Mathematics II for Computer Science and Engineering stream

(Subject code: BMATS201)

Module 1: Integral Calculus

1.1 Evaluation of double integrals

𝟏 𝟔
1. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

1 6
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0
6
𝑥21
= ∫ ( 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
0 2 0
1
= ∫ 18𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
1
18𝑦 2
=( )
2 0

= 9.

𝟐 𝟑
2. Evaluate ∫𝟏 ∫𝟏 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

2 3
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
3
𝑥22
= ∫ ( 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
1 2 1

9𝑦 2 𝑦 2
2
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦
1 2 2
2
= 4 ∫ (𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
1
2
𝑦3
= 4( )
3 1
32 4
= −
3 3
28
=
3

1
 𝟐 𝟒
3. Evaluate ∫𝟏 ∫𝟑 (𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

2 4
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 3
4
𝑥𝑦 2
2
=∫ ( + 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 3
2 9
= ∫ (8𝑥 + 𝑒 4 − 𝑥 − 𝑒 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2
2 7
= ∫ ( 𝑥 + 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2
2
𝑥2
= (7 + (𝑒 4 − 𝑒 3 )𝑥)
4 1
7
= (7 − ) + 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 3
4
21
= + 𝑒4 − 𝑒3
4

𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
4. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎
√(𝟏−𝒙𝟐)(𝟏−𝒚𝟐)

1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐼=∫ ∫
0 0 √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )
1 1
1
=∫ ( sin −1 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦
0 √1 − 𝑦 2 0

𝜋 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑦
2 0 √1 − 𝑦 2
𝜋
= (sin−1 𝑦)10
2
𝜋 𝜋
= ×
2 2
𝜋2
=
4

2
 𝟐 𝒙
5. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 (2011)

2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑥
2𝑦2
= ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑦
0 2 0
2 𝑥2
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑦
0 2
2
3 𝑥3
= ( )
2 3 0
3 8
= ( )
2 3
=4

𝒚
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
6. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

1 𝑥2 𝑦
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 𝑥2 𝑦
= ∫ (∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝑦 𝑥2
1 𝑒𝑥
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 1/𝑥
0
1
= ∫ (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥2
= (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − )
2 0
1
=− −0+1
2
1
=
2

3
 𝟏 𝟏−𝒚
7. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

1 1−𝑦
𝐼=∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 1−𝑦
= ∫ (∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
0 0
1−𝑦
𝑥3 1
= ∫ ( − 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0 3 0
1 (1 − 𝑦)3
=∫ ( − (1 − 𝑦)𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0 3
1
(1 − 𝑦 )4 𝑦3 𝑦4
=( − + )
−12 3 4 0
1 1 1
=0− + +
3 4 12
=0

𝟏 √𝒙
8. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

1 √𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥

√𝑥
1 𝑦3
=∫ (𝑥 2 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 3 𝑥
1 𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥3
=∫ (𝑥 2 √𝑥 + 3
− 𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 3 3
51 1 3 4
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 3 3
1
2 7 2 5 4 𝑥4
= ( 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 − )
7 15 3 4 0
2 2 1
= + −
7 15 3
30 + 14 − 35
=
105
9
=
105

4
 𝟏 √𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
9. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎
𝟏+𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐

1 √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫
0 0 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
1 √1+𝑥 2
1 −1
𝑦
=∫ ( tan ) 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 0

𝜋 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 0 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝜋
= (0.8814)
4

= 0.6922

10. Evaluate ∬ 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 over the positive quadrant of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .

In the positive quadrant of the circle,

𝑥 varies from 0 to 𝑎 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 .
𝑎 √𝑎 2−𝑥 2
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0

√𝑎 2−𝑥 2
𝑦2𝑎
= ∫ 𝑥( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
1 𝑎
= ∫ 𝑥(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝑎
1 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑥 4
= ( − )
2 2 4 0
1
= (2𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 )𝑎0
8
𝑎4
=
8

5
Python:
from sympy import *
x,y=symbols('x y')
I1=integrate(x*y,(x, 0, 6),(y, 0, 1))
I2=integrate(x*y**2,(x, 1, 3),(y, 1, 2))
I3=integrate(x*y+exp(y),(y, 3, 4),(x, 1, 2))
I4=integrate(1/(sqrt(1-x**2)*sqrt(1-y**2)),(x, 0, 1),(y, 0, 1))
print(I1, I2, I3, I4)
Python:
from sympy import *
x,y=symbols('x y')
I5=integrate(x+y, (y, 0, x), (x, 0, 2))
I6=integrate(exp(y/x), (y, 0, x**2), (x, 0, 1))
I7=integrate(x**2-y**2,(x, 0, 1-y),(y, 0, 1))
I8=integrate(x**2+y**2, (y, x, sqrt(x)), (x, 0, 1))
I9=integrate(1/(1+x**2+y**2),(y,0,sqrt(1+x**2)),(x, 0, 1))
print(I5, I6, I7, I8)
Python:
from sympy import *
x,y=symbols('x y')
a=3
I10=integrate(x*y, (y, 0, sqrt(a**2-x**2)), (x, 0, a))
print(I10)

6
 1.2 Evaluation of triple integrals
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
1. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟏 ∫𝟏 𝒙𝒚𝟐𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

2 3 2
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 1 1
2 3 2
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 (∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 1 1
2
2 3 𝑧2
=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 1 2 1
2 3 1
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 (2 − ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 1 2
3 2 3 2
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 0 1
3 2 3
= ∫ 𝑥 (∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 1
3
3 2 𝑦3
= ∫ 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 3 1

3 2 1
= ∫ 𝑥 (9 − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 3
3 26 2
= × ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 3 0
2
𝑥2
= 13 × ( )
2 0

= 26

7
 𝟏 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐−𝒚𝟐
2. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

1 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥2 −𝑦 2
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0

1 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 (∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0

√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

1 𝑧2
=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 2 0
1 √1−𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 2
2
1 1 √1−𝑥
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 0 0
2
1 1 √1−𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 (∫ (𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 0

√1−𝑥 2
1 1 𝑦 2 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑦 4
= ∫ 𝑥( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 2 4 0

1 1 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) (1 − 𝑥 2 )2
= ∫ 𝑥( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 2 4
1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 (2 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 − (1 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑥
8 0
1 1
= ∫ (2𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
8 0
1 1 5
= ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
8 0
1
1 𝑥6 𝑥4 𝑥2
= ( −2 + )
8 6 4 2 0
1 1 1 1
= ( − + )
8 6 2 2
1
=
48

8
 𝟒 𝟐 √𝒛 √𝟒𝒛−𝒙𝟐
3. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 . 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛

4 2√ 𝑧 √4𝑧−𝑥 2
𝐼=∫ ∫ (∫ . 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0

4 2√ 𝑧
2
=∫ ∫ (𝑦)√4𝑧−𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
0 0

4 2√ 𝑧
=∫ ∫ √4𝑧 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
0 0

4 𝑡
= ∫ ∫ √𝑡 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
0 0

Put 𝑥 = 𝑡 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑡. 𝑡 sin 𝜃 = 0, 𝑡 sin 𝜃 = 𝑡
𝜋
𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
2
𝜋
4 2
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
0 0

