ADICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

CHIKKAMAGALURU, INDIA -577 102

INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

“INTER/INTRA INSTUTIONAL INTERNSHIP”

Under the Guidance of

Internal Guide External Guide

MR .MADHUPRAKASH Name
Assistant Professor, Dept. of E&CE
A.I.T., Chikamagluru Loginware

Submitted by
DHANUSH GOWDA H
4AI21EC028

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ADICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to V.T.U., Accredited by NBA)
CHIKMAGALUR-577102, KARNATAKA
2022-23
 ADICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
CHIKKAMAGALURU, INDIA -577 102

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that DHANUSH GOWDA H bearing USN 4AI21EC028 has submitted
the INTERNSHIP report entitled “Design and Development of System Using IOT and Machine
Learning on Raspberry Pi Platform and Python Enterprise Applications” . He/she has
satisfactorily completed the Internship work prescribed by Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi, for 4th sem Electronics and Communication Engineering during the year 2022-23.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Reviewer

MR .MADHUPRAKASH MRS.MEGHASHREE M
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Dept. of E&CE Dept. of E&CE

Signature of the Coordinators Signature of the HOD

Dr.Tasmia Namreen A. B.E., M.Tech. Dr. Goutham M A. B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D

Asst. Professor Professor & Head
Dept. of E&CE Dept. of E&CE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our humble Pranamas to his holiness Parama Poojya
Jagadguru Padmabushana Sri Sri Sri Dr. Balagangadharanatha
Mahaswamiji and Parama Poojya Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Dr.
Nirmalanandanatha Mahaswamiji and also to Sri Sri Gunanatha
Swamiji Sringeri Branch Chikkamagaluru who have showered their
blessings on us for framing our career successfully.
We are deeply indebted to our honourable Director Dr. C K Subbaraya for
creating the right kind of care and ambience. We are Thankful to our beloved
Principal Dr. C T Jayadeva for inspiring us to achieve greater endeavours
in all aspects of Learning.
We express our deepest gratitude to Dr. Goutham M A, Professor & Head,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his valuable
guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement without which success of
our Internship work would have been difficult.
We are Grateful to our guide MR .MADHUPRAKASH for their excellent
guidance, constant encouragement, support and constructive suggestions. We
are thankful to our Internship coordinator Mrs.Tasmia for her inspiration
and lively correspondence for carrying our work. We would like to thank our
beloved parents for their support, encouragement and blessings. And last but
not least, I would be pleased to express our heartfelt thanks to all teaching
and non-teaching staff of E&CE Department and our friends who have
rendered their help, motivation and support.
 CONTENTS

SL- PAGE-
INDEX
NO: NO:

1 INTRODUCTION

ABOUT THE COMPANY :-

2.1. INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY
2.2. HISTORY
2
2.3. VISION
2.4. MISSION
2.5. OBJECTIVES

TOPICS COVERED :-
3.1. PROGRAMMING WITH C-LANGUAGE
3
3.2. PYTHON PROGRAMMING
3.3. EMBEDDED-C PROGRAMMING

PROJECT DISCRIPTION :-
4.1. C-PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
4 4.2. PYTHON PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
4.3. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4.4. ARDUINO SOFTWARE

