pee o.15bpsiz islency Max.rate 64kbps TDMA & CDMA FOMA 26 Digital modulation Canveiution coding Power control ppc osm HsesD GPRS 1s-54/18-136 Untreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem a.30bpsiHz Max. rate 2Mbps TOMA, CDMA and WCDMA 28686 Hierarchal cell structure ‘Turto-coding EDGE cdmazo00 WCDMA/UNTS 3G 1X EV-DO 3G 1X EV.DV 1S-95/18-95A/IS-958 PHS PHS: Personal handy phone system (Japan) MINO: Multnout and mult-output OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multipla Access igure: Wireless Network fromsG to.4¢ LL1 The First Generation System (Analog) 3. 4bpsiHz (targeted) Max. rate ~ 200 Mbps WeDMA 4g ‘Smart antennas? MNO? Adaptive system OFDM modulation @ In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then mobile communications have undergone significant changes and experienced enormous growth. Fig. above shows the evolution of the mobile networks. First-generation mobile systems used analog transmission for speech services. In 1979, the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. © ‘wo years later, the cellular epoch reached Europe. The two most popular analog systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Other than NMT and TAGS, some other analog systems were also introduced in 1980s across the Europe. In the United States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was launched in 1982. All of these systems offered handover and roaming capabilities but the cellular networks were unable to interoperate between countries. This was one of the inevitable disadvantages of first-generation mobile networksUntreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem 112. The Second-generation & Phase 2+ Systems(z.5G) (Digital) Second-generation (2G) mobile systems were introduced in the end of 1980s. Low bit rate data services were supported as well as the traditional speech service. Compared to first-generation systems, second-generation (2G) systems use digital multiple access technology, such as TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access). Consequently, compared with first-generation systems, higher spectrum efficiency, better data services, and more advanced roaming were offered by 2G systems. In Europe, the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was deployed to provide a single unified standard. This enabled seamless services throughout Europe by means of international roaming. Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM, uses TDMA technology to support multiple users During development over more than 20 years, GSM technology has been continuously improved to offer better services in the market. New technologies have been developed based on the original GSM system, leading to some more advanced systems known as 2.5 Generation (2.5G) systems. some of the 2.5G systems are: General Packet Radio Service(GPRS): added packet-switching protocols, shorter setup time for ISP connections, and the possibility to charge by the amount of data sent, rather than connection time. EDGE (Enhanced Data rates in GSM Environment): With both voice and data traffic moving on the system, the need was felt to increase the data rate. This was done by using more sophisticated coding methods over the internet and thus increasing the data rate up to 384 kbps. 11.3 The Third-generation It was decided to have a network which provides services independent of the technology platform and whose network design standards are same globally. Thus, 3G was born, The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the demands for 3G mobile networks with the IMT-2000 standard. An organization called 3rd Generation Partnership Project (sGPP) has continued that work by defining a mobile system that fulfills the IMT-2000 standard. In Europe it was called UMTS (Universal Terrestrial Mobile System).Untreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem Table: Comparison of 1G,2G &3G. Nouns Comasucanes stone An Stans Propesty ie 26 256 36 Stati Tan | oes 1992, 1998 >on saalogue signa! Digital sisal intel die Intllzct signal cee moves processing SMCS /EAGRINNOY —_KEMOTOMA GPRS. Fos, M2000 «UMTS. ICS /TAGRENMOE RMN scsi, EDGE WCDMA, CDMA2000) Redo Preqnaney (HA AU0Nt-S0001 S00.9004, 1800-19008 6 Bait (bps) 24K 0K, uk IRIE 2M Mult ads Tesluigne Cellar Coverage Lange aea ‘edie area Sul ase FDMA TDMA, CDMA epysa Teleco elon, Sone IF eters Voice, Ss Voice Dats Monc-nein Dt sevice Some Mine sre person Peron te-machine Core Nerwouks| Telecom netwooks a fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center or on the edge of a coverage region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted ona tower. Mobile Station: A station in the cellular radio system intended to use while in motion at unspecified locations is called a mobile station. Mobile stations may be hand-held personal units (portables) or installed in vehicles (mobiles) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) An MSC also called a Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) is a switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a large service area. Ina cellular radio system, the MSG connects the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network, PSTN, is a global telecommunications network which connects conventional landline telephone switching centers, called central offices, with MSCs throughout the world).Untreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem Control Channel: Ivis a radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation and other beacon or control purposes. Forward Channel It is a radio channel used for transmission of information from the basestation tothe mobile. Reverse Channel: Itis aradio channel used for transmission of information from the mobile to the base station. The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or base station to another is called handoff. Roamer Amobile station which operates in a service area (market) other than that from which service has been subscribed is called a roamer. Page: Abrief message which is broadcast over the entire service area, usually in a simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same time is called a page. ‘Transceiver: A device capable of simultaneously transmitting & receiving radio signals. 