𝜋
4
2
= ∫ 𝑡 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
0 0

4 1 𝜋
= ∫0 4𝑧 ( . ) 𝑑𝑧 (∵by reduction formula)
2 2

4
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
0

4
𝑧2
= 𝜋( )
2 0

= 𝜋(8 − 0)

= 8𝜋

9
 𝒂 𝒙 𝒙+𝒚 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛
4. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 (∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 (∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑎 𝑥
𝑥+𝑦
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑒 𝑧 )0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
0 0
𝑎 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑥
𝑎 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦
=∫ 𝑒𝑥 ( − 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0

𝑒 4𝑥
𝑎
2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
=∫ { −𝑒 − + 𝑒 𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2
1 𝑎 4𝑥
= ∫ {𝑒 − 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥
2 0
1 𝑎 4𝑥
= ∫ {𝑒 − 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝑎
1 𝑒 4𝑥 3 2𝑥
= ( − 𝑒 + 2𝑒 𝑥 )
2 4 2 0

1 𝑒 4𝑎 3 2𝑎 1 3
= ( − 𝑒 + 2𝑒 𝑎 − + − 2 )
2 4 2 4 2
𝑒 4𝑎 3 2𝑎 3
= − 𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 −
8 4 8
1
= (𝑒 4𝑎 − 6𝑒 2𝑎 + 8𝑒 𝑎 − 3)
8

10
 𝟏 𝟏−𝒙 𝟏−𝒙−𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
5. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝟏+𝒙+𝒚+𝒛)𝟑

1 1−𝑥 1−𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )3
1−𝑥−𝑦
1 1−𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )−2
=∫ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 −2 0

1 1 1−𝑥 1
=− ∫ ∫ ( − (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦)−2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 0 0 4
1 1 𝑦 1−𝑥
= − ∫ ( + (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦)−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 4 0

1 1 1−𝑥 1 1
=− ∫ ( + − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 4 2 1+𝑥
1
1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
=− ( − + − log(1 + 𝑥 ))
2 4 8 2 0
1 1 1 1
= − ( − + − log 2)
2 4 8 2
1
= − (2 − 1 + 4 − 8 log 2)
16
1
= (8 log 2 − 5)
16

11
 𝟏 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐−𝒚𝟐 𝟏
6. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐−𝒚𝟐 −𝒛𝟐

1 √1−𝑥 2 𝑎 1
𝐼=∫ ∫ (∫ 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 √𝑎2 − 𝑧 2
1 √1−𝑥 2 𝑧 𝑎
=∫ ∫ (sin−1 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑎 0
1 √1−𝑥 2 𝜋
=∫ ∫ ( − 0) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 2
2
𝜋 1 √1−𝑥
= ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 0 0
𝜋 1
= ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝜋
𝜋 2
= ∫ cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋
𝜋 2
= ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋 1 𝜋
= . .
2 2 2
𝜋2
=
8

12
 𝒄 𝒃 𝒂
7. Evaluate ∫−𝒄 ∫−𝒃 ∫−𝒂(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 (2009,2013)

𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
−𝑐 −𝑏 −𝑎
𝑎
𝑐 𝑥3 𝑏
= ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
−𝑐 −𝑏 3 −𝑎
𝑐 𝑎3 𝑏 𝑎3
= ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 + + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 2
−𝑐 −𝑏 3 3
𝑐𝑎3 𝑏
= 2 ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
−𝑐 −𝑏 3
𝑏
𝑎2 𝑦3
𝑐
= 2𝑎 ∫ ( 𝑦 + + 𝑦𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
−𝑐 3 3 −𝑏

𝑎2 𝑏 𝑏 3
𝑐
2
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑏 3
= 2𝑎 ∫ ( + + 𝑏𝑧 + + + 𝑏𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
−𝑐 3 3 3 3
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐
= 4𝑎𝑏 ∫ ( + + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
−𝑐 3 3
𝑐
𝑎2 𝑧 𝑏 2 𝑧 𝑧 3
= 4𝑎𝑏 ( + + )
3 3 3 −𝑐

𝑎2 𝑐 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑐 3 𝑎2 𝑐 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑐 3
= 4𝑎𝑏 ( + + + + + )
3 3 3 3 3 3
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
= 8𝑎𝑏𝑐 ( + + )
3 3 3
8
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )
3

13
 𝝅 𝒂𝟐 −𝒓𝟐
𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
8. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎
𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒂 𝒓 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽 (2005, 2009)

𝜋 𝑎 2−𝑟 2
𝑎 sin 𝜃
2 𝑎
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑟 (∫ . 𝑑𝑧) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0

𝜋
𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑎2−𝑟 2
2
=∫ ∫ 𝑟 (𝑧 )0 𝑎 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋
2 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑎2 𝑟 − 𝑟 3
=∫ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 0 𝑎
𝜋
1 𝑎 sin 𝜃
2
= ∫ ∫ (𝑎2 𝑟 − 𝑟 3 ) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 0 0
𝜋 a sin 𝜃
1 2 𝑎2 𝑟 2 𝑟 4
= ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 0 2 4 0
𝜋
1 2
= ∫ (2𝑎2 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 − 𝑎4 sin4 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
4𝑎 0
𝜋
𝑎4 2
= ∫ (2 sin2 𝜃 − sin4 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
4𝑎 0
𝑎3 1 𝜋 3 1 𝜋
= (2 ( . ) − ( . . ))
4 2 2 4 2 2
𝜋𝑎3 3
= (1 − )
8 8
5𝜋𝑎3
=
64

14
 𝟏 𝒛 𝒙+𝒛
9. Evaluate ∫−𝟏 ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙−𝒛 (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛 (2011,2014)

1 𝑧 𝑥+𝑧
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
−1 0 𝑥−𝑧

1 𝑧 𝑦2 𝑥+𝑧
= ∫−1 ∫0 (𝑥𝑦 + + 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
2 𝑥−𝑧
1 𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑧 )2 − (𝑥 − 𝑧 )2
= ∫ ∫ (𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑧 − 𝑥 + 𝑧 ) + + (𝑥 + 𝑧 − 𝑥 + 𝑧 )𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
−1 0 2
1 𝑧
= ∫ ∫ (2𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
−1 0
1 𝑧
= ∫ ∫ (4𝑧𝑥 + 2𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
−1 0
𝑧
4𝑧𝑥 2
1
=∫ ( + 2𝑥𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧
−1 2 0
1
= ∫ (2𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 3 ) 𝑑𝑧
−1
1
4𝑧 4
=( )
4 −1

= (𝑧 4 )1−1
=0

15
 𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒆𝒙
10. Evaluate ∫𝟏 ∫𝟏 ∫𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 (2008)

