CE 204: Computer Programming Sessional
Data
Arithmetic Operations 1
Ahmed Farhan Ahnaf Siddique
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
BUET
2
Variables and Their Declarations
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ // prints "m = 44 and n = 77":
int m, n;
m = 44; // assigns the value 44 to the variable m
cout << "m = " << m;
n = m + 33; // assigns the value 77 to the variable n
cout << " and n = " << n << endl;
return 0;}
➢ Both m and n are declared on the same line
➢ Any number of variables can be declared
together this way if they have the same type
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Variables and Their Declarations
➢ Every variable in a C++ program must be
declared before it is used.
➢ The syntax is specifier type name initializer;
➢ Where specifier is an optional keyword such as
const
➢ type is one of the C++ data types such as int
➢ name is the name of the variable
➢ initializer is an optional initialization clause such
as = 44
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Input Operator
➢ The input operator >> (also called the get
operator or the extraction operator) works like
the output operator <<
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ // tests the input of integers,floats,and characters:
int m,n;
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
cin >> m >> n;
cout << "m = " << m << ", n = " << n << endl;
double x,y,z;
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Input Operator
cout << "Enter three decimal numbers: ";
cin >> x >> y >> z;
cout << "x = " << x << ", y = " << y << ", z = " << z <<
endl;
char c1,c2,c3,c4 ;
cout << "Enter four characters: ";
cin >> c1 >> c2 >> c3 >> c4;
cout << "c1 = " << c1 << ", c2 = " << c2 << ", c3 = "
<< c3 << ", c4 = " << c4 << endl;
return 0;
}
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Size of Different Data Types
• The number of bites used for data types vary from
compiler to compiler, however we can get this
information by using the sizeof() operator
• sizeof() is a unary operator so it takes a single
operand and it returns an integer value that
represents the number of bytes occupied by a type
or by a variable
• you can apply sizeof operator even to an
expression and the expression does not necessarily
have to be within parenthesis
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Size of Different Data Types
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Size (number of bytes) of different data
types\n\n";
cout<<"Size of \'int \'= "<<sizeof(int)<<endl;
cout<<"Size of \'double =\'="
<<sizeof(double)<<endl;
cout<<"Size of \'short \' = "<<sizeof(short)<<endl;
cout<<"Size of \'long \' = "<<sizeof(long)<<endl;
cout<<"Size of \'float \' = "<<sizeof(float)<<endl;
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Size of Different Data Types
cout<<"Size of \'char \' = "<<sizeof(char)<<endl;
cout<<"Size of \'long double \' = "<<sizeof(long
double)<<endl;
float weight=25.0;
int serial_no=5;
cout<<"Size of \'weight \' = "<<sizeof weight<<endl;
cout<<"Size of \'serial_no \' =
"<<sizeof(serial_no)<<endl;
}
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Size of Different Data Types
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Arithmetic Operators
Operator Operation
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus (the remainder after division)
• For division, if the two operands are integer
(number or variable) then the expression returns
only the integer part of the actual result
• The operands of % must be integer
• Note: 5/2 -> 2, 5.0/2 -> 2.5, 5./2 -> 2.5, 5/2.0 -> 2.5
5%2 -> 1, 10%4 -> 2, 15%3 -> 0 11
Precedence and Associativity
• In an expression involving several different
operators, the order in which the operators are
executed is determined by their precedence rule.
▪ * / % are of higher precedence than + and –
▪ * / % are of equal precedence
▪ + and – are of equal precedence
• Suppose we have written an expression
4*5/3%4+7/3
• Which operator will be executed first?
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Precedence and Associativity
• However, we can overrule the precedence by use of
parenthesis.
• When there are consecutive operators of equal
precedence (such as in the expression 4 * 10 / 6 % 4)
then the sequence in which these will be executed
is determined by their associativity.
• * / % are left associative and these will be executed
from left to right.
• + and – are also left associative.
