Unit I

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).

Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises datacentre. With an on-premises

datacentre, we have to manage everything, such as purchasing and installing hardware,
virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required applications, setting up the
network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing all the set-up, we
become responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.
But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the hardware purchase and
maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a service. We can
take any required services on rent. The cloud computing services will be charged based on usage.

The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that makes handy for the user
to manage the compute, storage, network, and application resources. Some cloud service
providers are in the following figure.
Advantages of cloud computing
o Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and software.
o Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few clicks.
o Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources according to the
business requirements.
o Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational effort. We do not
need to apply patching, as well as no need to maintain hardware and software. So, in this
way, the IT team can be more productive and focus on achieving business goals.
o Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very fast for business
continuity.
o Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls that
strengthen our data security.
Types of Cloud Computing

o Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and operated by a third-party cloud
service provider are termed as public clouds. It delivers computing resources such as
servers, software, and storage over the internet
o Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are exclusively used inside a single
business or organization are termed as a private cloud. A private cloud may physically be
located on the company’s on-site datacentre or hosted by a third-party service provider.
o Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of public and private clouds, which is bounded
 together by technology that allows data applications to be shared between them. Hybrid
cloud provides flexibility and more deployment options to the business.
Types of Cloud Services

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT infrastructures like servers

and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems from a cloud service
vendor. We can create VM running Windows or Linux and install anything we want on it.
Using IaaS, we don’t need to care about the hardware or virtualization software, but other
than that, we do have to manage everything else. Using IaaS, we get maximum flexibility,
but still, we need to put more effort into maintenance.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service provides an on-demand environment for

developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications. The developer is
responsible for the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to deploy and
run it. Using PaaS, the flexibility gets reduce, but the management of the environment is
taken care of by the cloud vendors.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS): It provides a centrally hosted and managed software

services to the end-users. It delivers software over the internet, on-demand, and typically
on a subscription basis. E.g., Microsoft One Drive, Dropbox, WordPress, Office 365, and
Amazon Kindle. SaaS is used to minimize the operational cost to the maximum extent.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. RESOURCES POOLING
Resource pooling is one of the essential characteristics of Cloud Computing. Resource pooling
means a cloud service provider can share resources among several clients, providing everyone
with a different set of services per their requirements. It is a multi-client strategy that can be
applied to data storage, processing, and bandwidth-provided services. The real-time
administration process of allocating resources doesn’t conflict with the client’s experience.

2. ON-DEMAND SELF-SERVICE
It is one of the significant and essential features of Cloud Computing. It enables the client to
constantly monitor the server uptime, abilities, and allotted network storage. This is a
fundamental characteristic of Cloud Computing, and a client can likewise control the computing
abilities as per his needs.

3. EASY MAINTENANCE
This is one of the best cloud characteristics. The servers are effortlessly maintained, and the
downtime sometimes remains low or absolutely zero. Cloud Computing powered resources
undergo several updates frequently to optimize their capabilities and potential. The updates are
more viable with the devices and perform quicker than the previous versions.

4. SCALABILITY AND RAPID ELASTICITY

A key characteristic and benefit of cloud computing is its rapid scalability. This cloud
characteristic enables the cost-effective running of workloads that require a vast number of
servers but only for a short period. Many clients have such workloads, which can be run very
cost-effectively because of the rapid scalability of Cloud Computing.

5. ECONOMICAL
This cloud characteristic helps in reducing the IT expenditure of the organizations. In Cloud
Computing, the client needs to pay the administration for the space they have used. There is no
covered-up or additional charge which needs to be paid. The administration is economical, and
more often than not, some space is allotted for free.

6. MEASURED AND REPORTING SERVICE

Reporting services are one of the many cloud characteristics that make it the best choice for
organizations. Measuring & reporting service is helpful for both cloud providers and their clients.
It enables both the provider and the client to monitor and report what services have been used
and for what purpose. This helps in monitoring billing and ensuring the optimum usage of
resources.

7. SECURITY
Data security is one of the best characteristics of Cloud Computing. Cloud services create a copy
of the data that is stored to prevent any form of data loss. If one server loses the data by any
chance, the copy version is restored from the other server. This feature comes handy when
several users work on a particular file in real-time, and a file suddenly gets corrupted.