𝑒 log 𝑦 𝑒𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ log 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1
𝑒 log 𝑦
𝑥
=∫ ∫ (𝑧 log 𝑧 − 𝑧 )1𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝑒 log 𝑦
=∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝑒
log 𝑦
= ∫ (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 )1 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑒
log 𝑦
= ∫ ((𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 )1 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑒
= ∫ ((log 𝑦 − 2) 𝑦 + log 𝑦 + 𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑒
= ∫ (𝑦 log 𝑦 + log 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
1
𝑒 𝑒
= ∫ (𝑦 log 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (log 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝑒 𝑦2 𝑒
= ∫ (log 𝑦 ) 𝑑 ( ) + ∫ (log 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
1 2 1
𝑒
𝑦2 𝑒 𝑦 2 1 𝑒
=( log 𝑦) − ∫ ( . ) 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (log 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
2 1 1 2 𝑦 1
2 2 𝑒
𝑒 𝑦
= − ( ) + (𝑦 log 𝑦 − 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑦)1𝑒
2 4 1
𝑒2 𝑒2 1
= − + + (𝑦 log 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑒𝑦 − 2𝑦)1𝑒
2 4 4
𝑒2 𝑒2 1
= − + + 𝑒 − 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 + 1 − 𝑒 + 2
2 4 4
𝑒2 1
= + − 2𝑒 + 3
4 4
1
= (𝑒 2 − 8𝑒 + 13)
4

16
Python:
from sympy import *
x, y, z=symbols('x y z')
I1=integrate(x*y**2*z,(x,0,2),(y,1,3),(z,1,2))
I2=integrate(x*y*z,(z,0,sqrt(1-x**2-y**2)),(y,0,sqrt(1-x**2)),(x,0,1))
I3=integrate(1,(y,0,sqrt(4*z-x**2)),(x,0,2*sqrt(z)),(z,0,4))
print(I1, I2, I3)

Python:

from sympy import *

x, y, z, a, b, c=symbols('x y z a b c')
I7=integrate(x**2+y**2+z**2,(x,-a, a),(y,-b, b),(z,-c, c))
print(I7)
Python:

from sympy import *

z,r,t,a=symbols('z r t a')
I4=integrate(exp(x+y+z),(z,0,x+y),(y,0,x),(x,0,a))
I8=integrate(r,(z,0,(a**2-r**2)/a),(r,0,a*sin(t)),(t,0,pi/2))
print(I8)

Python:

from sympy import *

x, y, z=symbols('x y z')
I5=integrate(1/(1+x+y+z)**3,(z,0,1-x-y),(y,0,1-x),(x,0,1))
I9=integrate(x+y+z,(y,x-z,x+z),(x,0,z),(z,-1,1))
I10=integrate(log(z),(z,1,exp(x)),(x,1,log(y)),(y,1,exp(1)))
print(I10)

17
 1.3 Evaluation of double integrals
by changing the order of integration

𝒂 𝒂 𝒙
1. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 by changing the order of integration.
𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐

By data Change the order

𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎

𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
=∫ ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
=∫ (∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑎 𝑦 𝑥
= ∫ (tan−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 0
𝑎
= ∫ (tan−1 1 − tan−1 0) 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋 𝑎
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 0

𝜋
= (𝑥 )𝑎0
4
𝜋𝑎
=
4

18
 𝒙𝟐
∞ 𝒙 −
2. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒆 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration.

By data Change the order

𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = ∞

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = ∞

∞ 𝑥 𝑥2
−𝑦
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

∞ ∞ 𝑥2
−
=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦

∞ ∞ 𝑥2
−𝑦
=∫ (∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦

Put 𝑥 2 = 𝑡, 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑡 = 𝑦 2, 𝑡 = ∞

1 ∞ ∞
−
𝑡
𝐼= ∫ (∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑡) 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦=0 𝑡=𝑦2

1 ∞ 𝑡 ∞
−
= ∫ (−𝑦𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 𝑦2

1 ∞
= ∫ (0 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0

1
= (−𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 )∞
0
2

1 1
= (0 + 1) =
2 2

19
 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
3. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration.
√𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐

By data Change the order

𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑦

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

1 1 𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

1 1 𝑥
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 + 𝑦2
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥 √𝑥

1 𝑦 𝑥
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

1 𝑦 𝑥
=∫ (∫ ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

1 1 𝑦 2𝑥
= ∫ (∫ 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

1 1 𝑦
= ∫ (2√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦=0 0

1
=∫ (√𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 − √0 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0

1
= (√2 − 1) ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0

1
𝑦2 √2 − 1
= (√2 − 1) ( ) =
2 0 2

20
 𝟒𝒂 𝟐√𝒂𝒙
4. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration.
𝟒𝒂

By data Change the order

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑦= , 𝑦 = 2√𝑎𝑥 𝑥= , 𝑥 = 2√𝑎𝑦
4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4𝑎 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 4𝑎
4𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
0
4𝑎

4𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥
=∫ (∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥=0 𝑦=
4𝑎
4𝑎 2√𝑎𝑦
=∫ (∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
𝑦=0 𝑥=
4𝑎
2 𝑎𝑦
4𝑎 𝑥 2𝑦 √
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦
0 2 𝑥=𝑦2
4𝑎
4𝑎 𝑦5
=∫ (2𝑎𝑦 2 − ) 𝑑𝑦
0 32𝑎2
4𝑎
2𝑎𝑦 3 𝑦6
=( − )
3 192𝑎2 0

128𝑎4 (4𝑎)6
= −
3 12(4𝑎) 2
128𝑎4 64𝑎4
= −
3 3
64𝑎 4
=
3

21
 𝒙
𝒂 √𝒂
5. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐) 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration.
𝒂

By data Change the order

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦
𝑦= ,𝑦 = √
𝑎 𝑎
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎

𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎
𝐼=∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
0 𝑎

𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎
=∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑎

𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎
=∫ (∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑎

1 𝑎𝑦
=∫ (∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑎𝑦 2
𝑎𝑦
1 𝑥3
= ∫ ( + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 3 𝑎𝑦 2
1 1
=∫ [ (𝑎3 𝑦 3 − 𝑎3 𝑦 6 ) + 𝑦 2 (𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 2 )] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 3
1 𝑎3 3
= ∫ [ (𝑦 − 𝑦 6 ) + 𝑎 (𝑦 3 − 𝑦 4 )] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 3
1
𝑎 3 𝑦4 𝑦7 𝑦4 𝑦5
=( ( − )+𝑎( − ))
3 4 7 4 5
0

𝑎3 1 1 1 1
= ( − )+𝑎( − )
3 4 7 4 5
𝑎3 3 1
= ( )+𝑎( )
3 28 20
𝑎3 𝑎
= +
28 20

22
 𝟏 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
6. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration.

By data Change the order

𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √1−𝑥 2 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = √1−𝑦 2

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
1 √1−𝑥 2
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1 √1−𝑥 2
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

1 √1−𝑥 2
=∫ (∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

√1−𝑥 2
1𝑦3
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3 0

3
1 (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3
Put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
2
𝜋
2 cos3 𝜃
𝐼=∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥=0 3
𝜋
1 2
= ∫ cos4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 𝑥=0
1 3 1 𝜋
= . . .
3 4 2 2
𝜋
=
16

23
 𝟏 √𝒙
7. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration.

