CS 31

Introduction to Computer Science I

Howard A. Stahl

Agenda
• Welcome
• Review Syllabus
• My Philosophy
• Let’s Get Started...

Let s Get Started...

• The Textbook
• Computer Languages
• The History of C++
• The Compilation Process
• Developing Programs With C++
• HelloWorld.cpp
• Variables and Datatypes
 The Textbook
• Absolute C++ By Walter Savitch
– Any Edition Will Do…
– Readable And Useful

Computer Languages
• Computer Languages Have Evolved Over Time
• Initially, Programmers Wrote Code In Machine
Language
01010110 0001 0001000
• Eventually, Assemblers Were Made To Hide
Machine Language Behind Mnemonic
Instructions
ADD R1, 8

High-Level Languages
• C++ Is A "High-Level" Language
• With High-Level Languages, Programmers
Write Programs In A Structure Quite
Different From What The Machine Actually
Executes
• Languages Are Interpreted Or Compiled
– C++ Is A Compiled Language
 The Original Creator Of C++
• Bjarne Stroustrup
– Formerly of AT&T, Now With Morgan Stanley

The History of C++

• Authored by Bjorne Stroustrup, AT&T
• Extended the C Language
– Supports Object-Oriented Programming
• C++ is considered a superset of C
• Language Is Now An International Standard
– C++03 : ISO Standard from 2003 (VS 2012)
– C++11 : ISO Standard from 2011 (Xcode 6/7,
VS 2015)
– C++14 : ISO Standard from 2014

Compiled Languages .exe applications need to be run in command prompt

• Compiled Languages Must Be Turned Into

Executable Computer Instructions

Preprocessor Linker

Source Code Object File Executable

.cpp .o, .obj .exe, a.out
• Errors Can Occur At Each Step!
– compile-time, linkage, run-time
 Time For Our First Demo!
• HelloWorld.cpp

(See Handout For Example 1)

Summarizing Our First Demo!

• A Preprocessor handles lines with #
• All C++ statements end with a ;
• The main() function starts the program
• Opening and Closing Braces define code
blocks { }
• cout & cin come from <iostream>
• Comments can be single-line with // or extend
over multiple lines with /* */

Input and Output in C++

• C++ input statement: cin >> number;
– a numerical value is extracted from the keyboard
(cin) and is placed into the variable called
"number".
• C++ output statement: cout << "Hello";
– send information from program to terminal screen
(cout)
– double quotes "..." delimit a string
– \n sends a new-line-character
 Variables and Datatypes
• Most Programs Manipulate Variables
• Variables Are Named Memory Locations
• Variables Must Be Declared
Datatype Description
int, short, long Whole numbers
double Decimal numbers
string Characters
bool true or false
char A Single Character

Data Types:
Display 1.2 Simple Types (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Inc.

All rights reserved.

Data Types:
Display 1.2 Simple Types (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Inc.

All rights reserved.
 C++11 Fixed Width Integer
Types

Avoids problem of variable integer sizes for different CPU

architectures
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Inc.
All rights reserved.

should initialize all declarations

Variables and Datatypes example: int votesReceived( 0 );

• Variables Are Known By Name

• Identifiers Must
– begin with a-z, A-Z, or _
– followed by a-z, A-Z, 0-9 or _
• Identifier Names Are Case-Sensitive
• It is always good practice to initialize
variable values when they are declared

can't use any of these variable names because they're

reserved for the language itself and are typically in
Reserved Keywords
blue.
• You can t use these lowercase names It helps if you kind of have a naming pattern: like a
• Full List in Appendix 1, page 9115 camel case (kinda convention) where you start with
break case char lower case and then switch to upper case if there's
const default do
another word in the variable name
double else extern example: votesReceived, opponentVotes, helloWorld etc
float for if
int long return
• We ll be learning about these over time...
 single quotes go around a single letter and denote a
character that cannot be multiplied or divided.
Literals
• A fixed, static value used in a program
• Called “literals” because you “literally
typed” them into your program!
• Three basic types in C++
– numeric 5.1E+3 3.14159 -70
– character a 7 *
– string Hello World!

Literals and Variables Compared

• A literal is a fixed value that never changes
• A variable is a container for values
– a named value that may change
• assignment statement is one way
• there are many others
– A variable can only hold one value at a time
– A variable loses its old value when a new one
– All variables must be declared before used

Variable Declarations
• Every variable in C++ must be declared
– normally occurs at the start of a main program
– associates a name with a datatype
• Syntax: type_name variable_name;
• Examples: int i; double d;
• Your book focuses solely on int and double
 Assignment Statement
• Common form: variable = expression;
– Causes expression to be evaluated and the
result assigned as the new value of the variable
• Examples: i=5;i=i+1;y=m*x+b;
• Can t Do s: 1=7;5=x; U = 2 ;

Time For Our Next Demo!

• Grader.cpp

(See Handout For Example 2)

Summarizing Our Second Demo!

• Programs Can Get Quite Long!!!
• Use #include <string> for string
• Variables hold a single value at a time·
• Const holds only a single value ever
• Arithmetic Operations: + - / *
• Notation Shorthand:++ -- += -= *= /=
• Special Characters: \t \n \" \' \? \\
 Variable Initialization
• A variable has no meaningful value unless
assigned
• Rule: Set each variable before its value is
used! GARBAGE, otherwise! (The
container has no predictable value)
• One way of avoiding uninitialized variables:
initialize at the time of declaration
– int your_sum = 20;
– double rate(0.1), balance(0.00);

Time For Our Next Demo!

• Datatypes.cpp

(See Handout For Example 3)

Summarizing Our Third Demo!

• Variables Are Typed Memory Locations
– datatype determines size requirements
• When Choosing Datatypes, Be Mindful Of
Their Valid Values
 Summary
• Computer Languages
• The Compilation Process
• The History of C++
• Developing Programs With C++
• HelloWorld.cpp
• Variables and Datatypes