8. AUTOMATION
Automation is an essential characteristic of cloud computing. The ability of cloud computing to
automatically install, configure, and maintain a cloud service is known as automation in cloud
computing. In simple terms, it is the process of making the most of technology and reducing
manual effort. However, achieving automation in the cloud ecosystem is not so easy. It requires
installing and deploying virtual machines, servers, and large storage. Upon successful
deployment, these resources require constant maintenance as well.

9. RESILIENCE
Resilience in cloud computing means the ability of the service to quickly recover from any
disruption. A cloud’s resilience is measured by how fast its servers, databases, and network
system restarts and recover from any harm or damage. Availability is another major
characteristic of cloud computing. Since cloud services can be accessed remotely, there is no
geographic restriction or limitation when it comes to utilizing cloud resources.

10. LARGE NETWORK ACCESS

A big part of the cloud characteristics is its ubiquity. The client can access the cloud data or
transfer the data to the cloud from any place just with a device and internet connection. These
capacities are accessible everywhere in the organization and get to with the help of the internet.
Cloud providers save that large network access by monitoring and guaranteeing different
measurements that reflect how clients access cloud resources and data: latency, access time, data
throughput, etc.

11. WORK FROM ANY LOCATION

Remote working is one of the primary features of cloud computing. It enables users to work
remotely or from any location on the planet. Users will be able to access corporate data via
mobile devices such as laptops and smartphones. It also ensures that every user can connect
quickly. Employees that work remotely or live in another location can communicate with one
another and do their jobs.
12. MULTI-TENANCY
One of the best characteristics of Cloud Computing is its Multi-Tenancy. Multi-Tenancy is a
software architecture that allows a single program instance to serve several user groups. It
signifies that numerous cloud provider customers are sharing the same computing resources.
Although they share the same computing resources, each Cloud customer’s data is kept
completely separate and safe.
13. FLEXIBILITY
The company must scale as the competition develops. Users that use the traditional hosting
technique will have to switch service providers. Users benefit from greater freedom when they
host their data in the cloud. Scaling does not require the server to be restarted and can be done
anytime. There are a variety of payment alternatives also available for the users. This implies
businesses won’t have to spend too much on resources they don’t need.
14. SERVICE EXCELLENCE
Cloud computing ensures that users receive the highest level of service possible. The benefits
outlined in Service Level Agreements must include continuous availability and comprehensive
resources, performance, and bandwidth. Any compromise on these services will result in a loss
of clients and a decrease in popularity.
15. COMFORTABLE PAYMENT STRUCTURE
The payment structure is critical since it aids in the cost-cutting process. Because of the
additional functionality, cloud computing choices come with a range of prices. Users find the
payment option to be simple to use, and it allows them to save time when making payments
regularly.

Conceptual Reference Model

The Conceptual Reference Model Figure 1 presents an overview of the NIST cloud computing
reference architecture, which identifies the major actors, their activities and functions in cloud
computing. The diagram depicts a generic high-level architecture and is intended to facilitate the
understanding of the requirements, uses, characteristics and standards of cloud computing.
Figure 1: The Conceptual Reference Model As shown in Figure 1, the NIST cloud computing
reference architecture defines five major actors: cloud consumer, cloud provider, cloud carrier,
cloud auditor and cloud broker. Each actor is an entity (a person or an organization) that
participates in a transaction or process and/or performs tasks in cloud computing. Table 1 briefly
lists the actors defined in the NIST cloud computing reference architecture. The general activities
of the actors are discussed in the remainder of this section,

Actors in Cloud Computing

SNO Actor Definition

1 Cloud A person or organization that maintains a business relationship with,

Consumer and uses service from, Cloud Providers.

2 Cloud A person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service

Provider available to interested parties.
 3 Cloud A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services,
Auditor information system operations, performance and security of the cloud
implementation.

4 Cloud An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud
Broker services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and
Cloud Consumers.

5 Cloud An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud

Carrier services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.

Cloud application: ECG Analysis in the cloud

Scientific Applications:
• Now the cloud computing is getting involved in the scientific applications.
• Because of this the resources and storage are got available infinitely at reasonable prices.
High Performance Computing:
• Here this term represents that the computing with a high performance.
• High performance in terms of resource availability ,quality of service, monitoring of service etc.
High Throughput Computing:
• It means the users- requests will get processed within a span of time which is already decided by
the cloud service providers.
Healthcare: Ecg Analysis in cloud computing:
• Healthcare is a field or domain or area or a region where the information technology has found
many of the applications.
• These applications are getting involved to help business firms in assisting the scientists to
develop solutions to prevent the diseases.
• Due to the invention of internet or we can say due to the availability of internet cloud
computing has came into the picture and represent itself as a attractive option for developing
health monitoring system.
• Example of health monitoring system is ECG machine which is used to measure the Heart-Beat
of Human body and the output is get printed on the graph paper.
• The full form of ECG is Electrocardiogram.