By data Change the order

𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑦 2

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

1 √𝑥
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥

1 √𝑥
=∫ (∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥

1 𝑦2
=∫ (∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦

1 𝑦2
𝑥2 𝑦
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 2 𝑥=𝑦

1 𝑦5 𝑦3
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 2 2
1
𝑦6 𝑦4
=( − )
12 8 0

1 1
= −
12 8
1
=−
24

24
 𝟏 𝟐−𝒙
8. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing the order of integration.

By data Change the order

𝑦 = 𝑥 2, 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦, 𝑥 = √𝑦

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

1 2−𝑥
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2
1 √𝑦 2 2−𝑦
=∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=1 𝑥=0

𝑦 2−𝑦
1𝑥 2𝑦 √ 2 𝑥 2𝑦 1 𝑦2 2 𝑦
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (2 − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 2 0 𝑦=1 2 0 𝑦=0 2 𝑦=1 2
1 2
𝑦3 1
= ( ) + ∫ (4𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
6 0 2
𝑦=1
2
1 1 2
4𝑦 3 𝑦 4
= + (2𝑦 − + )
6 2 3 4 1
1 1 32 4 1
= + (8 − +4−2+ − )
6 2 3 3 4
1 1 28 1
= + (10 − − )
6 2 3 4
3
=
8

25
 1.4 Evaluation of double integrals by changing into polar coordinates

Introduction:
By diagram, 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Also, 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

∞ ∞ 𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )
1. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆−(𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 by changing into polar coordinates. Hence show
∞ 𝟐 √𝝅
that ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = .
𝟐

Drawing diagram:
𝑥 and 𝑦 are positive. Region is the first quadrant.
Changing into polar coordinates:
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 . By diagram,
𝜋
𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = ∞ and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = .
2

Evaluation:
∞ ∞
2 +𝑦 2 )
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0
𝜋
2 ∞
2
=∫ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝜋
∞
2 2
=∫ (∫ 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟) 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0

Put 𝑟 2 = 𝑡, 2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑟 varies from 0 to ∞ ⇒ 𝑡 varies from 0 to ∞

𝜋 𝜋
1 ∞ 1 2
2
=∫ (∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 2 𝑡=0 2 𝜃=0
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑒 −𝑡
∞ 1
=∫
2
( ) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 02
( )
2
𝜃=0 2 −1 0
1 𝜋
𝜋 = ( )
1 2 2 2
= − ∫ (𝑒 −∞ − 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑𝜃 𝜋
2 𝜃=0
=
𝜋 4
1 2
= − ∫ (0 − 1) 𝑑𝜃
2 𝜃=0

26
 𝒂 √𝒂𝟐−𝒙𝟐
2. Evaluate ∫−𝒂 ∫𝟎 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing into polar coordinates.

Drawing diagram:
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
Region of integration is the upper semicircle.

Changing into polar coordinates:

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟. By diagram,
𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 𝑎 and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = 𝜋 .

Evaluation:
𝑎 √𝑎 2−𝑥 2
𝐼 = ∫−𝑎 ∫0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑎
=∫ ∫ 𝑟. 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝜋 𝑎
=∫ (∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟) 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0

𝑎3
𝜋
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 3

𝑎3 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
3 𝜃=0
𝑎3
= [𝜃 ]𝜋0
3
𝜋𝑎3
=
3

27
 𝟐 √𝟐𝒙−𝒙𝟐
3. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐) 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing into polar coordinates.

Drawing diagram:
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
This is the upper semicircle touching the origin.

Changing into polar coordinates:

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃
𝜋
By diagram, 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃 and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = .
2

Evaluation:
2 √2𝑥−𝑥 2
𝐼 = ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2 2 cos 𝜃 2
= ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 𝑟 . 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝑟 4 2 cos 𝜃
= ∫𝜃=0 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
4 0
𝜋
24 cos4 𝜃
= ∫𝜃=0
2 𝑑𝜃
4
𝜋
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
2 cos4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3 1 𝜋
= 4( . . )
4 2 2
3𝜋
=
4

28
 𝟐 √𝟐𝒙−𝒙𝟐 𝒙
4. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 by changing into polar coordinates.
√𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐

Drawing diagram:
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
This is the upper semicircle touching the origin.

Change into polar coordinates:

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃
𝜋
By diagram, 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃 and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
2

Evaluation:
2 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2

𝜋/2 2 cos 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃

= ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟

𝜋/2 𝑟 2 2 cos 𝜃
= ∫𝜃=0 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
2 0
1 𝜋/2
= ∫𝜃=0 4 cos3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋/2
= 2 ∫𝜃=0 cos3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
= 2 ( . 1)
3
4
=
3

29
 𝒂 √𝒂𝟐−𝒚𝟐
5. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 by changing into polar coordinates.

Drawing diagram:
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 and 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎.
Region is the sector of a circle in the 1 st quadrant.

Change into polar coordinates.

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑎
𝜋
By diagram, 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 𝑎 and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
2

Evaluation:
𝑎 √𝑎2−𝑦 2
𝐼 = ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜋/2 𝑎
= ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋/2 𝑟 4 𝑎
= ∫𝜃=0 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
4 0

𝑎4 𝜋/2
= ∫𝜃=0 𝑑𝜃
4
𝑎4 𝜋
= ( )
4 2
𝜋𝑎 4
=
8

30
 𝒂 𝒂 𝒙
6. Evaluate ∫𝟎 ∫𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 by changing into polar coordinates.
𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐

Drawing diagram:
𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎.
Region is bounded by x axis and the diagonal line.

Change into polar coordinates.

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
𝜋
By diagram, 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = asec 𝜃 and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
4

Evaluation:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝜋/4 𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃

= ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟2

𝜋/4
= ∫𝜃=0 cos 𝜃 (𝑟 )𝑎0 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝜋/4
= 𝑎 ∫𝜃=0 𝑑𝜃

𝜋/4
= 𝑎 [𝜃 ]0
𝜋𝑎
=
4

31
 𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐
7. Evaluate ∬ 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 over the region bounded by the circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 and
𝒙 +𝒚

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 with 𝒃 > 𝒂 by changing into polar coordinates.

Drawing graph:

Region is bounded by two circles.

Change into polar coordinates:

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 4 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃

𝜋
By diagram, 𝑟 = 𝑎, 𝑟 = 𝑏 and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
2

Evaluation:

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐼 = ∬ 2 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦

𝜋
𝑏 𝑟 4 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
= 4 ∫𝜃=0 ∫𝑟=𝑎
2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑟2

𝜋
𝑏
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
2 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 ∫𝑟=𝑎 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝑟4 𝑏
𝜋
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
2 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
4 𝑎

𝜋
𝑏4 𝑎4
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
2 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 ( − ) 𝑑𝜃
4 4

𝜋
= (𝑏 4 − 𝑎4 ) ∫𝜃=0
2 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1 𝜋
= (𝑏 4 − 𝑎 4 ) ( . )
4.2 2

𝜋
= (𝑏 4 − 𝑎 4 )
16

32
 𝟏
8. Evaluate ∬ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 over the region bounded by lemniscates 𝒓𝟐 =
√𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

𝒂𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 by changing into polar coordinates.

