Detailed Notes on DBMS - Unit 1 & Unit
2
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DBMS
1. Overview of DBMS
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that enables users to
define, create, maintain, and control access to databases.
2. Database System vs File System
File System: Data stored in separate files; lacks security, consistency, and
concurrency control.
DBMS: Provides centralized control, better data integrity, security, and concurrency
control.
3. Database System Concepts
Key concepts include Data, Schema, Instance, Metadata, and Constraints.
4. Data Models
Types of Data Models:
- Hierarchical Model
- Network Model
- Relational Model
- Object-Oriented Model
5. Advantages of DBMS
1. Data Redundancy Control
2. Data Integrity and Consistency
3. Data Security
4. Concurrency Control
5. Backup and Recovery
6. Schema and Instances
Schema: Logical design of the database.
Instance: Snapshot of the data at a given time.
7. Three Schema Architecture
Consists of:
- External Level (User View)
- Conceptual Level (Logical View)
- Internal Level (Physical Storage)
8. Data Independence
Logical and Physical Data Independence allows changes in schema without affecting
user applications.
9. Database Languages and Interfaces
Languages: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL.
Interfaces: Menu-based, Form-based, GUI, Natural Language
10. Disadvantages of DBMS
1. High Cost
2. Complex System
3. Large Size
4. Training Requirement
11. Data Modeling using ER Model
ER Model is used for logical database design. It includes:
- Entities
- Attributes
- Relationships
Notations: Rectangles (Entities), Ovals (Attributes), Diamonds (Relationships)
Mapping Constraints: One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many
Keys: Super Key, Candidate Key, Primary Key
Generalization, Specialization, Aggregation
Reduction of ER diagram to tables
Extended ER Model and Higher Degree Relationships
UNIT 2: RELATIONAL DATA MODEL AND RELATIONAL ALGEBRA
1. Relational Data Model Concepts
Relational model represents data as tables (relations) with rows (tuples) and
columns (attributes).
2. Integrity Constraints
Entity Integrity: Primary key cannot be NULL.
Referential Integrity: Foreign key must refer to an existing record.
Key Constraints: No duplicate tuples.
Domain Constraints: Attribute values must be from the same domain.
3. Relational Algebra
Relational Algebra is a set of operations for manipulating relations.
4. Operations of Relational Algebra
Basic Operations:
- SELECT (σ)
- PROJECT (π)
- UNION (∪)
- SET DIFFERENCE (-)
- CARTESIAN PRODUCT (×)
- RENAME (ρ)
Additional Operations:
- JOIN
- DIVISION
5. Queries in Relational Algebra
Examples:
- σ Dept="CSE" (Student)
- π Name (Student)
