21CSE399T – Advanced

Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) – 2.75G
(EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G services and
data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO, LTE Advance
Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in comparison
of IMT Advanced
Analog Voice Systems in 1G
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was an analog mobile phone system standard originally
developed by Bell Labs and later modified in a cooperative effort between Bell Labs and
Motorola.
• AMPS has been retroactively called “1G” or first-generation modern “cellular” mobile telephone
system.
• The first generation of cellular networks consisted of analog transmission systems for both voice
and data.
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) AMPS, also known as IS-54, is on the 800MHz band,
involves some 832 channels per carrier, and originated in the United States.
Analog Voice Systems in 1G
• Total Access Communication System (TACS) TACS operates in the 900MHz band, offers 1,000
channels, and originated in the United Kingdom.
• Japanese Total Access Communication Systems (JTACS) JTACS works in the 800MHz to 900MHz
band, and it comes from Japan.
• Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) The original variation of NMT was 450MHz, offering some 220
channels. NMT had a very large coverage area, thanks to its operation at 450MHz (you could
probably travel through half of Scandinavia and still be within one cell), but the power levels are
so intense that mobile sets were incredibly heavy. NMT originated in Denmark, Finland, Norway,
and Sweden.
Analog Voice Systems in 1G
Contd.
• AMPS is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or “channels”, for
each conversation.
• It therefore required considerable bandwidth for a large number of users.
• In general terms, AMPS was similar to the older “0G” Improved Mobile Telephone Service it
replaced.
• However, it used considerably more computing power to select frequencies, handoff
conversations to landlines, and handle billing and call setup.
• AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to today’s digital technologies.
• As an analog standard, it was susceptible to static and noise, and there was no protection from
‘eavesdropping’ using a scanner.
Frequency Bands
Contd.
• AMPS cellular service operated in the 850 MHz Cellular band. For each market area, the United
States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed two licensees (networks) known as
“A” and “B” carriers.
• Each carrier within a market used a specified “block” of frequencies consisting of 21 control
channels and 395 voice channels.
• Originally, the B (wireline) side license was usually owned by the local phone company, and the A
(non-wireline) license was given to wireless telephone providers.
Contd.
• In 2002, the FCC decided to no longer require A and B carriers to support AMPS service as of
February 18, 2008.
• All AMPS carriers have converted to a digital standard such as CDMA2000 or GSM.
• Digital technologies such as GSM and CDMA2000 support multiple voice calls on the same
channel and offer enhanced features such as two-way text messaging and data services.
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) – 2.75G
(EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G services and
data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO, LTE Advance
Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in comparison
of IMT Advanced
Digital radio System in 2G
• Second Generation (2G) mobile communication technology refers to the evolution of
first-generation analog cellular systems into digital systems.
• The development of 2G technology marked a major milestone in the history of mobile
communication, as it provided a more efficient and reliable way of transmitting voice and data
than the previous analog systems.
• A digital radio system in 2G (Second Generation) mobile communication refers to the technology
that transitioned from analog to digital communication methods.
• Introduced in the early 1990s, 2G networks significantly improved the quality and efficiency of
mobile communication systems.
Digital radio System in 2G – Features
• Digital Modulation Techniques: This modulation provided efficient use of the
spectrum and reduced interference, improving voice quality and reliability.
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): 2G employed TDMA to divide each
frequency into time slots, allowing multiple users to share the same channel
efficiently.
• Channel Coding: Error detection and correction techniques, such as
convolutional coding, were integrated to enhance the reliability of
communication over noisy channels.
Digital radio System in 2G – Features
• Enhanced Voice Quality: Digital encoding of voice data provided better audio
quality and less susceptibility to noise and interference than analog systems.
• Security: Encryption was introduced for securing voice and data communication.
Algorithms like A5/1 and A5/2 were commonly used in GSM.
• Data Services: In addition to voice, 2G systems introduced basic data services like
SMS (Short Message Service) and later evolved to include GPRS (General Packet
Radio Service) for low-speed internet access.
Digital radio System in 2G – Architecture
Contd.
•Mobile Station (MS)
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM): Stores subscriber information,
including the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) and
authentication keys.
• Mobile Equipment (ME): The physical device used by the
subscriber for communication, such as a mobile phone.
Contd.
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS): Handles radio communication with the
mobile station. Manages the transmission and reception of voice and data
signals.
• Base Station Controller (BSC): Controls multiple BTS units.Manages radio
resources, handovers, and frequency allocation.
Contd.
• Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC): The core of the NSS, responsible for call setup, routing, and
termination. Interconnects with other MSCs and external networks (PSTN/ISDN).
• Home Location Register (HLR): A database containing subscriber information, such as location, service
subscriptions, and authentication data.
• Visitor Location Register (VLR): Temporarily stores information about subscribers currently in the
MSC's service area. Works in coordination with the HLR.
• Authentication Center (AuC): Provides secure authentication for subscribers. Protects against
unauthorized access to the network.
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR): Maintains a database of mobile equipment identifiers to track stolen
or unauthorized devices.
Contd.
• Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)
• Network Management System (NMS): Monitors and manages the performance of the network.
Handles fault detection, configuration, and maintenance.
• Billing System: Records usage information for billing and revenue management.
• Interface and Protocols
• A Interface: Connects the BSC to the MSC for signaling and data transfer.
• Abis Interface: Connects the BTS to the BSC for control and management.
• Um Interface: The radio interface between the MS and BTS.
• MAP (Mobile Application Part): Facilitates communication between network elements like HLR, VLR,
and MSC.
Digital radio System in 2G – Benefits
• Higher Capacity
• Improved Spectrum Efficiency
• Enhanced Security
• Support for data services
• Lower power consumption
Digital radio System in 2G – Disadvantages
• Limited data speeds
• Signal dependency
• Battery consumption
• Limited multimedia support
• Noise
• Global compatibility issue
• Transition challenges to 3G
Conclusion
• 2G technology marked a significant evolution in mobile communication, bringing many
important features and benefits that paved the way for the development of modern mobile
technologies.
• It provided a more efficient and reliable way of transmitting voice and data than the previous
analog systems, and allowed for the development of mobile data services.
• However, 2G technology had its limitations, including limited data transfer speeds, limited
network coverage, and roaming limitations.
• Despite these limitations, 2G technology played an important role in the development of
modern mobile communication technologies, and its legacy can still be seen today in many of
the features and benefits of modern 3G and 4G systems.
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) – 2.75G
(EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G services and
data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO, LTE Advance
Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in comparison
of IMT Advanced
Voice Services
• Digital Voice Transmission: Unlike 1G's analog signals, 2G uses digital
signals, which offer better voice quality, reduced noise, and higher
reliability.
• Enhanced Security: Digital encryption is used for calls, making
eavesdropping more difficult.
• Global Standard: Most 2G networks used the GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communications) standard, allowing interoperability across
countries.
Contd.
• Digital Voice Transmission
• Transition to Digital: Unlike 1G, which relied on analog signals, 2G introduced digital signal
processing for voice communication.
• Improved Quality: Digital transmission significantly enhanced voice clarity and reduced
background noise, ensuring a better user experience.
• Reliability: Digital systems were less prone to interference and signal degradation compared
to analog systems.
Contd.
• Enhanced Security
• Encryption: 2G networks employed digital encryption techniques, which
made it much harder for third parties to intercept or eavesdrop on voice
communications.
• Authentication Protocols: The GSM standard incorporated user
authentication processes to ensure secure connections between devices and
networks.
Contd.
• Global Standard
• GSM Dominance: The majority of 2G networks were based on the GSM standard,
which became the most widely adopted mobile communication technology globally.
• Seamless Interoperability: GSM enabled mobile users to enjoy international
roaming, allowing them to use their phones in other countries with GSM networks.
• Standardized Spectrum Usage: GSM ensured compatibility across devices and
networks, fostering a uniform mobile communication ecosystem.
Messaging Services
• SMS (Short Message Service): 2G introduced text messaging,
allowing users to send short alphanumeric messages (up to 160
characters) between mobile phones.
• MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service): Though less common in early
2G, MMS was later introduced to allow transmission of images and
other multimedia content.
Contd.
• SMS (Short Message Service): 2G introduced text messaging,
allowing users to send short alphanumeric messages (up to 160
characters) between mobile phones.
• MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service): Though less common in early
2G, MMS was later introduced to allow transmission of images and
other multimedia content.
Contd. - SMS
• Introduction of Text Messaging: The 2G network revolutionized communication by
enabling SMS, a feature that allowed users to send short, alphanumeric messages.
• Character Limit: Messages were limited to 160 characters, promoting concise and
efficient communication.
• Store-and-Forward Mechanism: SMS messages were delivered using a store-and-forward
approach, where messages were temporarily stored in network servers before being sent
to the recipient.
• Reliability: This service proved to be highly reliable, even in areas with weak network
coverage, as messages could be resent automatically until successfully delivered.