𝝅
Drawing graph: 𝜽 =
𝟒

Region is bounded by two circles.

Change into polar coordinates:

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑟 = 𝑎 √cos 2𝜃
𝜋
By diagram, 𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 𝑎 √cos 2𝜃 and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
4

Evaluation:
1
𝐼= ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2 +𝑎 2

𝜋
𝑎 √cos2𝜃 1
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
4
∫𝑟=0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
√𝑟 2+𝑎 2

1
Put 𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑡, 2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡
2

𝑡 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 (1 + cos 2𝜃 )

𝑡 = 𝑎2 (2 cos2 𝜃 ) = 2𝑎2 cos2 𝜃

𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = 𝑎 √cos 2𝜃 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎2 , 𝑡 = 2𝑎2 cos2 𝜃

𝜋
2𝑎 2 cos2 𝜃 1
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
4
∫𝑡=𝑎 2 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝜃
2√ 𝑡

𝜋
2𝑎 2 cos2 𝜃
4 ( 𝑡)
= 4 ∫𝜃=0 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝜃
√ 𝑎2
𝜋
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
4 ( 2 𝑎 cos 𝜃 − 𝑎) 𝑑𝜃
√

𝜋/4
= 4𝑎(√2 sin 𝜃 − 𝜃)0

𝜋
= 4𝑎 (1 − )
4

33
 1.5 Area and volume using double integration

. .
Introduction: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∬𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 (𝑂𝑅 ) ∬𝐴 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
. .
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = ∬𝑅 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 (OR) ∬𝑅 𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

1. Find the area of a circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .

By diagram, in the first quadrant of the circle,
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
Area of the circle
.
𝐴 = 4 ∬𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎 √𝑎 2−𝑥 2
= 4 ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
= 4 ∫𝑥=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥√𝑎 2−𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥
= 4( + sin−1 )
2 2 𝑎 0

𝑎2 𝜋
= 4 (0 + . − 0 − 0)
2 2
𝜋𝑎 2
= 4( ) = 𝜋𝑎2 square units.
4

Python:
From sympy import *
x,y=simbols(‘x y’)
A=symbols(‘a’,positive=True)
I1=integrate(1,(y,0,sqrt(a**2-x**2)),(x,0,a))
Area=4*I
Area

34
2. Find the area of a plate in the form of a quadrant of the ellipse
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
+ = 𝟏.
𝒂 𝒃𝟐

By diagram,
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏
Area of a quadrant of an ellipse
.
𝐴 = ∬𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏√1− 2
𝑎
= ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑥2
= ∫𝑥=0 (𝑏 √1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2

𝑏 𝑎
= ∫𝑥=0(√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Put 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝜋
[ 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = ] 2
𝜋
𝑏
= ∫𝜃=0(𝑎 cos 𝜃 ) (𝑎 cos 𝜃 )𝑑𝜃
2
𝑎
𝜋
𝑏
= ∫𝜃=0
2 𝑎2 cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎
1 𝜋
= 𝑎𝑏 ( . ) [∵By reduction formula]
2 2
𝜋𝑎𝑏
=
4

Python:
from sympy import *
x, y=symbols('x y')
a,b=symbols('a b',positive=True)
I=integrate(1,(y,0,b*sqrt(1-x**2/a**2)),(x,0,a))
I

35
3. Find by double integration area between the parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 and 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚.

By diagram,
𝑥2
𝑦= , 𝑦 = 2√𝑎𝑥
4𝑎
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4𝑎
Area between the given parabolas
.
𝐴 = ∬𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

4𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥
= ∫𝑥=0 (∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦=4𝑎

4𝑎 𝑥2
= ∫𝑥=0 (2√𝑎𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑎
3 4𝑎
𝑥2 𝑥3
= [2√𝑎 3 − ]
12𝑎
2 0
32 64𝑎 3
= 𝑎2 −
3 12𝑎
32 16𝑎 2 16𝑎 2
= 𝑎2 − =
3 3 3

Python:
from sympy import *
x, y=symbols('x y')
a=symbols('a',positive=True)
I=integrate(1,(y,x**2/(4*a),2*sqrt(a*x)),(x,0,4*a))
I

36
4. Find by double integration, area bounded by the ellipse 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 and the
straight line 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔.

By diagram,
2𝑥 1
𝑦=2− , 𝑦 = √36 − 4𝑥 2
3 3

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3

Area between the given parabolas

.
𝐴 = ∬𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1
3 √36−4𝑥2
= ∫𝑥=0 (∫3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦=2−
3

3 1 2𝑥
= ∫𝑥=0 ( √36 − 4𝑥 2 − 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 6 1 𝑡
= ∫𝑥=0 ( √62 − 𝑡 2 − 2 + ) 𝑑𝑡
2 3 3
6
1 1 𝑡√62−𝑡 2 62 −1 𝑡 𝑡2 6
= ( ( + sin ) + (−2𝑡 + ) )
2 3 2 2 6 0 6 0

1 1
= ( (0 + 9𝜋 − 0 − 0) + (−12 + 6 − 0 − 0))
2 3
1 3
= (3𝜋 − 6) = (𝜋 − 2)
2 2

Python:
from sympy import *
x, y=symbols('x y')
I=integrate(1,(y,2-2*x/3,1/3*sqrt(36-4*x**2)),(x,0,3))
I

37
5. Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle 𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and
𝜋
outside the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽). Ans: 𝑎2 (1 − )
4
By diagram,
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃), 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝜋
And 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = .
2

𝜋
𝑎 sin 𝜃
Required Area = ∫𝜃=0
2
∫𝑟=𝑎(1−cos 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝑟 2 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝜋
= ∫𝜃=0
2 ( ) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑟=𝑎(1−cos 𝜃)
𝜋
1
2 (𝑎 2 sin2 𝜃 − 𝑎 2 (1 − cos 𝜃 )2 ) 𝑑𝜃
= ∫𝜃=0
2
𝜋
𝑎2
=
2
∫𝜃=0(sin2 𝜃 − 1 − cos2 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
2

𝑎2 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
= ( . − − . + 2)
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑎2 𝜋
= (2 − )
2 2
𝜋
= 𝑎2 (1 − )
4

Python:
from sympy import *
r, t=symbols('r t')
a=symbols('a',positive=True)
I=integrate(r,(r,a*(1-cos(t)),a*sin(t)),(t,0,pi/2))
I

38
6. Find by double integration, volume of the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 .

