Programming Fundamentals @ Lecture
Data Types and Operator-1
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Integer Data Types
Defining Variables
• Variables of the same type can be defined
- On separate lines:
int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;
- On the same line:
int length, width;
unsigned int area;
• Variables of different types must be in different definitions
Integer Literals
• An integer literal is an integer value that is typed
into a program’s code. For example:
itemsOrdered = 15;
In this code, 15 is an integer literal.
Integer Types in Program
Integer Literals in Program
The char Data Type
The char Data Type
• Used to hold characters or very small integer
values
• Usually 1 byte of memory
• Numeric value of character from the character set
is stored in memory:
CODE: MEMORY:
char letter; letter
letter = 'C';
67
Character Literals
• Character literals must be enclosed in single quote
marks. Example:
'A'
Character Literals in Program
Floating-Point Data Types
Floating-Point Data Types
• The floating-point data types are:
float
double
long double
• They can hold real numbers such as:
12.45 -3.8
The bool Data Type
The bool Data Type
• Represents values that are true or false
• bool variables are stored as small integers
• false is represented by 0, true by 1:
bool allDone = true;
bool finished = false;
allDone finished
1 0
Boolean Variables in Program
Determining the Size of a Data Type
Determining the Size of a Data Type
The sizeof operator gives the size of any data type
or variable:
double amount;
cout << "A double is stored in "
<< sizeof(double) << "bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is stored
in "
<< sizeof(amount)
<< "bytes\n";
Variable Assignments and Initialization
Variable Assignments and Initialization
• An assignment statement uses the = operator to
store a value in a variable.
item = 12;
• This statement assigns the value 12 to the item
variable.
Assignment
• The variable receiving the value must appear on
the left side of the = operator.
• This will NOT work:
// ERROR!
12 = item;
Variable Initialization
• To initialize a variable means to assign it a value
when it is defined:
int length = 12;
• Can initialize some or all variables:
int length = 12, width = 5, area;
Variable Initialization in Program
Scope
Scope
• The scope of a variable: the part of the program in
which the variable can be accessed
• A variable cannot be used before it is defined
Variable Out of Scope in Program
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators
• Used for performing numeric calculations
• C++ has unary and binary operators:
– unary (1 variable) --a, a--
– binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
Binary Arithmetic Operators
SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF
ans
+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10
- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4
* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21
/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2
% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1
A Closer Look at the / Operator
• / (division) operator performs integer division if
both operands are integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 91 / 7; // displays 13
• If either operand is floating point, the result is
floating point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 13.0
A Closer Look at the % Operator
• % (modulus) operator computes the remainder
resulting from integer division
cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3
• % requires integers for both operands
cout << 13 % 5.0; // error
Comments
Comments
• Used to document parts of the program
• Intended for persons reading the source code of
the program:
– Indicate the purpose of the program
– Describe the use of variables
– Explain complex sections of code
• Are ignored by the compiler
Single-Line Comments
Begin with // through to the end of line:
int length = 12; // length in inches
int width = 15; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area
// calculate rectangle area
area = length * width;
Multi-Line Comments
• Begin with /*, end with */
• Can span multiple lines:
/* this is a multi-line
comment
*/
• Can begin and end on the same line:
int area; /* calculated area */
