Computer Networks
Chapter 1 Part b
Network Models
1.1
2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
Topics discussed in this section:
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter
2.3
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Topics discussed in this section:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
2.4
Note
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
2.5
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
2.6
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
2.7
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
2.8
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
2.9
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
2.10
Note
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
2.11
Figure 2.6 Data link layer
2.12
Note
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
2.13
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery
2.14
Figure 2.8 Network layer
2.15
Note
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
2.16
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery
2.17
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
2.18
Note
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a segment from one process to another.
2.19
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
2.20
Figure 2.12 Session layer
2.21
Note
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
2.22
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer
2.23
Note
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
2.24
Figure 2.14 Application layer
2.25
Note
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
2.26
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2.27
The TCP/IP Reference Model
The TCP/IP reference model.
2
8
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.29
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
2.30
Full Forms: TCP/IP and OSI model
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
DNS – Domain Name Server
SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol
SCTP - Stream Control Transmission Protocol
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
UDP – User Datagram Protocol
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
IP – Internet Protocol
2.31
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
2.32
2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
2.33
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP
2.34
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP
2.35
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
2.36
TCP/IP v/s OSI
4 Layers 7 Layers
Did not clearly Distinction between
distinguish between these three concepts
service, interface are explicit.
and protocol. Protocols in the OSI
Protocols in TCP/IP model are better
model are not hidden than in the
hidden and tough TCP/IP model and can
to replace if be replaced relatively
technology easily as the
changes. technology changes.
3
7
The protocols came The model was not
first, and the model biased toward one
was really just a particular set of
description of the protocols, a fact that
existing protocols. made it quite general.
Designers have much Designers did not have
experience with the much experience with
the subject and did
subject and have not have a good idea
clear idea of which of which functionality
functionality to put in to put in which layer.
which layer.
3
8
Example 2.1
In Figure below, a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.
2.39
Example 2.2
Local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
2.40
Example 2.3
• Figure shows a part of an
internet with two routers
connecting three LANs.
• Each device (computer or router)
has a pair of addresses (logical
and physical) for each
connection.
• In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and
therefore has only one pair of
addresses.
• Each router, however, is
connected to three networks
(only two are shown in the
figure).
• So each router has three pairs of
addresses, one for each
connection.
2.41
Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.
2.42
Figure 2.21 Port addresses
2.43
Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
2.44
Example 2.5
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one
decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
2.45
Note
The physical addresses change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.
2.46