Contd. - SMS
• Enhanced Messaging: While SMS focused on text, MMS enabled the transmission
of multimedia content, including images, audio, and video files.
• Expansion of Capabilities: MMS built upon the basic messaging infrastructure to
offer users a richer communication experience, although it was introduced later in
2G's evolution.
• Larger Message Size: Unlike SMS, MMS allowed for significantly larger message
sizes, though it was constrained by the network's data transfer capabilities.
• Usage Challenges: Early adoption of MMS faced hurdles such as higher costs,
device compatibility issues, and the need for GPRS/EDGE data services.
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) –
2.75G (EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G
services and data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO,
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in
comparison of IMT Advanced
TDMA Based GSM
Contd.
• Data is transmitted in small sections known as a 'burst’ above fig shows a normal burst as used for
data transmission inside a time slot.
• In this example the burst is only 546.5 ms long and contains 148 bits of data.
• The remaining 30.5 ms is used as guard space which is done to prevent overlapping with other
bursts due to the different path delays and to leave the transmitter time to turn on and off.
• However, if the full slot if filled with data that would allow the transmission of 148 bits within the
546.5 ms.
• So each physical TDM channel has a data rate of around 38.8 kbit/s, but each radio carrier
transmits around 270 kbit/s over the Um interface.
Contd.
• There are three bits at the start and finish of each burst these are known as the 'tail' and are set
to 0 so they can be used to enhance the receiver performance.
• The training sequence in the middle of the burst is used to adapt the parameters of the receiver
to the current path propagation characteristics and to select the strongest signal in the case of
multi-path propagation (check this).
• The 'S' flag indicates whether the data field contains user or network control data.
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) –
2.75G (EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G
services and data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO,
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in
comparison of IMT Advanced
CDMA
• CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is basically a channel access
method and is also an example of multiple access.
• Multiple access basically means that information by several transmitters can be
sent simultaneously onto a single communication channel.
• CDMA uses the principle of spread spectrum. Due to this, the various signals are
modulated after which a single signal is transmitted and is correlated at the
receiving end using the spreading function to get the actual data.
Contd.
CDMA - Characteristics
• It allows more users to connect at a given time and thus provides improved data and voice
communication capacity.
• A full spectrum is used by all the channels in CDMA.
• CDMA systems make use of power control to eliminate interference and noise and thus
improve the network quality.
• CDMA encodes the user transmissions into distinct and unique codes to secure its signals.
• In CDMA systems all the cells can thus use the same frequency.
• CDMA systems have a soft capacity. Thus, there is no particular limit to the number of users in a
CDMA system but with an increase in the number of users, the performance degrades.
Spread Spectrum
• Spread spectrum is a method that offers a way to transmit a signal over a communication channel
with a bandwidth that is comparatively wider than the bandwidth which is actually needed to
transmit the signal. This raises the robustness of the transmitted signal.
• The reason for this is that by increasing the bandwidth component, the interference level can be
reduced because wider bandwidth interference is comparatively lower than for smaller
bandwidth.
• So, the spread spectrum allows the conversion of a baseband signal into a modulated signal with
a wider bandwidth.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• The principle of operation of DS-CDMA is such that two or even more signals of
the same bandwidth, get individually spread by a user-specific orthogonal code.
• Over the communication channel, the signals are mixed and sent combinedly.
Here the energy for transmission will remain the same however, bandwidth
requirement will be more.
• At the receiving end, de-spreading of signals is done using the replica of the
orthogonal code.
Contd.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
• The word hopping corresponds to jumping or switching.
• The frequency hopping type of CDMA technique is based on accessing different
frequency slots of a complete channel bandwidth at different instants of time by
multiple users.
• It is not FDMA or TDMA because in that case a fixed frequency or time slot
respectively is provided to different users. However, here each specific user can
access to same frequency slot in different time instants.
Contd.
Contd.
• Here frequency synthesizer is used to change the carrier frequency.
• The message signal is first fed to the modulator, according to a pre-determined sequence, the carrier
frequency is generated that hops in steps.
• Basically, the overall satellite bandwidth is divided into series of frequency slots with which the encoded
carrier sequentially hops here.
• This hopping sequence must not be easily predictable like the PN code of DS-CDMA.
• Externally, it appears that a single signal is occupying the complete bandwidth but in actuality, it is occupying
a single slot at a time.
• At the receiving end, a similar frequency synthesizer must be present for generating a replica of carrier
frequency, which is mixed with the received signal, and the output is filtered for noise removal.