REFLECTION :-
5.1. SKILLS ACQUIRED
5
5.2. PILL REMAINDER
5.3. AUTOMATIC COOLER USING UNO-R3

6 CONCLUSION
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1. INTRODUCTION

I had the incredible opportunity to take part in a 10-day internship that focused on
learning three important programming languages: Python, C, and Embedded C. The
internship took place in a beautiful location in Karnataka, India.
During the internship, we started by diving into Python, a versatile language known for its
simplicity. We learned about variables, control flow, and data structures, and got to
practice writing code and solving problems with Python.
Next, we delved into C programming, a language valued for its efficiency and widespread
use. We explored functions, arrays, pointers, and memory management, and participated
in coding challenges to enhance our problem-solving skills.
The most exciting part of the internship was exploring Embedded C programming. This
area allowed us to interact with hardware and IoT devices, giving us the chance to see our
code come to life and interact with the physical world.
Throughout the program, we worked on hands-on projects that tested our skills and
creativity. Collaborating in teams, we built applications and systems, putting our newly
acquired knowledge to practical use.
Beyond technical skills, the internship emphasized soft skills like communication and
teamwork. Through group discussions and presentations, we honed our ability to work
effectively with others.
In just 10 days, this internship provided a solid foundation in Python, C, and Embedded
C, and prepared us to tackle real-world challenges in the tech industry. It was a
transformative experience that left us with cherished memories and a passion for
programming.

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2. ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Loginware Softtec Pvt. Ltd is an emerging startup established in the year 2016 and based
in Hassan, tier II city of Karnataka State. Loginware is a knowledge-driven company that
values cutting edge technology practices and provides comprehensive solutions to help
our customers achieve their goals. Loginware is changing the world by changing the way
knowledge can be shared. Loginware has the dedicated young minds striving to connect
individuals with each other and with technology.
Loginware Sofftec Pvt. Ltd. is a proactive player covering the full spectrum of software
services, from design, development, implementation, Validation, support and corporate
training.
Loginware provides solutions that enable its customers to deliver state-of-the-art
technological solutions. Leveraging a variety of platforms from embedded engineering to
application development with system software support.

Loginware is supported by a strong, committed team delivering quality work. As a

diverse end-to-end solutions provider, offers a range of expertise aimed at helping
customers re-engineer and re-invent their businesses to compete successfully in an ever-
changing marketplace, with the final objective of giving clients the competitive edge in
the marketplace.

2.2 HISTORY

The world has witnessed a phenomenal rise in information and communication

technology over the past two decades. Tier II and Tier III cities play an important role in
the socio-economic development of any country. Tier II and III cities in India are no more
dependent on the traditional tools to run business. Loginware Softtec Pvt. Ltd an
emerging startup based at Hassan, a tier II city in Karnataka State. The vision for this
unit, has been developed through a collaborative process during the past 2 years,
including a campus-wide vision crafting process that involved engineers, academic
faculty, administration, a review of multiple existing platforms and support from various
technology organizations.

2.3 VISION

To be a leading technology company, transforming creative ideas into reality.

2.4 MISSION

Bringing out the best in everyone we touch, motivate, inspire and empower each other to
do things they never thought were possible.

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2.5 OBJECTIVES

The primary purpose of this company will be to utilize a carefully designed and integrated
set of training programs, entrepreneurship development components, cooperative
concepts and technology services to select and train individuals of tier II and tier III cities
to become new generation skilled workers cum entrepreneurs and community builders.
The programs carried out in Loginware will attract, screen, motive, prepare and assist
individuals of tier II and tier III cities to effectively utilize the new generation technology.
1) Creating a one-stop technology platform or a knowledge hub to support all kinds of
technology needs of Tier II and III cities.
2) Make available at one location all of the essential technology facilities, training and
support services needed by individuals of tier II and tier III cities.
3) Systematically create substantial number of new modern small business enterprises and
worker cooperatives.
4) Generate economic growth and employment opportunities for youth and poor people in
tier II and tier III cities.

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3. TOPICS COVERED
3.1. PROGRAMMING WITH C-LANGUAGE:-
INTRODUCTION
C is a procedural programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie in the
year 1972 at Bell Laboratories of AT&T Labs. It was mainly developed as a system
programming language to write the UNIX operating system.
C is an imperative procedural language, supporting structured programming, lexical
variable scope and recursion, with a static type system. It was designed to be compiled to
provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to
machine instructions, all with minimal runtime support.
FEATURES OF C-LANGUAGE
*General Purpose and Portable
*Low-level Memory Access
*Fast Speed
*Clean Syntax
These features make the C language suitable for system programming like an operating
system or compiler development.
COMPONENTS OF C PROGRAM
1. Header Files Inclusion – Line 1 [#include <stdio.h>]
The first and foremost component is the inclusion of the Header files in a C program. A
header file is a file with extension .h which contains C function declarations and macro
definitions to be shared between several source files. All lines that start with # are
processed by a preprocessor which is a program invoked by the compiler. In the above
example, the preprocessor copies the preprocessed code of stdio.h to our file. The .h files
are called header files in C.
Some of the C Header files:

stddef.h – Defines several useful types and macros.

stdint.h – Defines exact width integer types.
stdio.h – Defines core input and output functions
stdlib.h – Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random network generator, and
memory allocation
string.h – Defines string handling functions
math.h – Defines common mathematical functions.

