Data Types in Java
In programming languages, every value or data has an associated type known as data type.
Java supports various data types. These data types are categorized into,
Primitive Data Types
Non-Primitive Data Types
Primitive Data Types
Primitive data types are those that are predefined by the programming language (Java).
boolean: In general, anything that can take one of two possible values is considered a
boolean. In Java, true and false are considered boolean values.
boolean canLearn = true;
byte: The byte data type is used to store integers without any fractional part whose values
are in the range -128 to 127.
byte points = 100;
short : The short data type is used to store integers without any fractional part whose
values are in the range -32,768 to 32,767.
short number = 28745;
int: The int data type is used to store integers without any fractional part whose values are
in the range -231 to 231-1.
int distance = 2036372;
long: The long data type is used to store integers without any fractional part whose values
are in the range -263 to 263-1. The long values should contain the suffix 'l' or 'L'.
long area = 2036372549999L;
float: The float data type is used to store any number with a decimal point. The float data
type stores a value up to 7 point precision (ex: 12.1234567). The float values should contain
the suffix 'f' or 'F’.
float height = 5.10f;
double: The double data type is used to store any number with a decimal point. The double
data type stores a value up to 16 point precision. The double values may contain the suffix 'd'
or 'D'.
double breadth = 9.2345D;
Non-Primitive Data Types
These data types are used to store multiple values. Non-primitive data types are defined by
the programmer.
In Java programming, all non-primitive data types are simply called objects.
Some commonly used non-primitive data types are,
String
Array
Class
String: The String data type is simply a sequence of characters. In Java, double quotes (")
are used to represent a string.
String name = "Rahul";
Array: In Java, an array is an object used to store similar data type values. In Java, the
number of elements that an array can store is always fixed.
int[] arr = {60, 25, 20, 15, 30};
Conditional Statements
Conditional Statement: Conditional Statement allows us to execute a block of code only
when a specific condition is true.
If…Else Statements: When an if...else conditional statement is used, the if block of
code executes when the condition is true, otherwise the else block of code is executed.
int token = 20;
if (token == 20)
System.out.println("Collect Water Bottle");
else
System.out.println("Invalid Token");
// Output is:
Collect Water Bottle
Else if Statement: Java provides an else if statement to have multiple conditional
statements between if and else. The else if statement is optional. We can add any
number of else if statements after if conditional block.
int token = 20;
if (token == 10)
System.out.println("Collect Chips");
else if(token == 20)
System.out.println("Collect Soft Drink");
else
System.out.println("Invalid Token");
// Output is:
Collect Soft Drink
Switch: A switch block can have multiple case or default labels. The switch statement
allows us to execute a block of code among many cases.
switch (100 / 10) {
case 10:
System.out.println("Ten");
break;
case 20:
System.out.println("Twenty");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Other Number");
break;
// Output is:
Ten
Nested Conditions: The conditional statements inside another conditional statement is
called a nested conditional statement.
int token = 30;
char softDrink = 'S';
if (token == 30) {
if (softDrink == 'S')
System.out.println("Collect Sprite");
else if (softDrink == 'F')
System.out.println("Collect Fanta");
else
System.out.println("Invalid Option");
}
else
System.out.println("Invalid Token");
// Output is:
Collect Sprite
String - working with strings
Creating Strings:
Using String Literals: A string literal is a value which is enclosed in double quotes ("
").
String str = "ABC";
Using new Keyword: A string can be created by initializing the String class with the
new keyword.
String str1 = new String(str);
String Concatenation: The concat() method appends one string to the end of another
string. Using this method we can concatenate only two strings.
String concatenatedStr = "Hello ".concat("World");
System.out.println(concatenatedStr); // Hello World
System.out.println("Hello " + "World"); // Hello World
Length of String: The string object has a length() method that returns the number of
characters in a given string.
String name = "Rahul";
int strLength = name.length();
System.out.println(strLength); // 5
String Indexing: We can access an individual character in a string using their positions.
These positions are also called indexes.
The charAt() method is used to get the character at a specified index in a string.
String name = "Rahul";
char firstLetter = name.charAt(0);
System.out.println(firstLetter); // R
String Slicing: Obtaining a part of a string is called string slicing. The substring() method
can be used to access a part of the string.
String message = "Welcome to Java";
String part = message.substring(0, 5);
System.out.println(part); // Welco
Slicing to end
String message = "Welcome to Java";
String part = message.substring(11);
System.out.println(part); // Java
String Repetition: The repeat() method returns a string whose value is the concatenation
of the given string repeated N times.
If the string is empty or the count is zero then the empty string is returned.