• This provides a fixed intermediate frequency signal which is demodulated to get the actual message signal.
Merits
• It offers a considerable increase in user capacity than TDMA and FDMA.
• Low cost than GSM.
• Highly secured way of information transmission.
• Quite beneficial for voice and data communication.
• The chances of interference are low.
• It offers the use of complete channel spectrum.
Demerits
• The system operation is complicated.
• The original data can only be recovered when orthogonal codes are used in a
synchronous manner.
• The loss of orthogonality between codes leads to self-jamming.
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) –
2.75G (EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G
services and data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO,
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in
comparison of IMT Advanced
GPRS
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a mobile data standard used to provide
wireless data communication services.
• It is often considered a 2.5G technology, bridging the gap between
second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) mobile communication
systems.
• GPRS allows for packet-switched data transmission, which is more efficient than
the circuit-switched method used in earlier technologies.
Contd.
GPRS – Key Features
• Packet-Switched Data: Unlike circuit-switched networks, GPRS
divides data into packets and sends them independently, enabling
more efficient use of network resources.
• Always-On Connectivity: GPRS allows devices to remain connected to
the network without maintaining a constant data session, reducing
costs for users.
• Speeds: Typical speeds range from 56 kbps to 114 kbps.
GPRS – Key Features
• Cost Efficiency: GPRS is often billed based on the amount of data
transferred, rather than the duration of a connection, making it more
economical for users.
• Backward Compatibility: GPRS is an enhancement of GSM networks,
ensuring compatibility with existing GSM devices and infrastructure.
GPRS Components
Mobile Station(MS)
• GPRC requires enhanced mobile stations, as existing mobile stations were
designed according to the GSM network, and they were unable in handling
enhanced data packets.
• A variety of high-speed mobile stations are available to support enhanced data
packets. These mobile stations are also capable of handling the GSM architecture
to make voice calls.
GPRS Components
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• In GSM architecture there is one component called BSC. But in GPRS there is one
component added to BSC called PCU. PCU stands for Packet Control Unit.
• If the signal comes to BSC and that signal contains data, then PCU routes to the
SGSN.
• The interface is used between BSC and PCU is the FRI interface. After the signal
comes to SGSN, it delivers the data packet to the GGSN. GGSN routes the data
packet to the data network (PDN- Predefined Data Network).
GPRS Components
GPRS Support Nodes
• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
• Packet Delivery
• Mobility management
• apply/ sign off of terminals
• localization
• LLC (Logical Link Control) management
• Authentication
• Billing
• Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
• Mediator between GPRS between backbone and external data networks.
• Saves current data for the SGSN address of the participant as well as their profile and data for authentication and invoice.
GPRS Components
GPRS Interface and Protocols
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) –
2.75G (EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G
services and data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO,
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in
comparison of IMT Advanced
EDGE
• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate For GSM Evolution) provides a higher rate of data
transmission than normal GSM.
• It uses a backward-compatible extension of GSM of digital mobile technology.
• EDGE has a pre-3G radio technology and uses part of ITU’s 3G definition. It can work on
any network deployed with GPRS (with necessary upgrades).
• The term "2.75G Edge" refers to Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), which
is an enhancement to 2G GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) technology.
• It is often informally called "2.75G" because it represents an intermediate step between
2G and 3G networks.
Contd.
EDGE Features
• It provides an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS.
• It is standardized by 3GPP.
• EDGE is used for any packet switched application,like an Internet
connection.
• EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel and it increase the
capacity and performance.
EDGE Merits
• It has higher speed.
• It is an “always-on” connection
• It is more reliable and efficient
• It is cost efficient
EDGE Demerits
• It consumes more battery.
• hardware needs upgradation.
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) –
2.75G (EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G
services and data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM, MIMO,
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G, enhancements in
comparison of IMT Advanced
3G UMTS
• 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a third-generation
mobile communication standard developed as part of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) IMT-2000 initiative.
• It is based on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology and
was designed to deliver high-speed data, improved voice quality, and global
roaming capabilities.
UMTS Features
• High Data Speeds: Supports data rates up to 384 kbps for mobile
users and up to 2 Mbps for stationary users, enabling faster internet
access and multimedia services.
• Wideband CDMA Technology: Uses WCDMA as the radio access
technology, which allows efficient utilization of the radio spectrum
and supports multiple simultaneous users.
UMTS Features
• Improved Voice and Data Services: Offers better voice quality
compared to 2G technologies and supports data-intensive
applications like video calls, streaming, and web browsing.