2. Main Method Declaration – Line 2 [int main()]

The next part of a C program is to declare the main() function. It is the entry point of a C
program and the execution typically begins with the first line of the main(). The empty
brackets indicate that the main doesn’t take any parameter (See this for more details). The
int that was written before the main indicates the return type of main(). The value

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returned by the main indicates the status of program termination. See this post for more
details on the return type.

3. Body of Main Method – Line 3 to Line 6 [enclosed in {}]

The body of a function in the C program refers to statements that are a part of that
function. It can be anything like manipulations, searching, sorting, printing, etc. A pair of
curly brackets define the body of a function. All functions must start and end with curly
brackets.

4. Statement – Line 4 [printf(“Hello World”);]

Statements are the instructions given to the compiler. In C, a statement is always
terminated by a semicolon (;). In this particular case, we use printf() function to instruct
the compiler to display “Hello World” text on the screen.

5. Return Statement – Line 5 [return 0;]

The last part of any C function is the return statement. The return statement refers to the
return values from a function. This return statement and return value depend upon the
return type of the function. The return statement in our program returns the value from
main(). The returned value may be used by an operating system to know the termination
status of your program. The value 0 typically means successful termination.

ADVANTAGES OF C-PROGRAM
 C is medium level language. It has both, the lower level and higher level
functionality. We can use C to make driver or kernel level programs as well as programs
for different software.

 C is structured programming language. This allows complex program to be broken

into simpler programs. These smaller programs are called the functions.

 We can use C as scripting language for drivers of embedded systems. Because C

has direct access to machine level hardware APIs, dynamic memory allocations etc.

 C language is case-sensitive. So lowercase and uppercase letters have different

meanings.

 C is very portable language. Different component of Windows, UNIX, and Linux

systems are written into C.

 As C is the general-purpose language, then we can use C for game design,

graphics, enterprise applications etc.

 C has enriched library for built-in functions

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3.2. PYTHON PROGRAMMING

INTRODUCTION
Python is an open source, high-level programming language developed by Guido van
Rossum in the late 1980s and presently administered by Python Software Foundation. It
came from the ABC language that he helped create early on in his career. Python is a
powerful language that you can use to create games, write GUIs, and develop web
applications. It is a high-level language. Reading and writing codes in Python is much
like reading and writing regular English statements. Because they are not written in
machine-readable language, Python programs need to be processed before machines can
run them. Python is an interpreted language.
This means that every time a program is run, its interpreter runs through the code and
translates it into machine-readable byte code. Python is an object-oriented language that
allows users to manage and control data structures or objects to create and run programs.
Everything in Python is, in fact, first class. All objects, data types, functions, methods,
and classes take equal position in Python. Programming languages are created to satisfy
the needs of programmers and users for an effective tool to develop applications that
impact lives, lifestyles, economy, and society.
ADVANTAGES OF PYTHON
Here are reasons why you would prefer to learn and use Python over other high level
languages:

 Readability - Python programs use clear, simple, and concise instructions that are
easy to read even by those who have no substantial programming background.
Programs written in Python are, therefore, easier to maintain, debug, or enhance.
 Higher productivity - Codes used in Python are considerably shorter, simpler, and
less verbose than other highlevel programming languages such as Java and C++.
In addition, it has well-designed built-in features and standard library as well as
access to third party modules and source libraries. These features make
programming in Python more efficient.
 Less learning time - Python is relatively easy to learn. Many find Python a good
first language for learning programming because it uses simple syntax and shorter
codes.
 Runs across different platforms - Python works on Windows, Linux/UNIX, Mac
OS X, other operating systems and smallform devices. It also runs on
microcontrollers used in appliances, toys, remote controls, embedded devices, and
other similar devices.