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Precedence and Associativity
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
cout<<endl<<endl<<" 20/4/2 = "<<20/4/2;
cout<<endl<<endl<<" (20/4)/2 = "<<(20/4)/2;
cout<<endl<<endl<<" 20/(4/2) = "<<20/(4/2)<<endl;
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Precedence and Associativity
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Precedence and Associativity
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
cout<<endl<<" 4*10/6%4 ="<<4*10/6%4;
cout<<endl<<" 4 * 10 = "<<4*10;
cout<<endl<<" 40 / 6 = "<<40/6;
cout<<endl<<" 6 % 4 = "<<6%4;
cout<<endl<<" ((4*10)/6)%4 ="<<((4*10)/6)%4;
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Precedence and Associativity
cout<<endl<<" If * / % were right associative then"
<<endl<<" the following would have occurred";
cout<<endl<<" 6 % 4 ="<<6%4;
cout<<endl<<" 10 / 2 ="<<10/2;
cout<<endl<<" 4 * 5 ="<<4*5;
cout<<endl<<" 4*(10/(6%4)) ="<<4*(10/(6%4))<<endl;
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Precedence and Associativity
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Precedence and Associativity
• However, in an expression such as
4*5/3%4+7/3
we cannot say whether the sub-expression
▪ 4 * 5 / 3 % 4 will be evaluated first or,
▪ 7 / 3 will be evaluated first
• It depends on the compiler, and we don’t need to
know it because the result is same for both the
cases.
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Assignment Operator
int age;
age = 25;
• 25 is stored in the integer memory location
named age.
• We cannot write statements like:
25 = age;
• The left side of the “=” operator must be a single
variable.
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Assignment Operator
a = 5.2;
b = a + 4;
• The right side is first evaluated and then the result is
stored in the variable to the left.
int weight;
weight = 25.5;
cout<<weight;
• The output will be 25 not 25.5 because weight is
declared as int type.
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Assignment Operator
• We can write statements as below :
length = width = 5;
apples = oranges = 50;
a = b = c / 2.2;
• Remember the “=” operator is right associative
• Therefore, in the first one of the above examples 5 is
first stored in width and then the value in width is
stored in length.
• So, it is effectively
length = (width = 5); 22
Assignment Operator
fruits = ( oranges = 10) + ( apples = 11) ;
• This will store 10 in oranges, 11 in apples, then add
the two together and store the result in fruits.
• Suppose part of a program is as below:
double length;
length = 5.5;
length = 7.0;
cout << length;
• You will get 7.0 as output.
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Assignment Operator
a = a+2;
• This statement will first evaluate a+2 and then store
the value back into variable a (it is implied that the
variable a must have been assigned a value before
this statement)
• Instead of the above statement we can write a+=2;
this statement has the same effect.
• a *= b+5; is same as a =a * (b+5);
• length /= 5; is same as length = length /5;
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Composite Assignment Operators
• The standard assignment operator in C++ is the equals
sign “=”
• In addition to this operator, C++ also includes the
following composite assignment operators: +=, -=, *=,
/=, and %=
• When applied to a variable on the left, each applies the
indicated arithmetic operation to it using the value of
the expression on the right.
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Composite Assignment Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ // tests arithmetic assignment operators:
int n=22;
cout << "n = " << n << endl;
n += 9; // adds 9 to n
cout << "After n += 9, n = " << n << endl;
n -= 5; // subtracts 5 from n
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Composite Assignment Operators
cout << "After n -= 5, n = " << n << endl;
n *= 2; // multiplies n by 2
cout << "After n *= 2, n = " << n << endl;
n /= 3; // divides n by 3
cout << "After n /= 3, n = " << n << endl;
n %= 7; // reduces n to the remainder from dividing
by 7
cout << "After n %= 7, n = " << n << endl;
}
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Composite Assignment Operators
28
Library Functions
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Thank You!
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