• Global Roaming: Provides seamless roaming capabilities across
different UMTS networks worldwide, thanks to standardized
protocols.
UMTS Architecture
UMTS Components
• User Equipment (UE): Mobile devices like smartphones and modems
that connect to the network.
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Handles radio
access and includes: Node B: The base station that connects to
mobile devices. Radio Network Controller (RNC): Manages resources,
handovers, and mobility.
UMTS Components
• Core Network (CN): Handles switching and routing of voice and data
traffic, comprising: Circuit-Switched Domain: For voice services.
Packet-Switched Domain: For data services.
UMTS Merits
• UMTS could be a successor to 2 G-based GSM advances counting GPRS and EDGE. Gaining a 3rd title
3GSM since it could be a 3G relocation for GSM
• Support 2Mbit/s information rates.
• Higher Information rates at lower incremental costs.
• Benefits of programmed universal wandering also necessarily security and charging capacities, permitting
administrators to emigrate from 2G to 3G while holding numerous of their existing back-office
frameworks
• Gives administrators the adaptability to present unused mixed media administrations to trade clients and
buyers
• This not as it were gives the client a valuable phone but moreover deciphers higher incomes for the
administrator.
UMTS Demerits
• It is more expensive than GSM.
• Universal Mobile Telecommunication System has poor video experience.
• Universal Mobile Telecommunication System still not broadband.
W-CDMA
• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) is a third-generation (3G)
mobile communication technology standardized by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP).
• It is based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) principles and serves as the
air interface for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
W-CDMA
W-CDMA Features
• Wideband Radio Channels: W-CDMA uses a wide radio channel bandwidth of 5 MHz,
which allows for higher data rates and improved capacity compared to earlier 2G
systems like GSM.
• Higher Data Rates: Supports data rates up to 384 kbps for mobile users. Can reach up to
2 Mbps for stationary users under ideal conditions.
• Efficient Spectrum Usage: The use of CDMA technology allows multiple users to share
the same frequency band simultaneously, distinguished by unique codes.
• Soft Handoff: W-CDMA supports seamless transitions between base stations (soft
handoff), which reduces the likelihood of dropped calls.
W-CDMA Specifications
• Modulation: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK).
• Duplexing Mode: Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division
Duplexing (TDD).
• Chip Rate: 3.84 Mcps.
• Spreading Codes: Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes for
channelization and gold codes for scrambling.
W-CDMA Merits
• High Capacity and Efficiency: Supports more simultaneous users and higher data
throughput compared to 2G technologies.
• Improved Coverage and Quality: Advanced techniques like rake receivers and
soft handoff enhance signal quality and reduce interference.
• Flexibility: It supports both voice and data services efficiently, accommodating a
range of user demands.
• Global Standardization: Adopted widely as a 3G standard, enabling global
roaming and interoperability.
W-CDMA Demerits
• It requires a more complex and expensive infrastructure to support its wideband
frequency bands.
• It is also more susceptible to interference from other sources, such as other
wireless devices or electrical equipment.
• Additionally, WCDMA has been superseded by newer, faster mobile technologies
such as 4G and 5G.
HSPA
• HSPA combines two technologies, HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
and HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access), to improve data speeds in 3G
networks.
• Downlink: Up to 14.4 Mbps (HSDPA). Uplink: Up to 5.76 Mbps (HSUPA).
• Enhanced use of W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
• Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) for better performance.
• Use of Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) for error correction.
HSPA+
• An enhanced version of HSPA, also referred to as Evolved HSPA or HSPA Evolution,
offering faster speeds and improved efficiency.
• Downlink: Up to 42 Mbps with Dual Carrier (DC-HSDPA). Uplink: Up to 22 Mbps with
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) techniques.
• Introduction of 64-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) for higher data rates.
• Use of MIMO and Dual Carrier technology for improved spectral efficiency.
• Backward compatibility with HSPA.
• Enhanced efficiency for real-time applications like VoIP and video calls.
Contd.
3G Services and data Rates
• High-Speed Internet: Provided faster access to the internet for web browsing, email, and
multimedia downloads.
• Video Calling: Enabled real-time video calls, a major leap in personal and professional
communication.
• Mobile TV and Streaming: Supported live streaming of TV shows, videos, and audio content.
• Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): Allowed users to send and receive multimedia messages,
including images, audio, and video.
• Mobile Gaming: Facilitated online multiplayer gaming with improved graphics and lower latency.