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3.3. EMBEDDED C-PROGRAMMING

INTRODUCTION
Before the C language was introduced, developers used basic programming (assembly-
level) to develop embedded applications. These assembly level programming were not
portable in nature, which acted as a restriction for the developers, as they were not able to
fully engage in the process of the development of embedded applications. With the
improvements in the embedded programming language many new programming
languages were introduced such as C, BOCOL and Pascal, these relatively newer
languages helped in overcoming many problems that were faced by the developers when
working with assembly level programming.
One of the most noticeable breakthroughs in the development of embedded programming
was seen with the introduction of the C programming language. There are many
advantages that can be exploited by developers when developing embedded applications
such as the embedded c programming provides portability and is easy to work with due to
its simplicity. Embedded c programming is more reliable and scalable when compared to
assembly level programming.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN EMBEDDED PROGRAMING
 Program memory plays a very important role in the smooth functioning of an
embedded system. We are aware of the fact that microcontrollers have limited
program memory (ROM). So, it is important for the embedded program to occupy
limited memory.
 The speed at which the embedded software operates should be fast timed. The
action time of a hardware should not be hampered by an embedded program that
takes forever to execute actions. The embedded software should be continuously
optimized to perform as fast as possible.
 In today’s world time cannot be wasted to code a processor from scratch, the
embedded software should be portable, meaning the programs that run on a
particular processor should be easily compiled by another processor.
 A proper maintenance process should be designed.
 The programming language should be easily readable.

ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED PROGRAMING

 The time consumed by the development cycle of an embedded program reduced

significantly.
 Developers were able to code easily.
 Modifications and updates were made easily, resulting in more successful
maintenance cycles.
 Library functions were introduced that eliminated the need to write the same block
of code again and again for each program.
 The hardware cost used in embedded C programs is very low.

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4. PROJECT DISCRIPTION
4.1. EXAMPLES OF C-PROGRAMMING (WITH OUTPUT)

program:1

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int var=23;
float var1=3.339;
char var2='m';
printf("the values are\n var=%d\n var1=%f\n var2=%c\n",var,var1,var2);
}
output:
the values are
var=23
var1=3.339
var2=m

program:2

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=5,b=10,sum;
sum=a+b;
printf("the sum of %d and %d is %d \n",a,b,sum);
}

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output:
the sum of 5 and 10 is 15

program:3

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
float c;
printf("enter the values");
scanf("%d%d%f",&a,&b,&c);
printf("%f",a+b+c);
}

output:
enter the values 3
2
1
6.00000

program:4 to get two digits after point

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{

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int a,b;
float c;
printf("enter the values");
scanf("%d%d%f",&a,&b,&c);
printf("%.2f",a+b+c);
}

output:
enter the values4
3
2.43
9.43

program:5

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float a,b;
int mod;
printf("enter the values of a and b\n");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
printf("addition=%f\n",a+b);
printf("suntraction=%f\n",a-b);
printf("multiplication=%f\n",a*b);
if(b==0)
printf("invalid values for division\n");
else
printf("division=%f\n",a/b);
mod=(int)a%(int)b;

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printf("modulus=%d",mod);
}

output:
a]enter the values of a and b
2
2
addition=4.000000
suntraction=0.000000
multiplication=4.000000
division=1.000000
modulus=0
b]enter the values of a and b
2
3
addition=5.000000
suntraction=-1.000000
multiplication=6.000000
division=0.666667
modulus=2

program:6

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("enter the values of a b and c\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b&&a>c)

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printf("the biggest value is a that is =%d ",a);

else if(b>a&&b>c)
printf("the biggest value is b that is =%d",b);
else
printf("the biggest value is c that is =%d",c);
}

output:
enter the values of a b and c
4
3
6
the biggest value is c that is =6

program:7

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("enter the values of a b and c\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b)
if(a>c)
printf("the biggest is a %d",a);
if(b>a)
if(b>c)
printf("the biggest is b %d",b);
else
printf("the biggest is c %d",c);