String str = "Rahul";
System.out.println(str.repeat(2)); // RahulRahul
Calculations in Java
Addition: Addition is denoted by + sign. It gives the sum of two numbers.
System.out.println(2 + 5); // 7
System.out.println(1 + 1.5); // 2.5
Subtraction: Subtraction is denoted by - sign. It gives the difference between the two
numbers.
System.out.println(5 - 2); // 3
Multiplication: Multiplication is denoted by * sign. It gives the product of two numbers.
System.out.println(5 * 2); // 10
System.out.println(5 * 0.5); // 2.5
Division: Division is denoted by / sign. It returns the quotient as a result.
System.out.println(5 / 2); // 2
System.out.println(4 / 2); // 2
Modulo operation: Modulo is denoted by % sign. It returns the modulus (remainder) as a
result.
System.out.println(5 % 2); // 1
System.out.println(4 % 2); // 0
Input and Output Basics
Take Input From User: The Scanner class in the package java.util is used to read user
input.
import java.util.Scanner;
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String username = input.nextLine();
System.out.println(username);
input.close();
}
Following are the methods, used to read different types of inputs from the user:
Method Description
nextInt() Reads an int value
nextLong() Reads a long value
nextFloat() Reads a float value
nextBoolean() Reads a boolean value
next() Reads a String value only until a space(" ") is encountered
nextLine() Reads a String value till the end of line
nextDouble() Reads a double value
nextShort() Reads a short value
nextByte() Reads a byte value
Printing the Output
In Java, we have different methods available to print the output to the console.
The print() accepts a value as a parameter and prints text on the console. It prints the
result in the same line.
System.out.print("Hello ");
System.out.print("Rahul");
// Output is:
Hello Rahul
The println() accepts a value as a parameter and prints text on the console. It prints the
result in the new line.
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("Rahul");
// Output is:
Hello
Rahul
Comments
Single-line comments start with two forward slashes //
// This is a comment
Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */. In between these, we can write any
number of statements.
/* This is a
Multi-line Comment */
String Methods
Method Syntax Usage
trim() str.trim(); removes all the leading and trailing spaces
of the given string and returns a new
string.
toLowerCase( str.toLowerCase(); converts each character of the given string
) to lowercase and returns a new string.
toUpperCase() str.toUpperCase(); converts each character of the given string
to uppercase and returns a new string.
startsWith() str.startsWith(value returns true if the given string starts with
); the specified value. Otherwise, false is
returned.
endsWith() str.endsWith(value); returns true if the given string ends with
the specified value. Otherwise, false is
returned.
replace() str.replace(old, replaces all the occurrences of the old
latest); character/substring with the latest
character/substring and returns a new
string.
replaceFirst() str.replaceFirst(old, returns a new string after replacing the first
latest); occurrence of the old substring with the
latest substring.
split() str.split(separator); used to split the string at the specified
separator. It returns an array of substrings.
join() String.join(delimiter, joins the given elements with the specified
str1, str2, ...); delimiter and returns a new string.
equals() str1.equals(str2); It returns true if the given strings are equal.
Otherwise false is returned.
equalsIgnoreC str1.equalsIgnoreC It works similar to equals(), but ignores the
ase() ase(str2); case difference between the strings.
compareTo() str1.compareTo(str used to compare two strings based on the
2); Unicode values.
compareToIgn str1.compareToIgn It works similar to the compareTo() but
oreCase() oreCase(str2); ignores the case difference between the
strings.
String Formatting
As Java is a statically typed language, it requires the data type of value to be specified that is
going to be formatted. This is done with the help of format specifiers.
The format specifiers define the type of data that is going to be used. Below are the
commonly used format specifiers:
Specifier Description
%s, %S Used for string values
%b, %B Used for boolean values
%c, %C Used for characters
%d Used for integers i.e., int, long etc.
%f Used for floating-point values like float and double
%e, %E Used for a scientific notation for floating-point values
String.format() Method: In Java, string formatting can be done using the format() method
of the String class. This method returns the formatted string.
String name = "James";
int age = 20;
String formattedStr;
formattedStr = String.format("%s is %d years old", name, age);
System.out.println(formattedStr);
// Output is:
James is 20 years old
printf() Method: The System.out.printf() method can be used to directly format and
print the string.