• Global Roaming: Offered seamless connectivity across different countries and regions due to
widespread 3G adoption.
3G Services and data Rates
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) –
2.75G (EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G
services and data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM,
MIMO, LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G,
enhancements in comparison of IMT Advanced
IMT Advanced – 4G
• 4G is known as the fourth Generation of Mobile Communication or wireless
communication technology, which is the successor of the 3G network.
• It provides high data transmission speed and is suitable for HD video calling, fast
download and upload, live streaming, online gaming, etc.
• A 4G system must adhere to the capabilities and features specified by the
ITU(International Telecommunication Union) in IMT advanced, including transmission
technology and data speed.
• 4G network provides up to 100 Mbps speed to users, far higher than a 3G network.
4G Features
• Data can now be transferred faster and more securely than ever before with the onset of 4G communication
technology.
• For organizations and individuals that want internet access, 4G communication technology offers a high
speed data link at a reasonably reasonable price as compared with previous technologies.
• The manner in which we communicate has been changed via 4G mobile communications technology, which
affords consumers better features like global mobility, portable services, and scalable mobile networks.
• This makes it possible to have faster speeds on the internet since with streaming video or audio or large file
downloads among other data intensive activities with 4g communication technology thus making its best
option for companies who want access to internet quickly at lower cost than other earlier technologies.
• Users of 4G networks get access up to rates of about one hundred megabits per second (Mbps), far much
faster than what their counterparts accessing Internet via a third generation (3G) network could get.
4G Technology Types
• LTE (Long Term Evolution) - LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) - VoLTE or Voice
over LTE
• Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
LTE
• LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a standard for wireless broadband
communication, primarily used for mobile devices and data terminals.
• It was developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as
the evolution of the GSM/UMTS standards, and it represents a
significant step forward from earlier wireless technologies like 3G.
LTE Features
• High Data Rates: LTE supports downlink speeds of up to 300 Mbps and uplink speeds of up to 75 Mbps
under ideal conditions.
• Low Latency: LTE reduces latency to under 10 ms for data transfers, which is crucial for real-time
applications like VoIP, online gaming, and video calls.
• Enhanced Spectrum Efficiency: LTE improves the utilization of available spectrum by employing advanced
technologies like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the downlink and Single
Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for the uplink.
• Scalable Bandwidth: LTE supports flexible bandwidth allocations ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz, enabling
deployment in different frequency bands.
LTE Features
• High Data Rates: LTE supports downlink speeds of up to 300 Mbps and uplink speeds of up to 75 Mbps
under ideal conditions.
• Low Latency: LTE reduces latency to under 10 ms for data transfers, which is crucial for real-time
applications like VoIP, online gaming, and video calls.
• Enhanced Spectrum Efficiency: LTE improves the utilization of available spectrum by employing advanced
technologies like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the downlink and Single
Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for the uplink.
• Scalable Bandwidth: LTE supports flexible bandwidth allocations ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz, enabling
deployment in different frequency bands.
LTE Architecture
LTE Architecture
The User Equipment (UE)
• The internal architecture of the user equipment for LTE is identical to the one used by UMTS and
GSM which is actually a Mobile Equipment (ME). The mobile equipment comprised of the
following important modules:
• Mobile Termination (MT) : This handles all the communication functions.
• Terminal Equipment (TE) : This terminates the data streams.
• Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) : This is also known as the SIM card for LTE
equipments. It runs an application known as the Universal Subscriber Identity Module
(USIM).
LTE Architecture – E - UTRAN
E UTRAN
• The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the
evolved packet core and just has one component, the evolved base stations,
called eNodeB or eNB.
• Each eNB is a base station that controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The
base station that is communicating with a mobile is known as its serving eNB.
LTE Architecture – E - UTRAN
LTE Architecture – The Evolved Packet Core
(EPC) (The core network)
The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network)
• The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) component has been carried forward from UMTS and GSM and is a central database that
contains information about all the network operator's subscribers.
• The Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) communicates with the outside world ie. packet data networks PDN, using
SGi interface. Each packet data network is identified by an access point name (APN). The PDN gateway has the same role as the
GPRS support node (GGSN) and the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) with UMTS and GSM.
• The serving gateway (S-GW) acts as a router, and forwards data between the base station and the PDN gateway.
• The mobility management entity (MME) controls the high-level operation of the mobile by means of signalling messages and
Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
• The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is a component which is not shown in the above diagram but it is
responsible for policy control decision-making, as well as for controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy
Control Enforcement Function (PCEF), which resides in the P-GW.