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output:
enter the values of a b and c
3
2
1
the biggest is a 3

program:8

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("enter the values of a b and c\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
(a>b&&a>c)?printf("a is bigger\n"):((b>a&&b>c)?printf("b is bigger\n"):printf("c
is bigger\n"));
}

output:
enter the values of a b and c
5
8
2
b is bigger

program:9

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#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=100,b=15,c=20,big;
big=a>b?(a>c?a:c):(b>c?b:c);
printf("bigger value=%d",big);
}

output:
bigger value=100

program:10

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int k=30;
printf("%d%d%d",k<=30,k=40,k==30);
return 0;
}

output:
0 40 1

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program:11

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("%d\n",sizeof(int));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(char));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(double));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(float));
}

output:
4
1
8
4

program:12

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[5][5],i,j,n,m;
printf("enter the no of rows and colloms\n");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
printf("enter the values for array\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{

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scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("the stored value is\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

output:

enter the no of rows and colloms

3
3
enter the values for array
111111111
the stored value is
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

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4.2. EXAMPLES OF PYTHON PROGRAMMING

1. a = int(3.5)
b = str(3.14)
print(a)
print(type(a))
print(b)
print(type(b))

2. a = 10
print(id(a))
b=4
print(id(b))

3. x,y=10,30
if x<y:
print(x)
else:
print(y)
print('is the minimum')

4. x,y=10,30
if (x>y):
print("x is greater then y")
else:
print("y is greater than x")

5. x,y=45,1
if (x>y):
print("x is greater then y")
else:
print("y is greater than x")

6. x, y, z = [10,21,30]
if (x > y and x>z):
print("x is greater then y and z")

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elseif (y > z and y>x):

print("y is greater than z amd x")
elseif (z>x and z>y):
print("z is greater")
7. for i in range(1,11,1):
if(i==1):
continue
else:
print(i)

8. def function1(a,b,c):
print(a+b)
print(c)
a=int(input("enter the value of a"))
b=int(input("enter the value of b"))
c=input("enter your company name")
function1(a,b,c)

9. a = str(input("enter your name"))

b =str(input("enter your surname"))
function1(a,b)

10. name=[1,2,3,'python']
print(name)
print(name[0:3])
name.append('AIT')
print(name)
name.append(2)
print(name)

11. from tkinter import*

root=Tk()
root.title("TKINTER")
root.geometry('500x500')

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label1=Label(root,text='preethi',bg='pink')
label1.place(x=50,y=50)
label2=Label(root,text='sinchu',bg='blue')
label2.place(x=100,y=100)
root.mainloop()

12. from tkinter import*

root=Tk()
root.title("TKINTER")
root.geometry('500x500')
label1=Label(root,text='preethi',bg='pink',font=("italic",45))
label1.place(x=50,y=50)
label2=Label(root,text='sinchu',bg='blue',font=("italic",3))
label2.place(x=100,y=100)
root.mainloop()
13. from tkinter import*
root=Tk()
def function1():
print("go to facebook login page")
def function2():
print("go to insta login page")
root.title("AIT COLLEGE DASHBOARD")
root.geometry('500x500')

label1=Label(root,text='preethi',bg='pink',font=("TIMES NEW ROMAN",10))

label1.place(x=50,y=50)
label2=Label(root,text='sinchu',bg='blue',font=("TIMES NEW ROMAN",10))
label2.place(x=50,y=100)
entry1=Entry()
entry1.place(x= 150,y=50)
entry2=Entry()
entry2.place(x=150,y=100)
button1=Button(root,text='LOGINFB',font=("TIMES NEW
ROMAN",15),command=function1)
button1.place (x=70,y=90)
button2=Button(root,text="LOGININSTA",font=("TIMES NEW
ROMAN",15),command=function2)
button2.place(x=70,y=120)
root.mainloop()