1.3 Mobile radio system around the world: 1.3.1 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS): © Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is an analog mobile cell phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in the America’s in 1978, Israel in 1986, & Australia in 1987. Itwas the primary analog mobile phone system in North America through the 1980s & into the 2000s. © AMPS is the first generation cellular technology thatuses separate frequencies, or “channels’,for each conversation, It therefore required considerable bandwidth for large number of users. In general terms, AMPS was very similar 4.Untreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem to the older “oG" Improved Mobile Telephone Service, but used considerably more computing powerin order to select frequencies, hand off conversations to Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) lines, and handle billing & call setup. @ What really separates AMPS from older systems is the “backend” call setup functionality. In AMPS , the cell centers could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be re-used in various locations without interference. This allowed a larger numberof phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers coined the term “cellular” because of its use of small hexagonal “cells” within a system. @ AMPS suffered from many weakness when compared to todays digital technologies. As an analog standard, it was very susceptible to static & noise, and had no protection from eavesdropping using a scanner. @ AMPS cellular service operated in the 850MHz cellular band. For each market area, the United States Federal Communications Commission (ECC) allowed two licenses (networks) known as “A” & “B” carriers. Each carrier within a market used a specified “block” of frequencies consisting of 21controlchannels & 395 voice channels. originally, the B (wireline) sidelicense was usually owned by local phone company, & the A (non-wireline) license was given to wireless telephone providers. 1.3.2, Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone System (N-AMPS): @ To increase capacity in large AMPS markets, Motorola developed an AMPS like system called N-AMPS. @ N-AMPS provides three users in 30 kHz AMPS channels by using FDMA & 10 kHz channels, & provides three times the capacity of AMPS. @ By replacing AMPS channels with 3 N-AMPS channels at one time, service providers are able to provide more trunked radio channels at base stations in heavily populated areas. N-AMPS uses SAT (Supervisory Audio Tone) signaling and blank & burst functions in exactly the same manner as AMPS, except the signaling is done by using sub audible data streams. @ Since 10 kHz channels are used, the FM deviation is decreased. This in turn reduces the S/N which degrades the quality with respect to AMPS. To counteract this, N-AMPS uses voice companding to provide a “synthetic” voice channel quieting. © The voice channel signaling is done with 1oobps Manchester encoded FSK data & is sent in place of DSAT when traffic must be passed onthe voice channel. As. with AMPS wideband signaling,there are many messages that may be passed 5Untreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem between the base station & subscriber unit, and these are transmitted in N-AMPS using the same Bose-Chaudhuri (BCH) code in AMPS with a predefined format of 49 bit blocks on the FVC & 48 bit blocks on the RVG. (Blank & Burst functions: Itis the technique where by the voice signal is blanked for aboutso ms & data burst ofio kb/s isinsertedinthe voice channel. This signalisused {for feature as alerting the mobile about channel transfer for handoff) 12.3 Global System for Mobile communication (GSM): © Gm is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation digital cellular network used by mobile phones. It became the global standard for mobile communications with over 80% market share. @ The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This was expanded overtime to include data communications,first by circuit switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS). @ In order to gain access to GSM services, a user needs three things: a. Abilling relationship with a mobile phone operator. This is usually either where services are paid for in advance of them being consumed (prepaid), or where bills are issued and settled after the service has been consumed (postpaid). b. A mobile phone that is GSM compliant & operates at the same frequency as that of the operator. c. A subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, which is activated by the operator once the billing relationship is established. After activation, the card is then programmed with the subscriber's Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN) (che telephone number). Personal information such as contact numbers of friends and family can also be stored on the SIM by the subscriber. ©@ Afier subscriber sign up, information about their identity (telephone number) and what services they are allowed to access are stored in a“$IMrecord” in the Home Location Register (HLR). © Once the SIM card is located into the phone and the phone is powered on, itwill search for the nearest mobile controlling station (also called as Base Transceiver Station/ BTS) with strongest mobile phone signal in the operator's frequency aUntreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem band. If'a BTS successfully connected, then there is said to be coverage in area. The phone then identifies itself to the network through the control channel. Once successfully completed, the phone is said to be attached to the network. © The key feature of a mobile phone is the ability to receive & make calls in any area where coverage is available. This is generally called roaming from a customer perspective but also called visiting when describing the underlying technical process. @ Each geographic