LTE Architecture – The Evolved Packet Core
(EPC) (The core network)
LTE Merits
• Faster Speeds: Superior to 3G technologies in both download and upload
speeds.
• Improved User Experience: Supports high-definition video streaming, online
gaming, and other latency-sensitive applications.
• Energy Efficiency: Optimized for longer battery life on user devices.
• Seamless Handover: Provides smooth transitions between cells, minimizing
dropped connections.
LTE Demerits
• Coverage Gaps: Limited availability in rural or remote areas compared to 3G.
• Expensive Infrastructure: Deploying LTE requires significant investment in new
base stations and core network upgrades.
• Limited Support for Voice: Initially, LTE lacked native voice support, requiring
solutions like VoLTE or fallback to 3G for voice calls.
VoLTE
• VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution) is a technology that enables
high-quality voice calls over a 4G LTE network.
• Unlike traditional voice services, which rely on older circuit-switched
technologies (like 2G/3G), VoLTE operates entirely on the IP-based
LTE network, allowing voice and data services to run simultaneously
on the same connection.
VoLTE Features
• VoLTE provides clearer and more natural-sounding voice calls compared to
traditional voice services by using wider frequency ranges and advanced codecs
(like AMR-WB).
• VoLTE enables simultaneous usage of voice and high-speed data.
• VoLTE reduces the time it takes to connect a call compared to traditional
networks.
• VoLTE is more power-efficient than fallback solutions like Circuit Switched Fall
Back (CSFB), which switches to 2G/3G for voice calls.
How VoLTE Works?
• VoLTE uses the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) framework, which provides the
foundation for delivering voice and multimedia services over an IP network.
• VoLTE uses the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to establish and manage calls over the LTE
network.
• Voice data is converted into IP packets and transmitted over the LTE data channel.
• For calls to non-VoLTE users, VoLTE networks interwork with traditional 2G/3G or VoIP
networks.
VoLTE Benefits
• Superior Call Quality
• No need to switch networks
• Improved network efficiency
• Video calling support
• Global Roaming
VoLTE Challenges
• Limited Coverage
• Device Compatibility
• Interoperability
• Network congestion
OFDM
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a digital modulation
technique widely used in modern communication systems, including 4G LTE, 5G,
Wi-Fi, and digital TV standards (like DVB and ATSC).
• It divides a communication channel into multiple orthogonal subcarriers,
enabling efficient and robust data transmission, even in challenging
environments like multipath fading and interference.
OFDM Features
• OFDM splits the available bandwidth into multiple narrowband subcarriers, each modulated independently
with data.
• The subcarriers are orthogonal, meaning their spectra overlap without interfering with one another,
maximizing spectral efficiency.
• OFDM can handle multipath propagation, where signals reflect off obstacles and arrive at the receiver at
different times, by using guard intervals and cyclic prefixes.
• By tightly packing orthogonal subcarriers, OFDM makes efficient use of the available frequency spectrum.
• OFDM supports flexible bandwidths, making it adaptable to various standards and applications.
Working of OFDM
Working of OFDM
Working of OFDM
• Input data is encoded using error correction and interleaving to improve reliability.
• The encoded data is mapped onto symbols using modulation schemes like QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM,
depending on the required data rate and channel conditions.
• The modulated symbols are mapped onto orthogonal subcarriers in the frequency domain, and an IFFT
converts them into a time-domain signal for transmission.
• A guard interval is added by copying the end of the OFDM symbol to its beginning, preventing inter-symbol
interference (ISI) caused by multipath effects. (CYCLIC PREFIX (CP))
• The composite OFDM signal is transmitted over the channel.
• At the receiver, the signal undergoes FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) to retrieve the subcarrier data, followed
by demodulation and decoding.
OFDM Merits
• The cyclic prefix prevents interference between consecutive symbols, ensuring reliable
communication in environments with reflections.
• By transmitting data on multiple subcarriers simultaneously, OFDM achieves high
throughput.
• The orthogonality of subcarriers allows tight packing, minimizing wasted bandwidth.
• OFDM can adapt to various bandwidth requirements by adjusting the number of
subcarriers.
• OFDM reduces the complexity of equalization at the receiver by converting a
frequency-selective channel into flat-fading subchannels.
OFDM Demerits
• OFDM signals have a high PAPR, requiring linear and power-efficient amplifiers to
avoid signal distortion.
• OFDM is sensitive to frequency errors and Doppler shifts, which can cause
inter-carrier interference (ICI).