• The analysisof the shape is used to identify arrhythmias, and it is the most common way of
detecting the heart diseases.
• Here the meaning of arrhythmias means “not having a steady rhythm”, “an arrhythmic heartbeat”
means a heart beat which is not in it’s rhythm.
• Now we will let this concept enter into the cloud computing.
• cloudcomputing technologies allows the remote monitoring of a patient’s heart beat data.
• Through this way the patient at risk can be constantly monitored without going to the hospital for
 ECG analysis.
• At the same time the Doctor’s can instantly be notified with cases that need’s their attention.

• Here in this fig there are different types of computing devices equipped with ECG sensors to
constantly monitor the patient’s heart beat.
• The respective information is transmitted to the patient’s mobile device that will immediately
forwarded to the cloud- hosted web services for analysis.
• The entire web services from the front end of a platform that is completely hosted in the cloud
that consist of three layers:Saas,Paas,Iaas.
Advantages:
1. The first advantage is elasticity of the cloud infrastructure that can minimize and maximize
according to the requests served.
2. Second advantage is that cloud computing technologies are now become easily accessible and
also it promises to deliver the services with minimum time.
3. As a result the doctor’s has no need to invest in large computing infrastructures.

Cloud application: Protein structure prediction

What is Protein ?
• Proteins are large molecules consisting of amino acids which our bodies and the cells in our
bodies need to function properly.
• Our body structures, functions, the regulation of the body’s cells, tissues and organs cannot exist
without proteins.
• Our muscles, skin, bones and many other parts of the body contain significant amounts of
protein.
• Protein accounts for 20% of total body Weight.
Why do we need Protein ?
• Your hair, your nails, and the outer layers of your skin are made of the protein keratin. Keratin is
a protein resistant to digestive enzymes. So if you bite your nails, you can’t digest them.
• Bone has plenty of protein. the soft material inside the bone, also contains protein.
• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein compound that carries oxygen throughout the
body.
• Finally, proteins play an important part in the creation of every new cell and every new
individual.
• Application or s/w that requires high computing capabilities and they are having large data sets
may cause high I/O operations.
• Due to these requirements they are overusing the super computing and cluster computing
Infrastructures.
• Protein structure Prediction is a computationally intensive task fundamental for different types
research in the life sciences.
• The prediction of the protein structure will help the medical scientists to develop new drugs.
• This task requires the investigation of protein structure at so many number of states and also it is
creating a large no of computing calculations for all of these states.
• The computational Power required for this prediction can now be acquired online, without
owning it.
• Cloud computing grants the access to such capacity on pay per use basis.
• A project that can analyze the use of cloud Technologies for protein structure prediction is
JEEVA PORTAL.
• It is an integrated web portal that enables the scientists to do the prediction task using cloud
techniques.
• This prediction Task uses machine learning techniques for explaining the secondary structure of
proteins.
• These techniques will convert the problem in a manner so that they can be classified into 3
phases :initialization, classification and a final phase.
• As It is already cleared By it’s name it the first phase of this prediction named “Initialization of
protein structure prediction”.
• The actual Prediction starts in the initialization phase .
• In the second phase the execution is get completed concurrently.
• This will reduce the computational time.
• The prediction algorithm is then transformed into a Task graph and that is submitted to Aneka
• Aneka is a platform and a framework for developing distributed applications on the Cloud. It
harnesses the spare CPU cycles of a heterogeneous network of desktop PCs and servers or
datacenters on demand.
• Aneka provides developers with a rich set of APIs for transparently exploiting such resources
and expressing the business logic of applications by using the preferred programming
abstractions.
• System administrators can leverage on a collection of tools to monitor and control the deployed
infrastructure. This can be a public cloud available to anyone through the Internet, or a private
cloud constituted by a set of nodes with restricted access.
• Jeeva is a computational platform which simplifies the development of new prediction
algorithms and improves the efficiency at the same time.
• Jeeva web portal system consists of an interactive web interface and a Grid middleware.
• With the interactive web interface, users can submit prediction requests for protein secondary
structures, collect results, and manage the history of prediction data.
• By means of the Grid middleware, researchers can not only deploy their prediction applications
in a distributed environment easily, but also monitor and manage the execution in the
distributed environment.