String name = "James";
int age = 20;
System.out.printf("%s is %d years old", name, age);
// Output is:
James is 20 years old
Formatting Decimal Numbers: For floating-point numbers, we can specify the number of
digits after the decimal point needs to be formatted.
float runRate = 10.2564f;
System.out.printf("Actual Run rate: %f\n", runRate);
System.out.printf("Run rate rounded to 2 decimals: %.2f",
runRate);
// Output is:
Actual Run rate: 10.256400
Run rate rounded to 2 decimals: 10.26
DecimalFormat Class: The DecimalFormat class from the package java.text used to
format decimal numbers. The format() method takes a double or long value and
returns a String value. If float or int are data types are passed, they are implicitly
converted to double and long respectively.
double doubleNum = 1.666;
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#.##");
System.out.println(df.format(doubleNum)); // 1.67
Numbering Format Specifiers: We can provide an argument index for the format specifiers. It
indicates which argument to be inserted at its position.
String name = "James";
int age = 20;
System.out.printf("%2$s is %1$d years old", age, name);
// Output is:
James is 20 years old
Character Methods
Method Syntax Usage
isLetter( Character.isLetter( checks whether the given character is an alphabet
) value); and returns a boolean value.
isDigit() Character.isDigit(v checks whether the given character is a
alue); number/digit and returns a boolean value.
isWhiteS Character.isWhite checks whether the given character is a
pace() space(value); whitespace and returns a boolean value.
isUpper Character.isUpper checks whether the given character is an
Case() Case(value); uppercase letter and returns a boolean value.
isLower Character.isLower checks whether the given character is a lowercase
Case() Case(value); letter and returns a boolean value.
toUpper Character.toUpper converts the given lowercase letter to uppercase
Case() Case(value); and returns the new character.
toLower Character.toLower converts the uppercase letter to lowercase and
Case() Case(value); returns the new character.
toString( Character.toString converts the character into the respective string.
) (value);
Relational & Logical Operators
Relational Operators are used to compare values. It returns true or false as the result of a
comparison.
Operator Name Example Output
> Is greater than 2>1 true
< Is less than 5 < 10 true
== Is equal to 3 == 4 false
<= Is less than or equal to 2 <= 1 false
>= Is greater than or equal to 2 >= 1 true
!= Is not equal to 2 != 1 true
Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values. These will also
produce a true or false as a result.
Name Example Output
&& (5 < 10) && (1 < 2) true
|| (5 < 10) || (2 < 2) true
! !(2 < 3) false
Logical Operators Truth Table:
A B A && B
true true true
true false false
false false false
false true false
A B A || B
true true true
true false true
false false false
false true true
A !A
true false
false true
Ternary Operator
Ternary Operator: Ternary Operator is a conditional operator which works similar to
if...else statements.
int num1 = 345
int num2 = 689
int largest = num1 > num2 ? num1 : num2 ;
System.out.println(largest); // 689
Nested Ternary Operator: A Ternary operator can be used inside another ternary
operator. It is called the nested ternary operator.
int a = 345
int b = 689
int c = 986
int largest = (a >= b) ? ((a >= c) ? a : c) : ((b >= c) ? b :
c);
System.out.println(largest); // 986
More Arithmetic Operators
Compound Assignment Operators: Compound assignment operators provide a
shorter way to assign an expression to a variable.
There are different compound assignment operators available in Java: +=, -=, *=, /=,
%=, etc.
int a = 10;
int b = 11;
a -= 2;
b %= 3;
System.out.println(a); // 8
System.out.println(b); // 2
Unary Operators: The unary operators are those that operate upon a single operand and
produce a new value. We have learned some of the unary operators like the logical NOT
(!) operator. A few other unary operators are,
Increment Operator
Decrement Operator
Increment Operator: The Increment Operator (++) is an operator which is used to
increment the value of a variable by 1, on which it is applied.
The increment operator can be used in two ways:
Prefix (++x): If an Increment operator is used in front of an operand, then it is called a
Prefix.
int a = 10;
++a;
int number = ++a;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("number = " + number);
// Output is:
a = 12
number = 12
Postfix (x++): If an Increment operator is used after an operand, then is called a
Postfix.
int a = 10;
a++;
int number = a++;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("number = " + number);
// Output is:
a = 12
number = 11
Decrement Operator: The Decrement operator is an operator which is used to decrease
the value of the variable by 1, on which it is applied.
The decrement operator can also be used in two ways:
Prefix (--x): Prefix decrement is similar to prefix increment, except that the
variable value is decremented by one instead of being incremented.
int a = 10;
--a;
int number = --a;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("number = " + number);
// Output is:
a = 8
number = 8
Postfix (x--): Postfix decrement is similar to postfix increment, except that the
variable value is decremented by one instead of being incremented.
int a = 10;
a--;
int number = a--;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("number = " + number);
// Output is:
a = 8
number = 9
Escape Sequences: A character with a backslash \ just before a character is called an
escape character or escape sequence.
Most commonly used escape sequences include:
\n New Line
\t Tab Space
\\ Backslash
\' Single Quote
\" Double Quote