area has a database called the Visitor Location Register (VLR), which contains details of all the mobiles currently in that area. Whenever a phone attaches, or visits, a new area,the Visitor Location Register must contact the Home Location Register (HLR) to obtain the details for that phone. The current cellular location of the phone is entered intothe VLR record and will be used during a processed called paging when the GSM network wishes to locate the mobile phone. @ Every SIM card can contains a secret key, called the “Ki’, which is used to provide authentication and encryption services. This is useful to prevent theft, and also prevent “over the ait” snooping of a user's activity. the network does this by utilizing the authentication center & accomplished without transmitting the key directly. @ Every GSM phone contains a unique identifier called the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). A phone contacts network, its IMEI may be checked against the Equipment Identity Register (EIR) to locate stolen phone & facilitate monitoring. 13.4 IS- 95 (IS-95 CDMA System): @ Qualcomm proposed the CDMA radio system for digital cellular phone applications. It was optimized under existing U.S. mobile cellular system constraints of the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS). The CDMA system uses the same frequency inall cells and all sectors. @ The system design has been standardized by the TIA as IS-95 and many equipment vendors sell CDMA equipment that meet the standard. The 18-95 CDMA system operates in the same frequency band as the AMPS using frequency division duplex (FDD) with 25 MHz in each direction. © The uplink (mobile to base station) and downlink (base station to mobile) bands use frequencies from 869 to 894 MHz and from 824 to 849 MHz, respectively. @ The CDMA channels are defined in terms of an RE frequency and a code sequence. Sixty-four Walsh codes are used to identify the forward channels, JeUntreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem whereas unique long PN code offsets are used for the identification of the reverse channels. @ The modulation and coding features of the IS-95 CDMA system are listed in Table given below: Table: Features of IS-95 CDMA. Modulation Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) Chip rate 1.2288 Mcps Nominal data rate | 9600 bps Filtered bandwidth 1.25 MHz Coding Convolution with Viterbi decoding Interleaving With 20-msee span © Modulation and coding details for the forwardand reverse channels differ. Pilot signals are transmitted by each cell to assist the mobile radio to acquire and track the cell site downlink signals. The strong coding helps these radios to operate effectively at an Eb /No ratio ofa 5 to 7dB range. @ The CDMA system (15-95) uses power control and voice activation to minimize mutual interference. Voice activation is provided by using a variable rate vocoder. A bit-interleaver with 20 msec span is used with error-control coding to overcome multipath fading and shadowing. @ The time span used is the same as the time frame of voice compression algorithm. A Rake receiver used in the CDMA radio takes advantage of a multipath delay greater than 1s, which is common in cellular/personal communication service networks in urban and suburban environments.Untreduction te Wireless Communication Sytem 14 Applications of wireless communication systems 14.1 Paging System: @ Paging system are communication systems that sends brief (short) message to subscriber. Depending on the type of service, the message may be either a numeric message, an alphanumeric message or a voice message. @ Paging systems are typically used to notify a subscriber of the need to call a particular telephone number or travel to know location to receive farther instructions. ws oss —\ 4 rsa Suite ink Figure: Paging System © In modern paging system news headlines,stock quotation & faxes maybe sent. A message is sent to a paging subscriber via the “Paging System Access Number” with a telephone keypad or modem. @ The issued (transmitted) message is called PAGE. The paging system then transmits the page throughout the service area using base station which broadcast the page on a radio carrier. @ Paging systems are vary widely in their complexity & coverage area. while simple paging systems may cover a limited range of2km to skm, or may even be confined within individual buildings, wide area paging systems can provide worldwide coverage. © Though paging receivers are simple & inexpensive, the transmission system required is quite sophisticated. Wide area paging systems consists ofa network of telephone lines, many base station transmitter, and large radio tower that simultaneously broadcast a page from each base station [ THIS IS CALLED SIMULCAST].Intreduction te Wireless Communication System © Simulcast transmitter may be located within the same service area or in different cities or countries. Paging systems are designed to provide reliable communication to subscriber wherever they are. @ This necessitates large transmitter power & low data rates for maximum coverage from each base station. 1.4.2 Cordless Telephone Systems: © Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication systems that use radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated base station. @ Which is then connected to a dedicated telephone line witha specific telephone number on the PSTN. In first generation cordless telephone system, the portable unit communicates only to the dedicated base unit & only over distance of few meters. Public Switched Fixed Port Telephone Base Station Networle ~ Wireless Link (PSTN) a Cordless Handset Figure: Cordless System @ Second generation cordless telephones have been introduced which allows subscriber to use their handset at many outdoor locations. © Cordless telephones provide the user with limited range and mobility, as it is usually not possible to maintain a call if the user is travelling outside the range of base station. Typically second generation base station provides coverage ranges up to few 100's of meters. ~10-