Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603

(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Department of Computer Engineering

(NBA Accredited)

Subject- Computer Organization & Architecture

Unit 2 – Computer Arithmetic
Introduction

Dr. D. B. Kshirsagar, Professor & Head

E-mail : hodcompcoe@sanjivani.org.in
Contact No: 02434 – 222862 Ext :141, 9890472165
 Arithmetic & Logic Unit
• Plays role in Execution phase of instructions
• Does the calculations
• Performs arithmetic and logical operations
• Handles integers
• May handle floating point (real) numbers
• May be separate FPU (math co-processor)
• May be on chip separate FPU (486DX +)

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 ALU Inputs and Outputs

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 Integer Representation
• Only have 0 & 1 to represent everything
• Positive numbers stored in binary
• e.g. 41=00101001
• No minus sign
• No period
• How to represent signed numbers ?
• Sign-Magnitude
• Two’s compliment
• How to represent floating point numbers ?
• floating point number representation formats (Binary form with different
fields – IEEE 754 standards)

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 Sign-Magnitude

• Left most bit (MSB) is sign bit

• 0 means positive
• 1 means negative Sign Magnitude
• +18 = 00010010 0 1… n-1
• -18 = 10010010 000 111
• Problems
• Need to consider both sign and magnitude in arithmetic
• Two representations of zero (+0 and -0)
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 -3 to +3

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 Two’s Complement
• 2’s Complement = 1’s complement + 1 (Binary addition)
0 + 0 = 00
• +3 = 00000011 (8 bit format) 0 + 1 = 01
• +2 = 00000010 1 + 0 = 01
1 + 1 = 10
• +1 = 00000001
• +0 = 00000000
• -1 = 11111111 0000 0001 1111 1110 + 1 = 1111 1111
• -2 = 11111110
• -3 = 11111101 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
• Represent 1 and -1 with 2 bit, 4 bit, 6 bit and 8 bit format
• What is the number represented by 2’s complement form - 11, 1111, 11111111

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 Benefits

• One representation of zero

• Arithmetic works easily
• Negating is fairly easy
• 3 = 00000011
• Boolean complement gives 11111100
• Add 1 to LSB 11111101

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 Exercise
• Represent signed 3-bit and 4-bit numbers using both forms.
Signed Magnitude 2’s Complement Signed Magnitude 2’s Complement
000 (0) 000 0 0000 (0) 0000
001 (1) 001 1 0001 (1) 0001
010 (2) 010 2 0010 Range -
011 (3) 011 3 0011
• 3 bit nos
-4 to +3
100 (-0) 100 -4 0100
• 4 bit nos
101 (-1) 101 -3 0101 -8 to +7
110 (-2) 110 -2 0110 • n bits ?
111 (-3) 111 -1 0111 (7) 0111
1000 (-0) 1000 -8
1001 1001 -7
1010 1010 -6

1111 -7 1111 -1

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 8

 Geometric Depiction of Two’s Complement Integers

n=4 n=5
-8 to +7 -16 to +15

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 Negation Special Case 1

• 0= 00000000
• Bitwise not 11111111
• Add 1 to LSB +1
• Result 1 00000000
• Overflow is ignored, so:
•-0=0

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 Negation Special Case 2
• -128 = 10000000
• bitwise not 01111111
• 2’s Complement of –ve number gives same
• Add 1 to LSB +1 +ve number
• Result 10000000 • What could be the range of n bit numbers
represented using 2’s complement form ?
• So -(-128) = -128 X • e.g. Range of 3 bit and 4 bit numbers ?
• Monitor MSB (sign bit) • In both forms, -ve nos are having 1 at MSB

• It should change during negation

• Means 8 bits are not sufficient to represent -128 OR + 128
• So take 9 bits
• + 128 = 010000000
• -128 = 110000000 OR 10000000 (8 or 9 bits ?)
• With 8 bit range is -128 to +127
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 Range of Numbers

• 8 bit 2’s complement

• +127 = 01111111 = 27 -1
• -128 = 10000000 = -27
• 16 bit 2’s complement
• +32767 = 011111111 11111111 = 215 - 1
• -32768 = 100000000 00000000 = -215

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 Conversion Between Lengths (Sign Extension)

• Positive number pack with leading zeros

• +18 = 00010010
• +18 = 00000000 00010010
• Negative numbers pack with leading ones
• -18 = 10010010
• -18 = 11111111 10010010
• i.e. pack with MSB (sign bit)

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 Book References
• William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing
for performance, Pearson Education/ Prentice Hall of India, 10th
Edition

• Zaky S, Hamacher, Computer Organization, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill

Publications, 5th Edition

• John P Hays, Computer Architecture and Organization, McGraw-Hill

Publication, 3rd Edition.

• A. Tannenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Prentice Hall of

India 4th Edition

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