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4.3. HARDWARE COMPONENTS USED

IR SENSOR

An IR sensor is an electronic device, that produces in order to detect some parts of the
environs. An infrared sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion. These sensors are used to measure only IR radiation, rather than producing it that
is called as a passive infrared sensor. Generally in the IR spectrum, all the surrounding
objects generate different form of thermal radiation.These kinds of radiations are not
observable to our eyes, that can be sensed by an IR sensor. The emitter of the sensor is
infrared LED and the sensor is an IR photodiode which is sensitive to infrared light of the
same wavelength as that produced by the infrared LED. When infrared light drops on the
photodiode, the resistances and o/p voltages change in proportion to the received
magnitude of the infrared light.

IR sensor is an electronic device which is used to sense heat & objects. IR sensors are
classified into two types such as photo IR sensor and thermal IR sensor.

 A thermal infrared sensor detects the change of heat from its nearby objects
 The photo IR sensor uses a photo diode to sense IR radiations. In this article as an
infrared sensor a photo IR sensor is used to build the circuit.

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Applications

 They involve from domestic devices to industrial devices.

 These sensors are used in object sensing, motion detectors, obstacle avoidance
robot, gas leakage detection, smoke detection, measurement of distance, robotics and
many more.

ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

It is designed to measure the distance of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer.

Ultrasonic means of distance measurement is a convenient method compared totraditional

one using measurement scales.

This kind of measurement is particularly applicable to inaccessible areas wheretraditional

means cannot be implemented such as high temperature, pressure zones etc.
The basic principle of work:
(1) Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal, (2) The Module automatically
sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal back. (3) IF the signal back,
through high level , time of high output IO duration is the time from sending ultrasonic to
returning. Test distance = (high level time×velocity of sound (340M/S) / 2,

Advantages

 They have greater accuracy than many other methods at measuring thickness and
distance to a parallel surface
 Their high frequency, sensitivity, and penetrating power make it easy to detect
external or deep objects
 Our SCXL-MaxSonar-WR Product line is self-cleaning. Which allows for
continuous running and less downtime
 Our ultrasonic sensors are easy to use and not dangerous during operation to
nearby objects, people or equipment
 Our sensors easily interface with microcontrollers or any type of controller

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Applications

 Anti-Collision Detection
 People Detection
 Contouring or Profiling
 Presence Detection
 Box Sorting using a Multi-Transducer System
 Easy Control of Trash Collection Vehicles
 Pallet Detection with Forklifts
 Bottle Counting on Drink Filling Machines

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode that emits light when activated.When a suitable current is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band
gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated
optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.

Working principle
A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The
same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is
applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be
defined as the emission of light from a semiconductor under the influence of an electric
field. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons
cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free
electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the
valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes is less than the energy levels of
the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated to recombine the electrons
and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

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The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but
in gallium arsenide phosphide(GaAsP) and gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductors, the
electrons dissipate energy by emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the
junction becomes the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode.
However, when the junction is reverse biased, the LED produces no light and—if the
potential is great enough, the device is damaged.

Applications

 In motor vehicles and bicycle lights.

 In traffic light Indicators, signs and signals.
 In data displaying boards.
 In medical applications and toys
 Non visual applications.
 In light bulbs and many more.
 Remote controls

BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper isan audio signallingdevice, whichmaybe mechanical, electromechani

cal, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

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TYPES
Electrochemical
Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric
bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own
actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall
or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise
that electromechanical buzzers made.
Mechanical
A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers. Other
examples of them are doorbells.
Piezoelectric
A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio
signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to
indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.
A piezoelectric buzzer/beeper also depends on acoustic cavity resonance or Helmholtz
resonance to produce an audible beep.