• The implementation of OFDM requires complex FFT/IFFT processing and
synchronization.
• Adding a cyclic prefix reduces spectral efficiency by introducing overhead.
OFDM Comparison
MIMO
• MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) is a wireless communication technology that enhances data
throughput and reliability by using multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver.
• In a MIMO system, same data is transmitted through multiple antennas over the same path in the same
bandwidth. Because of this each signal reaches the receiving antenna through a different path, resulting
in more reliable data.
• The data rate also increases by a factor determined by the number of transmit and receive antennas.
• The receiver is designed to take into account the slight time difference between receptions of each signal
as they travel through different paths, any additional noise or interference, and even lost signals.
• It is a key feature in modern wireless standards like 4G LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi (802.11n/ac/ax), and beyond.
MIMO
MIMO Features & Types
• Multiple Antennas
• Parallel Data Streams
• Spatial Diversity
• Adaptive usage
MIMO Merits
• Increased Data Rates – improves throughput
• Improved Reliability – robust communication
• Better Spectral Efficiency
• Enhanced Coverage
• Scalability
MIMO Challenges
• Hardware complexity
• Processing Power
• Interference
• Accurate channel estimation
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+)
• LTE-Advanced Pro, introduced in 3GPP Release 13 and beyond,
represents a significant enhancement to LTE-Advanced (Release
10-12).
• It serves as a bridge between LTE-Advanced and 5G, incorporating
advanced features and functionalities to meet the growing demand
for higher data rates, lower latency, and massive connectivity.
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+)
• This technology focuses on achieving:
• Higher spectral efficiency and peak data rates.
• Enhanced support for IoT applications.
• Improved energy efficiency and network capacity.
• Pre-5G capabilities through innovative features like massive MIMO and
advanced carrier aggregation.
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+)
Features
• Supports up to 32 carriers (compared to 5 in LTE-A) for higher bandwidth, enabling data rates
beyond 3 Gbps.
• Enhanced antenna systems support 3D beamforming to improve capacity and coverage,
especially in dense urban areas.
• Uses unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz) alongside licensed spectrum for increased capacity,
enabling gigabit LTE.
• Enhanced Machine-Type Communication (eMTC): Optimized for IoT devices, eMTC supports low
power, low-cost devices with features like Power Saving Mode (PSM) and Extended Discontinuous
Reception (eDRX).
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+)
Features
• Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT): A lightweight version of LTE designed specifically for low-bandwidth
IoT applications, supporting large-scale device deployments.
• Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC): Introduced to reduce latency for critical
applications such as industrial automation and autonomous vehicles.
• Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X): LTE-A Pro supports C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything)
communication, enabling real-time data sharing among vehicles and infrastructure.
• Energy Efficiency Improvements: Incorporates features like advanced sleep modes and eDRX for
better power management in IoT devices.
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+)
Features
LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+)
Features
21CSE399T – Advanced
Mobile Communications
VI Semester 2021 Regulation - Elective
Unit 1 – Evolution from 1G to 2G
Analog Voice Systems in 1G – Digital Radio Systems in 2G – voice and
messaging services – TDMA-based GSM – CDMA – 2.5G (GPRS) –
2.75G (EDGE) – IMT2000: 3G UMTS, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ - 3G
services and data rates – IMT advanced: 4G, LTE, VoLTE, OFDM,
MIMO, LTE Advance Pro (3GPP Release 13+) – IMT2020: 5G,
enhancements in comparison of IMT Advanced
IMT2020: 5G
• The International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020) standard,
developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R), defines the
global requirements and framework for 5G networks.
• It represents the culmination of efforts to create a highly advanced mobile
communication system that supports diverse use cases, including
ultra-high-speed internet, massive IoT connectivity, and ultra-reliable low-latency
communications.
IMT2020: 5G
IMT2020: 5G
IMT2020: 5G Features
• Spectrum Flexibility
• Massive MIMO
• Network Slicing
• Edge Computing
• Dynamic Spectrum sharing
• Energy efficiency
• Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB)
IMT2020: 5G use cases
• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
• Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC)
• Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC)
IMT2020: 5G Technological Components
• Radio Access Network (RAN) Innovations
• Core Network (5GC)
• Advanced Coding and Modulation (256 QAM, LPDC)
• Network Automation and AI
• Backhaul and Fronthaul
enhancements in comparison of IMT
Advanced
enhancements in comparison of IMT
Advanced
enhancements in comparison of IMT
Advanced