.
𝑉 = ∬𝑅 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎 2−𝑥 2
= 8 ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑘 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑘
= 8 ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 √𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑘
= 8 ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 √𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑘
𝑎 𝑦 𝑘2 𝑦
= 8 ∫𝑥=0 ( √𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 + sin−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑘 0

𝑎 𝜋𝑘 2
= 8 ∫𝑥=0 (0 + ) 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑎
= 2𝜋 ∫𝑥=0 𝑘 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
= 2𝜋 ∫𝑥=0(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑎
= 2𝜋 (𝑎2 𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
3 0

2𝑎 3 4
= 2𝜋 ( ) = 𝜋𝑎3 Cubic units.
3 3

39
 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
7. Find by double integration, volume of the ellipsoid 𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ = 𝟏.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄𝟐
.
𝑉= ∬𝑅 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏 √1− 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
= 8 ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 𝑎 𝑐 √1 − 2 − 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑘2 𝑥2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑘 = 𝑏√1 − , =1−
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2

𝑎 𝑘 𝑘2 𝑦2
= 8 ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 𝑐√ − 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏2 𝑏2

8𝑐 𝑎 𝑘
=
𝑏
∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 𝑐√𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥

8𝑐 𝑎 𝑦 𝑘2 𝑦 𝑘
= ∫𝑥=0 (2 √𝑘 2 − 𝑦 2 + sin−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 2 𝑘 0

8𝑐 𝑎 𝜋𝑘 2
= ∫𝑥=0 (0 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 4
2𝜋𝑐 𝑎
= ∫ 𝑘 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑥=0
2𝜋𝑐 𝑎 𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑏 2 (1
𝑏 𝑥=0
−
𝑎2
) 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋𝑏𝑐 𝑎
=
𝑎2
∫𝑥=0(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋𝑏𝑐 𝑥3 𝑎
= (𝑎2 𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 3 0

2𝜋𝑏𝑐 2𝑎 3 4𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐
= ( )=
𝑎2 3 3
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
8. Find the volume of the tetrahedron + + = 𝟏.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
.
𝑉 = ∬𝑅 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑎 𝑏(1−𝑎) 𝑥 𝑦
= ∫𝑥=0 (∫𝑦=0 𝑐 (1 − − ) 𝑑𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥
𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑏(1−𝑎)
= 𝑐 ∫𝑥=0 (𝑦 − − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2𝑏 0

𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 2
= 𝑐 ∫𝑥=0 [𝑏 (1 − ) − . 𝑏 (1 − ) − 𝑏 2 (1 − ) ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑏 𝑎

𝑎 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑏 𝑥2 2𝑥
= 𝑐 ∫𝑥=0 [𝑏 − − + − (1 + − )] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2 2 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 2𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥
= 𝑐 ∫𝑥=0 [ − + − + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑎 𝑎2 2𝑎 2 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 2
= 𝑐 ∫𝑥=0 [ − + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑎 2𝑎 2

𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 3 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 𝑐( − + ) = 𝑐( − + ) = Cubic units.
2 2𝑎 6𝑎 2 0 2 2 6 6

40
 1.6 Beta and Gamma functions

Gamma function: The Gamma function also called as Euler integral of the second kind is a
∞
special function defined by Γ(𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑛 > 0.
∞ 2
Note: Put 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 we get Γ(𝑛 ) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑛 > 0.
This is the alternative definition of Gamma function.

Basic results:
1. Prove that 𝚪(𝟏) = 𝟏
∞
Γ (𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
∞
Γ (1) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 1−1 𝑑𝑥
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]∞
0

= −𝑒 −∞ + 1
=1
2. Prove that 𝚪(𝐧 + 𝟏) = 𝐧𝚪(𝐧)
∞
Γ (𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
∞
Γ (𝑛 + 1) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
∞
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞
= [−𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 ]∞ −𝑥
0 − ∫0 (−𝑒 )𝑛𝑥
𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
∞
= 0 − 0 − ∫0 (−𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
∞
= 𝑛 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
= nΓ(n)

3. Prove that 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏!, where n is a positive integer.

Γ (𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛)
= n(n − 1)Γ(n − 1)
= n(n − 1)(n − 2)Γ(n − 2)
= n(n − 1)(n − 2) … 3.2.1 Γ(1)
= n(n − 1)(n − 2) … 3.2.1
= 𝑛!

41
 𝟏
4. Prove that 𝚪 ( ) = √𝝅
𝟐
∞ 2 ∞ 2
Γ(𝑛 ) × Γ(𝑛 ) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 × 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
1 1 ∞ 2 ∞ 2
Γ ( ) × Γ ( ) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 1−1 𝑑𝑥 × 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦1−1 𝑑𝑦
2 2

1 2 ∞ 2 ∞ 2
[Γ ( )] = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 × 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
∞ ∞ 2 +𝑦 2 )
= 4 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜋
∞ 2
= 4 ∫02 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 (convert to polar form)
𝜋
∞ 𝑑𝑡
= 4 × ∫02 𝑑𝜃 × ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 ( ) (Sub. 𝑟 2 = 𝑡, 2𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡)
2
𝜋 1
= 4 × × [−𝑒 −𝑡 ]∞
0
2 2

=𝜋
1
Therefore, Γ ( ) = √𝜋
2

Problems:
𝟓 𝟗 𝟏 𝟕
1. Evaluate the following: (i) 𝚪 ( ) (ii) 𝚪 ( ) (iii) 𝚪 (− ) (iv) 𝚪 (− )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

5 3 1 1
(i) Γ ( ) = Γ ( + 1) (iii) Γ ( ) = Γ (− + 1)
2 2 2 2
1 1
3 3 √𝜋 = − 2 Γ (− 2)
= Γ( )
2 2
1
3 1 −2√𝜋 = Γ (− )
= Γ ( + 1) 2
2 2
3 1 1 7 7 7 5
= . Γ( ) (iv) (− ) Γ (− ) = Γ (− + 1) = Γ (− )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 5 5 5 3
= √𝜋 (− ) Γ (− ) = Γ (− + 1) = Γ (− )
4 2 2 2 2
9 7 7 3 3 3 1
(ii) Γ( ) = Γ( ) (− ) Γ (− ) = Γ (− + 1) = Γ (− )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Therefore,
7 5 5
= . Γ( ) 7 2 5
2 2 2 Γ (− ) = (− ) Γ (− )
2 7 2
7 5 3 3 2 2 3
= . . Γ( ) = (− ) (− ) Γ (− )
2 2 2 2 7 5 2
2 2 2 1
7 5 3 1 1 = (− ) (− ) (− ) Γ (− )
7 5 3 2
= . . . Γ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= (− ) (− ) (− ) (−2√𝜋)
7 5 3
7 5 3 105
= . . √𝜋 = √𝜋 16√𝜋
2 2 4 16 =
105

42
2. Evaluate the following:
𝟑 𝟐
∞ 𝟏 𝟏 ∞ 𝟒 ∞ 𝐞−𝐱
(i) ∫𝟎 𝐱𝟔 𝐞−𝟐𝐱 𝐝𝐱 (ii) ∫𝟎 𝐱𝟐 {𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )} 𝐝𝐱 (iii) ∫𝟎 𝐱𝟐 𝐞−𝐱 𝐝𝐱 (iv) ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱
𝐱 √𝒙
∞
(i) Let 𝐼 = ∫0 x 6 e−2x dx
[Put 2𝑥 = 𝑡, 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ]
1 ∞ 𝑡6
𝐼 = ∫0 e−t ( 6) dt
2 2
1 ∞
= ∫ e−t 𝑡 7−1 dt
27 0
1
= Γ(7)
27
6!
=
27

