Disadvantages of Database

 1. Increased Cost
 Cost of Hardware and Software –
This is the first disadvantage of the database management system. This is because, for DBMS, it is
mandatory to have a high-speed processor and also a large memory size.
 Cost of Staff Training –
Educated staff (database administrator, application programmers, data entry operations) who maintains
the database management system also requires a good amount of salary.
 2. Complexity:
As we all know that nowadays all companies are using the database management system as it
fulfills lots of requirements and also solves the problem. But a problem arises, that is all this
functionality has made the database management system an extremely complex software.
 3. Performance:
The traditional file system is written for small organizations and for some specific applications
due to which performance is generally very good. But for the small-scale firms, DBMS does not
give a good performance as its speed is very slow.
 4. Frequency Upgrade:
Nowadays in this world, we need to stay up-to-date about the latest technologies, developments
arriving in the market. Frequently upgrade of the products is done by the DBMS vendors to add
new functionality to the systems.
 2. Complexity:
As we all know that nowadays all companies are using the database management system as it
fulfills lots of requirements and also solves the problem. But a problem arises, that is all this
functionality has made the database management system an extremely complex software.
 3. Performance:
The traditional file system is written for small organizations and for some specific applications
due to which performance is generally very good. But for the small-scale firms, DBMS does not
give a good performance as its speed is very slow.
 4. Frequency Upgrade:
Nowadays in this world, we need to stay up-to-date about the latest technologies, developments
arriving in the market. Frequently upgrade of the products is done by the DBMS vendors to add
new functionality to the systems.
DBMS (Database Management System)

 Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of

interrelated data and a set of software tools/programs that
access, process, and manipulate data. It allows access,
retrieval, and use of that data by considering appropriate
security measures. The Database Management system (DBMS) is
really useful for better data integration and security
 Objective of DBMS
 Provide for mass storage of relevant data.
 Making easy access to data for authorized user.
 Providing prompt response to users’ request for data.
 Allow multiple users to be active at one time.
 Protect the data from physical harm and unauthorized access.
 Provide security with user access privilege.
 Combining interrelated data to generate report.
 Provide multiple views for same data.
 Advantages of DBMS
 Data integration: Due to the Database Management System we have access to well-managed and
synchronized forms of data thus it makes data handling very easy and gives an integrated view of
how a particular organization is working and also helps to keep track of how one segment of the
company affects another segment.
 Data abstraction: The major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract
view of the data. Since many complex algorithms are used by the developers to increase the
efficiency of databases that are being hidden by the users through various data abstraction levels
to allow users to easily interact with the system.
 Reduction in data Redundancy: When working with a structured database, DBMS provides the
feature to prevent the input of duplicate items in the database. for e.g. – If there are two same
students in different rows, then one of the duplicate data will be deleted.
 Data sharing: A DBMS provides a platform for sharing data across multiple applications and users,
which can increase productivity and collaboration.
 Data consistency and accuracy: DBMS ensures that data is consistent and accurate by enforcing
data integrity constraints and preventing data duplication. This helps to eliminate data
discrepancies and errors that can occur when data is stored and managed manually.

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 Data organization: A DBMS provides a systematic approach to organizing data in a structured
way, which makes it easier to retrieve and manage data efficiently.
 Efficient data access and retrieval: DBMS allows for efficient data access and retrieval by
providing indexing and query optimization techniques that speed up data retrieval. This reduces
the time required to process large volumes of data and increases the overall performance of the
system.
 Concurrency and maintained Atomicity: That means, if some operation is performed on one
particular table of the database, then the change must be reflected for the entire
database. The DBMS allows concurrent access to multiple users by using the synchronization
technique.
 Scalability and flexibility: DBMS is highly scalable and can easily accommodate changes in data
volumes and user requirements. DBMS can easily handle large volumes of data, and can scale up
or down depending on the needs of the organization. It provides flexibility in data storage,
retrieval, and manipulation, allowing users to easily modify the structure and content of the
database as needed.
 Data Security: The more accessible and usable the database, the more it is prone to security
issues. As the number of users increases, the data transferring or data sharing rate also
increases thus increasing the risk of data security. It is widely used in the corporate world where
companies invest large amounts of money, time, and effort to ensure data is secure and used
properly. A Database Management System (DBMS) provides a better platform for data privacy
and security policies thus, helping companies to improve Data Security.
 Disadvantages of DBMS
 Complexity
The provision of the functionality that is expected of a good DBMS makes the DBMS an
extremely complex piece of software. Database designers, developers, database administrators
and end-users must understand this functionality to take full advantage of it. Failure to
understand the system can lead to bad design decisions, which leads to a serious consequence
for an organization.
 Size
The functionality of DBMS makes use of a large piece of software which occupies megabytes
of disk space.
 Performance
Performance may not run as fast as desired.
 Higher impact of a failure
The centralization of resources increases the vulnerability of the system because all users
and applications rely on the availability of DBMS, the failure of any component can bring
operation to halt.
 Cost of DBMS
The cost of DBMS varies significantly depending on the environment and functionality
provided. There is also the recurrent annual maintenance cost.
 Database Model
Database model are used to organize data. It determines the manner in which data can be
stored, organized and manipulated in a database system. The different types of database model
are given below :
1. Hierarchical Database Model :
It is the oldest model database. We frequently find data exhibiting a hierarchical( level
or tee structure ) relationship. For example : data on customer, order and term ordered are in
hierarchy as follows:
2. Network Database model :
In network database models network of connection between data elements are established. This
model overcomes the problem faced in hierarchical model of searching from bottom or middle. This
model is more flexible than hierarchical model as it represent many to many relationship. It allows
each record to have multiple parents and multiple children.
3. Relational Database Model :
In relational database model, a collection of data items is organized in a table from which
data can be accessed in many different ways. This model can handle many to many relationship
smoothly. The data on customer order and item ordered are managed in table as follows :
 Basic things to know
 Fields: fields contains a piece of information of an entry in database. A database field is a
set of data values, of the same data type, in a table. It is also referred to as a column or an
attribute.
 Records: one full set of fields i.e. all the related information above one person or objects is
called the record. A record in a database is an object that can contain one or more values.

 Table : A computer collection of record is called a table. A table contains rows and columns.
Tables are database objects that contain all the data in a database. In tables, data is
logically organized in a row-and-column format similar to a spreadsheet. Each row
represents a unique record, and each column represents a field in the record.
#Concepts for relational database system.
1. Entity: An entity is a class of a persons, places, objects, events or concepts in the real
world. i.e. different from object. An entity is an object that exists. ... In database
administration, an entity can be a single thing, person, place, or object. Data can be stored
about such entities. A design tool that allows database administrators to view the
relationships between several entities is called the entity relationship diagram (ERD)..
Entity is also called entity type or entity class. Following are the different entities :
 Person : contractor, Teacher, Employee, students, parents etc.
 Place :zone , Region, country , branch etc
 Object : Tool, Machine , buildings, products etc.
 Event : Application, sales, award, Registration, renewal etc
 Concept : qualification, Account, work center etc.
 Attributes : Attributes are properties possessed by each member of element, property or field.
 Identification : A primary key is that candidate key which