TYPES AND

COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
by EAINT KHIT

www.reallygreatsite.com Tr. Zin Wah Oo

LIST OF CONTENTS

01 03 05
HARDWARE ANALOGUE AND INTERNAL MEMORY
DIGITAL DATA (RAM AND ROM)

02 04 06
SOFTWARE CENTRAL INPUT AND OUTPUT
PROCESSING UNIT DEVICES
(CPU)
Page 03 of 15
LIST OF CONTENTS

07 09
BACKING
STORE TYPES OF
COMPUTER

08 10
OPERATING EMERGING
SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES

Page 03 of 15
HARDWARE
Hardware is the general term for the physical
example :
components that make up a typical computer system
Two categories: internal and external.

EXTERNAL DEVICES :
plotter :

Input device Output device

keyboard monitor

printer :
mouse printer

camera plotter

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HARDWARE
INTERNAL HARDWARE DEVICES:
example :
motherboard

» central processing unit (CPU)/processor

» random access memory (RAM)

» read-only memory (ROM)

» graphics card

» sound card

» network interface card (NIC)

» internal storage devices (hard disk drive and

solid-state drive).
Tr. Zin Wah Oo
SOFTWARE

Software is the general term used for the programs that

control the computer system and process data.

Two categories: applications and system.

 Applications software System software
SOFTWARE
» word processing » compilers

» database (management
» device drivers
system)

Applications software provides » spreadsheet » linkers

the services that the user

» control and measurement
requires to solve a given task. software
» operating systems

» apps and applets » utilities.

System software is the software
» video editing
designed to provide a platform
on which all other software can » graphics editing

run.
» audio editing

» computer-aided design
(CAD)
Tr. Zin Wah Oo
 ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL DATA

Computers can only understand data (binary format)

referred to as digital data
data in the real world is actually analogue in nature.
Analogue data is physical data that changes smoothly from one value to
the next, and not in discrete steps as with digital data.

If analogue data is being sent to a computer, it must first be converted

into digital data.
done by hardware known as an analogue to digital converter (ADC).

If the computer is controlling a device (such as a motor) then the digital

output from the computer needs to be converted into analogue form.
done by a digital to analogue converter (DAC).
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER SYSTEMS

The internal hardware devices

Four key components:

the central processing unit (CPU)

internal hard disk drive or solid-state drive
random access memory (RAM)
read-only memory (ROM).
 CPU
the part of the computer that interprets and executes the
commands from the computer hardware and software. example :
(normally part of the computer motherboard).

CPUs used to be made up of discrete components and

numerous small integrated circuits; these were combined
together on one or more circuit board(s).

the CPU is now referred to as a microprocessor.

is made up of a control unit which controls the input and

output devices; an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 INTERNAL MEMORY

Random access memory (RAM) Read-only memory (ROM)

an internal chip where data is temporarily stored a memory used to store information that
when running applications. needs to be permanent.
memory can be written to and read from. often used to contain configuration data for
referred to as a volatile or temporary memory. a computer system.
Chips used for ROM cannot be altered and
can only be read from
referred to as non-volatile memories.
RAM
&
ROM
Page 06 of 15
INPUT AND OUTPUT
DEVICES
Input devices are hardware that allows data to be entered
example :
into a computer
use either manual entry or direct data entry
turn input into a form the computer can understand

An output device shows the computer’s output in a form

that is understood by a human
When a computer processes data, and the human
operator wants to see the results of the processing, then
the computer sends the data to an output device.

Some devices can act as both input and output. For

example, a touch screen
Tr. Zin Wah Oo
BACKING STORAGE

permanently store large amounts

of data(non-volatile.) - hard disk
drive (HDD) or solid-state drive
(SSD).

are the main internal storage

where the applications software,
disk operating system and files
are stored.
 OPERATING SYSTEMS

To enable computer systems to function and to allow users to communicate with computer systems,
special software, known as operating systems (OS)

The general tasks for a typical operating system include:

» control of the operation of the input, output and backing storage

devices
» supervising the loading, running and storage of applications
programs
» dealing with errors that occur in application programs
» maintaining security of the whole computer system
» maintaining a computer log (which details computer usage)
» allowing communication between user and the computer system
(user interface)
 USER INTERFACES

Operating systems offer various types of user interface.

four different types:

» command line interface (CLI)

» graphical user interface (GUI)
» dialogue-based user interface
» gesture-based user interface.

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COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI)

is a text-based interface that is used to

operate software and operating systems
while allowing the user to respond to visual
prompts by typing single commands into the
interface and receiving a reply in the same
way.

requires a user to type in instructions to

choose options from menus, open software,
etc. (to save or load a file.)
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

allows the user to interact with a computer (or MP3

player, gaming device, mobile phone, etc.) using
pictures or symbols (icons) rather than having to type
in a number of commands.

use various technologies and devices to provide the

user interface.