1 1 3
(ii) Let 𝐼 = ∫0 x 4 {log ( )} dx
x

[Put 𝑥 5 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
1 0 t 3
𝐼 = ∫∞ { } (−𝑒 −𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
5 5
1 ∞
= ∫ t3 e−t
625 0
𝑑𝑡
1 ∞
= ∫ e−t t4−1 𝑑𝑡
625 0
1 3!
= Γ(4) =
625 625
∞ 4
(iii) Let 𝐼 = ∫0 x 2 e−x dx
Put 𝑥 4 = 𝑡, 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
[ 2 1 1 1 ]
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 −4 𝑑𝑡
4𝑥 4
1
1 ∞ −
𝐼 = ∫0 t 4 e−t dt
4
3
1 ∞
= ∫0 t 4−1 e−t dt
4
1 3
= Γ( )
4 4
2
∞ e−x
(iv) Let 𝐼 = ∫0 dx
√𝑥

Put 𝑥 2 = 𝑡, 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
[ 1 1 1 3 ]
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 −4 𝑑𝑡
2√ 𝑡 √𝑥 2
3
1 ∞
𝐼 = ∫0 t −4 e−t dt
2
1
1 ∞
= ∫0 t 4−1 e−t dt
2
1 1
= Γ( )
2 4

43
 Beta function: The beta function also called as Euler integral of the first kind is a
1
special function defined by β(𝑚, 𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0
𝜋
Note: Put 𝑥 = sin2 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, β(𝑚, 𝑛 ) = 2 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑚−1 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
This is the alternative definition of beta function.

𝚪(𝒎)𝚪(𝒏)
1. Prove that 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) =
𝚪 (𝒎+𝒏)

∞ 2
Γ(𝑚 ) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥
∞ 2
Γ(𝑛 ) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
∞ 2 ∞ 2
[Γ(𝑚 )][Γ(𝑛)] = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥 × 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦

∞ ∞ 2 +𝑦 2 )
= 4 ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑥 2𝑚−1 𝑦 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

[ 𝜋 ]
𝑟 = 0, 𝑟 = ∞ and 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 =
2
𝜋
∞ 2
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
2
∫𝑟=0 𝑒 −𝑟 (𝑟 cos 𝜃 )2𝑚−1 (𝑟 sin 𝜃 )2𝑛−1 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
∞ 2
= 4 ∫𝜃=0
2
∫𝑟=0 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟 2(𝑚+𝑛)−1 sin2𝑛−1 𝜃 cos2𝑚−1 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
∞
2
−𝑟 2 2(𝑚+𝑛)−1
= 2∫ 𝑒 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 × 2 ∫ sin2𝑛−1 𝜃 cos2𝑚−1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑟=0 𝜃=0

= Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛 ) × 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛)
[𝚪(𝒎)][𝚪(𝒏)]
Therefore, = 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏)
𝚪(𝒎+𝒏)

Properties:

 𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝛽 (𝑛, 𝑚)
𝜋
𝑝+1 𝑞+1
 β( , ) = 2 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2
1 3
 Γ ( ) Γ ( ) = 𝜋 √2
4 4

44
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
2. Evaluate the following: (i) 𝛃(𝟓, 𝟑) (ii) 𝛃 (𝟑, ) (iii) 𝛃 (− , ) (iv) 𝛃 ( , )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
Γ(5)Γ(3) 4!2! 1
(i) β(5, 3) = = =
Γ(8) 7! 105
1
1 Γ(3)Γ(2) 2!√𝜋 16
(ii) β (3, ) = 7 = 531 =
2 Γ( ) . . .√ 𝜋 15
2 222
1 5 31
1 5 Γ(− )Γ( ) −2√𝜋.2.2.√𝜋 3𝜋
2 2
(iii) β (− , ) = = =−
2 2 Γ(2) 1 2
1 3
1 3 Γ(4)Γ(4)
(𝑖𝑣 )β ( , ) = = 𝜋 √2
4 4 Γ(1)

3. Evaluate the following:

𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝐱𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
(i) ∫𝟎𝟐 √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 (ii) ∫𝟎𝟐 √𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 (iii) ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱 (iv) ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱
√𝟏−𝒙𝟒 √𝟏+𝐱 𝟒
𝜋 𝜋
(i) ∫02 √sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫02 sin1/2 𝜃 cos0 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 3 1 3 1
1 2
+1 0+1 1 3 1 1 Γ(4)Γ(2 ) 1 Γ(4 )Γ(2)
= 𝛽( , ) = 𝛽( , )= =
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 Γ(3+1) 2 Γ(4)
5
4 2
𝜋 𝜋
(ii) ∫02 √tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫02 sin1/2 𝜃 cos−1/2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 1 3 1
1 2
+1 −2+1 1 3 1 1 Γ(4)Γ(4) 𝜋√ 2
= 𝛽( , )= 𝛽( , )= 3 1 =
2 2 2 2 4 4 2 Γ( + ) 2
4 4
cos 𝜃
(iii) Put 𝑥 2 = sin 𝜃, 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
2 √sin 𝜃
𝜋
𝜃 varies from 0 to .
2
𝜋
1 x2 1 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
∫0 √1−𝑥4 dx = ∫0 2 𝑑𝜃
2 cos 𝜃 √sin 𝜃
𝜋 1
1
= ∫0 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 2
2
𝜋
= ∫02 sin1/2 𝜃 cos0 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1
1 +1 0+1
= 𝛽 (2 , )
4 2 2
1 3 1
= 𝛽( , )
4 4 2
3 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2)
=
4 Γ(3+1)
4 2
3 1
Γ(
1 4 )Γ( )
2
= 5
4 Γ( )
4
3 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2)
=
4 1 Γ(1)
4 4
3 1
Γ(4)Γ(2)
= 1
Γ(4 )

45
 sec2 𝜃
(iv) Put 𝑥 2 = tan 𝜃, 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
2 √tan 𝜃
𝜋
𝜃 varies from 0 to .
4
𝜋
1 1 1 sec2 𝜃
∫0 √1+𝑥 4 dx = ∫0 cos 𝜃 4𝑑𝜃
2 √tan 𝜃
𝜋
1 1
= ∫04 𝑑𝜃
2 √sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜋
1 1
= ∫4 𝑑𝜃
√ 2 0 √sin 2𝜃
𝜋
1 1
= ∫2 𝑑𝑡
2√ 2 0 √sin 𝑡
𝜋 1
1 −
=
2√
∫ sin 2 𝑡 cos 0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0
2

1
1 − +1 0+1
2
= 𝛽( , )
4√2 2 2

1 1 1
= 𝛽( , )
4√2 4 2
1 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2)
=
4√2 Γ(1+1)
4 2
1 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2)
= 3
4√2 Γ(4)

3 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2)
= 1 1
4 Γ( )
4 4

3 1
Γ(4)Γ(2)
= 1
Γ(4)