Cloud Deployment Model

Today, organizations have many exciting opportunities to reimagine, repurpose and reinvent their
businesses with the cloud. The last decade has seen even more businesses rely on it for quicker
time to market, better efficiency, and scalability. It helps them achieve lo ng-term digital goals as
part of their digital strategy.
Though the answer to which cloud model is an ideal fit for a business depends on your
organization's computing and business needs. Choosing the right one from the various types of
cloud service deployment models is essential. It would ensure your business is equipped with the
performance, scalability, privacy, security, compliance & cost-effectiveness it requires. It is
important to learn and explore what different deployment types can offer - around what
particular problems it can solve.
Read on as we cover the various cloud computing deployment and service models to help
discover the best choice for your business.

What Is A Cloud Deployment Model?

It works as your virtual computing environment with a choice of deployment model depending
on how much data you want to store and who has access to the Infrastructure.
Different Types Of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage devices to enable fast loading. It
is often possible to choose a geographic area to put the data "closer" to users. Thus, deployment
models for cloud computing are categorized based on their location. To know which model
would best fit the requirements of your organization, let us first learn about the various types.
Public Cloud
The name says it all. It is accessible to the public. Public deployment models in the cloud are
perfect for organizations with growing and fluctuating demands. It also makes a great choice for
companies with low-security concerns. Thus, you pay a cloud service provider for networking
services, compute virtualization & storage available on the public internet. It is also a great
delivery model for the teams with development and testing. Its configuration and deployment are
quick and easy, making it an ideal choice for test environments.

Benefits of Public Cloud

o Minimal Investment - As a pay-per-use service, there is no large upfront cost and is ideal
for businesses who need quick access to resources
o No Hardware Setup - The cloud service providers fully fund the entire Infrastructure
o No Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house team to utilize the
public cloud.
Limitations of Public Cloud
o Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does not fully protect
against cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
o Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range of users, it can
lead to malfunction and outages
o Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can exchange with
tenants, there is a usage cap.
Private Cloud
Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of course, you are keen to know
what a private cloud can do. Companies that look for cost efficiency and greater control over
data & resources will find the private cloud a more suitable choice.
It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by your IT team.
Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally. The private cloud offers bigger
opportunities that help meet specific organizations' requirements when it comes to customization.
It's also a wise choice for mission-critical processes that may have frequently changing
requirements.

Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized personnel gets
access
o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can help with better
access and higher levels of security.
o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that cannot access the
public cloud.
Limitations of Private Cloud
o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger than the public
cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for staff and training.
o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you scale in a certain
direction
o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs also increase.

Community Cloud
The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public cloud. There's just one
difference - it allows access to only a specific set of users who share common objectives and use
cases. This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed and hosted internally or by
a third-party vendor. However, you can also choose a combination of all three.

Benefits of Community Cloud

 o Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the private & public cloud
and provides great performance
o Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud must align with
industry standards, allowing customers to work much more efficiently.
Limitations of Community Cloud
o Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community
resources often pose challenges.
o Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that popular or
available across industries

Hybrid Cloud
As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud architectures. While
each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part of the same architecture.
Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud computing model, the internal or external
providers can offer resources.
Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data will prefer storing on a
private cloud, while less sensitive data can be stored on a public cloud. The hybrid cloud is also
frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. It means, supposes an organization runs an application on-
premises, but due to heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.

Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since it majorly uses
the public cloud to store data.
o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft from attackers are
significantly reduced.
o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions that fit
their exact requirements
Limitations of Hybrid Cloud
o Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to integrate two or
more cloud architectures
o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that have multiple use
cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

A Comparative Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models

With the below table, we have attempted to analyze the key models with an overview of what
each one can do for you:
Important Public Private Community Hybrid
Factors to
Consider
Setup and ease of Easy Requires Requires Requires
use professional IT professional IT professional IT
Team Team Team
Data Security Low High Very High High
and Privacy
Scalability and High High Fixed High
flexibility requirements
Cost- Most Most expensive Cost is distributed Cheaper than
Effectiveness affordable among members private but more
expensive than
public
Reliability Low High Higher High