WIMP (windows icons menu and pointing device) -

most common
was developed for use on personal computers (PC)
WIMP interaction, where fingers are in contact with
the screen allowing actions
 COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI)
&
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

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DIALOGUE-BASED USER INTERFACES GESTURE-BASED INTERFACES

use the human voice to give commands to a rely on human interaction by the moving of
computer system. hands, head or even the feet.

example - use in some luxury modern cars, Gesture recognition allows humans to interface
with a computer in a more natural fashion
where voice activation is used to control
without the need for any mechanical devices.
devices such as the in-car entertainment
system or satellite navigation system. This type of interface uses techniques known as
computer vision and image processing.

example - Use in car < rotating a finger clockwise

near the radio will increase the sound volume>
DIALOGUE-BASED USER INTERFACES
&
GESTURE-BASED INTERFACES
DESKTOP COMPUTERS

Desktop usually refers to a general-purpose computer that is made up

of separate monitor, keyboard, mouse and processor unit.

Uses - office, business work, educational use, gaming device, general

entertainment.
MOBILE COMPUTERS

Mobile computers which are considerably more portable than desktop computers.

four categories:
» laptop computers
» smartphones
» tablets
» phablets.

LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK)

refers to a type of computer where the monitor, keyboard, pointing device and processor are all
together in one single unit. This makes them extremely portable.

Key features - lightweight, low power consumption , low heat output Tr. Zin Wah Oo
LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK)

Uses - office, business work, educational use,

general entertainment, used in control and
monitoring
SMARTPHONES

allow normal phone calls to be made, but also

have an operating system (such as iOS, Android
or Windows) allowing them to run a number of
computer applications (known as apps or
applets)

allow users to send/receive emails, use a

number of apps, use a camera feature, MP3/4
players and so on.

Smartphones communicate with the internet

either by using Wi-Fi hot spots or by using
3G/4G/5G mobile phone networks.
SMARTPHONES

» high-definition, anti-glare displays

» front- and back-facing cameras
» lower weight and longer battery life than laptops
» use Bluetooth for connection to printers and other
devices
» make use of flash (solid state) memory and cloud
storage facilities to back up and synchronise data
sources
» they use a number of sensors to carry out the
following functions

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SMARTPHONES
TABLETS

are becoming an increasingly used type of

mobile computer.
use touch screen technology and do not have a
conventional keyboard.
The keyboard is virtual; that is, it is part of the
touch screen and keys are activated by simply
touching them with a finger or a stylus.
Internet access is usually through Wi-Fi or
3G/4G/5G
are equipped with a series of sensors which
include camera, microphone, accelerometer and
touch screen.
typical features of tablets are identical to those
of a smartphone
TABLETS

Uses(smartphones, tablets and phablets) - entertainment, gaming, as a camera, internet

use, sending/receiving emails, global positioning system, calendar functions and so on.
EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI is a machine or application which carries out a task that

requires some degree of intelligence.

example:
– the use of language
– recognising a person’s face
– the ability to operate machinery, such as a car, aeroplane, train,
and so on
– analysing data to predict the outcome of a future event, for
example weather forecasting

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF AI

could lead to many job losses in a number of areas

dependency on technology and the inability to carry out tasks
done by robots, for example, could be an issue in the future
loss of skills
Tr. Zin Wah Oo
EXTENDED REALITY

Extended reality (XR) refers to real and virtual combined environments, and is a ‘catch all’ term for all immersive technologies.

The three most common examples at the moment are:

» augmented reality (AR)

» virtual reality (VR)
» mixed reality (MR).
AUGMENTED REALITY (AR)

THE FEATURES OF AUGMENTED REALITY INCLUDE:

allow the user to experience the relationship between digital (virtual) and physical (real) worlds
virtual information and objects are overlaid onto real-world situations
the real world is enhanced with digital details, such as images, text and animation
the user can experience the AR world through special goggles or via smartphone/phablet
screens
the user is not isolated from the real world and is still able to interact and see what is going on
in front of them

example - Pokémon GO game which overlays digital creatures onto real-world situations.

IMPACTS
safety and rescue operations (possible to provide 3D images of an area where a rescue mission is to take place)
entertainment (possible to interact with the characters)
shopping and retail ( using your smartphone camera you can try out make-up)
healthcare (doctors can make use of AR to have a better understanding of a patient’s body; software), etc.
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)

THE FEATURES OF VIRTUAL REALITY INCLUDE:

the ability to take the user out of the real-world environment into a virtual (unreal) digital environment

in contrast to AR, the user is fully immersed in a simulated digital world

users must wear a VR headset or a head-mounted display which allows a 360° view of the virtual world

this technology can be used to good effect in: medicine, construction, engineering and the military.

IMPACTS

military applications (training to operate a new tank)

education (looking inside an ancient building)

healthcare (as a diagnostic tool to recommend treatment)

entertainment (make it seem very real)

fashion ( to do fashion shows before doing the real thing), etc.

 THANKS
FOR WATCHING

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