46
 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏
4. Prove that ∫𝟎𝟐 √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 × ∫𝟎𝟐 𝒅𝜽 = 𝝅
√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝜋 𝜋
1
Let 𝐼1 = ∫02 √sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Let 𝐼2 = ∫02 𝑑𝜃
√sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
= ∫02 sin1/2 𝜃 cos0 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫02 sin−1/2 𝜃 cos0 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 1
1 +1 0+1 1 − +1 0+1
= 𝛽 (2 , ) = 𝛽( 2
, )
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 3 1 1 1 1
= 𝛽( , ) = 𝛽( , )
2 4 2 2 4 2

𝜋 𝜋
1
∫02 √sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 × ∫02 𝑑𝜃
√sin 𝜃
= 𝐼1 × 𝐼2
1 3 1 1 1 1
= 𝛽( , )× 𝛽( , )
2 4 2 2 4 2

3 1 1 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2) Γ(4 )Γ(2)
= ×
4 Γ(3+1) Γ(4+2)
1 1
4 2

3 1 1 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2) Γ( )Γ( )
4 2
= 5 × 3
4 Γ(4 ) Γ(4)

3 1 1 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2) Γ(4 )Γ(2)
= 1 1 × 3
4 Γ( ) Γ(4)
4 4

1 2
= [Γ ( )]
2

=𝜋

47
 ∞ 𝟖 ∞ 𝟒 𝛑
5. Prove that ∫𝟎 𝐱 𝐞 −𝐱 𝐝𝐱 × ∫𝟎 𝐱𝟐 𝐞−𝐱 𝐝𝐱 =
𝟏𝟔 √𝟐

∞ 8 ∞ 4
Let 𝐼1 = ∫0 𝑥 e−x dx Let 𝐼2 = ∫0 x 2 e−x dx
Put 𝑥 8 = 𝑡, 8𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 Put 𝑥 4 = 𝑡, 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
[ 1 1 6 ] [ 2 1 1 1 ]
𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 −8 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 −4 𝑑𝑡
8𝑥 8 4𝑥 4
3 1
1 ∞ 1 ∞
𝐼1 = ∫0 t−4 e−t dt 𝐼2 = ∫0 t −4 e−t dt
8 4
1 3
1 ∞ 1 ∞
= ∫0 t 4−1 e−t dt = ∫0 t 4−1 e−t dt
8 4
1 1 1 3
= Γ( ) = Γ( )
8 4 4 4

∞ 8 ∞ 4
∫0 x e−x dx × ∫0 x 2 e−x dx
= 𝐼1 × 𝐼2
1 1 1 3
= Γ( )× Γ( )
8 4 4 4
1
= (𝜋√2)
32
𝟐
∞ 𝐞−𝐱 ∞ 𝟒 𝛑
6. Prove that ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱 × ∫𝟎 𝐱𝟐 𝐞−𝐱 𝐝𝐱 =
√𝒙 𝟒√𝟐

1 ∞ 4
∞
Let 𝐼1 = ∫0 𝑥 −2 e−x dx
2
Let 𝐼2 = ∫0 x 2 e−x dx

Put 𝑥 2 = 𝑡, 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 Put 𝑥 4 = 𝑡, 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
[ 1 1 3 ] [ 2 1 1 1 ]
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 −4 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 −4 𝑑𝑡
2 4𝑥 4
1
3 1 ∞
1 ∞
𝐼1 = ∫0 t−4 e−t dt 𝐼2 = ∫0 t −4 e−t dt
2 4
3
1 1 ∞
1 ∞
= ∫0 t4−1 e−t dt = ∫0 t 4−1 e−t dt
2 4

1 1 1 3
= Γ( ) = Γ( )
2 4 4 4

2
∞ e−x ∞ 4
∫0 dx × ∫0 x 2 e−x dx
√𝑥

= 𝐼1 × 𝐼2
1 1 1 3
= Γ( )× Γ( )
2 4 4 4
1
= (𝜋√2)
8

48
 𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 √𝝅
7. Prove that ∫𝟎 (√𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + √𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 = 𝚪 ( ) {𝚪 ( ) +
𝟐
𝟑 }
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝚪( )
𝟒

𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝐼1 = ∫02 √tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Let 𝐼2 = ∫02 √sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
= ∫02 sin1/2 𝜃 cos−1/2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫02 sin0 𝜃 cos−1/2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
1 2
+1 −2+1 1 0+1 −2+1
= 𝛽( , ) = 𝛽( , )
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 3 1 1 1 1
= 𝛽( , ) = 𝛽( , )
2 4 4 2 2 4

𝜋
∫02(√tan 𝜃 + √sec 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
1 3 1 1 1 1
= 𝛽( , )+ 𝛽( , )
2 4 4 2 2 4
3 1 1 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(4) Γ(2)Γ(4)
= { 3 1 + 1 1 }
2 Γ(4+4) Γ(2+4)

3 1
1 1 Γ(4) Γ(2)
= Γ( ){ + 3 }
2 4 Γ(1) Γ(4)

1 1 3 √𝜋
= Γ ( ) {Γ ( ) + 3 }
2 4 4 Γ( )
4

49
 𝟏 𝐱𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝛑
8. Prove that ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱 × ∫𝟎 𝐝𝐱 =
√𝟏−𝒙𝟒 √𝟏+𝐱 𝟒 𝟒√𝟐

1 x2 1 1
Let 𝐼1 = ∫0 dx Let 𝐼2 = ∫0 dx
√1−𝑥 4 √1+𝑥 4
𝜋 𝜋
1 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 sec2 𝜃
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫04 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 cos 𝜃 √sin 𝜃 2 √tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 1
1
= ∫0 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 2 = ∫04 𝑑𝜃
2 2 √sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
1 1
= ∫02 sin1/2 𝜃 cos0 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
√
∫4
2 0 √sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃
1 𝜋
1 +1 0+1 1 1
= 𝛽 (2 , ) = ∫2 𝑑𝑡
4 2 2 2√ 2 0 √sin 𝑡
𝜋 1
1 −
1
= 𝛽( , )
3 1 =
2√
∫ sin 2 𝑡 cos0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0
2

4 4 2
1
1 − +1 0+1
2
= 𝛽( , )
4√ 2 2 2

1 1 1
= 𝛽( , )
4√ 2 4 2

1 x2 1 1
∫0 dx × ∫0 dx
√1−𝑥 4 √1+x4

= 𝐼1 × 𝐼2
1 3 1 1 1 1
= 𝛽( , )× 𝛽( , )
4 4 2 4√ 2 4 2

3 1 1 1
1 Γ(4 )Γ(2) 1 Γ(4)Γ(2)
= ×
4 Γ(3+1) 4√2 Γ(1+1)
4 2 4 2

3 1 1 1
1 Γ(4 )Γ(2) 1 Γ(4)Γ(2)
= 5 × 3
4 Γ(4) 4√2 Γ(4)

3 1 1 1
1 Γ(4)Γ(2) Γ(4)Γ(2)
= 1 1 × 3
16√2 Γ( ) Γ(4)
4 4

1 1 2
= [Γ ( )]
4√ 2 2

𝜋
=
4√ 2

50