application of high strength concretes has
been in the columns of tall concrete buildings, where normal
strength concrete would result in unacceptable large cross
sections.
 Other applications of high-strength concrete include bridges,
offshore oil structures, parking garages, dam spillways, and
heavy industrial slabs.
 An essential requirement for high strength concrete is a low
water-cement (w/c) ratio. For normal strength concrete it is
ranging between 0.4 to 0.6, whereas, for high strength concrete
it is around 0.25.
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