Applications

 Judging panels
 Educational purposes
 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes

4.4. ARDUINO SOFTWARE

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button,
or a twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an led,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the arduino
programming language (based on wiring), and the arduino software (ide), based
on processing.
Over the years arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday
objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers -
students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this
open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount
of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
USES
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, arduino has been used in thousands
of different projects and applications. The arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners,
yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on mac, windows, and linux. Teachers
and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and
physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and

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architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and
to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of
the projects exhibited at the maker faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new
things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just
following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other
members of the arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax basic stamp, netmedia's bx-24, phidgets, mit's
handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the
messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use
package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it
offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other
systems:
 Inexpensive - arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled arduino modules cost less than \$50
 Cross-platform - the arduino software (ide) runs on windows, macintosh osx, and linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - the arduino software (ide) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For
teachers, it's conveniently based on the processing programming environment, so
students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the arduino
ide works.
 Open source and extensible software - the arduino software is published as open source
tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be
expanded through c++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details
can make the leap from arduino to the avr c programming language on which it's based.
Similarly, you can add avr-c code directly into your arduino programs if you want to.
 Open source and extensible hardware - the plans of the arduino boards are published
under a creative commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own
version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced
users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it
works and save money.

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5. REFLECTION
5.1. SKILLS ACQUIRED
 Programming skills in Python, C, C++. Arduino is built around straightforward
and easy-to-understand programming languages such as C#, Python, ArduBlock,
and Snap4Arduino. It also uses a subset of C/C++ with the code compiled with
avr-g++.
 Sensor operator skills. Sensors are small electronic devices that can be placed on
boards to get input from environmental factors such as light and temperature. You
can then program the board to respond to certain specific conditions.
 Circuit design. Many experts in Arduino are also engineers who develop
electronic circuitry commonly found in devices such as computers, televisions,
and smartphones. You’ll need to have such skills to work on advanced Arduino
projects.
 Computer skills. Computer skills are vital when working on Arduino projects.
Other than proficiency in programming basics, you’ll need mathematical skills for
complex algorithms, skills in writing programs, and skills in writing and
debugging code.
 Microprocessor and microcontroller skills. Microcontrollers are fused into
Arduino boards. Knowing what to do with microcontrollers will enable you to
read those different inputs while controlling outputs.

5.2. PILL REMAINDER

Notifies the user to take their prescribed medicine at the right time by alerting them if
medicine isn't taken by the user it sends a reminder text message and if still not taken it
notifies the guardian in time intervals.
WORKING
• As we already know that first we have completed the program
using ardino software.
• To use the program and to get the output we have used IR sensors which helps in
producing output for the program to run.
• But to make some external alert signal we have used piezo buzzer. And everything
together helps the patient to take his pills on time.
• Now coming to the working part, where the IR sensors are located reads the
output and as per the output the SMS or message will be sent to the gaurdian or
any person who is taking care of someone.
• Like for example if the patient hasn't taken the pills on time the SMS or some alert
will be sent to the person taking care of them.

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• Or if the pill have already taken and the person wants to know about it ,then also
the SMS or some message will be sent to the person .
• And to take the pills on time will have used piezo buzzer for alerting the patient
and have set it up so that it acts as A alarm to the patient. And This concludes the
working of our project

IMAGES OF PILL REMAINDER

5.3. AUTOMATIC COOLER USING UNO-R3

It’s a mini project which helps in cooling down the object by consuming less power
and its controlled by a microcontroller calls as uno r3 which is commonly used
microcontroller, with this I have used dht11 which can detect both humidity and
temperature at the same time and for the cooler I have use the normal dc motor which
can resist the voltage up to 9v and for the motor speed controller I have used l239D
motor driver which control its speed and for the software part I have programmed in
arduino software.
WORKING
• As we have connected the power supply the dht11 starts to read the
temperature and sends the signal to the microcontroller.
• According to the temperature the microcontroller send the signal to the l239D
IC which is the motor driver, which controls the dc motor.
• As this is programmed specifically for laptops the temperature is set limitedly
that is 25 degree is the base temperature where the motor speed is really low
or won’t be turned on.
• But as the temperature increases the speed of dc motor increases and the motor
reaches maximum speed at 40 degree where it stay in that speed until the
temperature falls down.
• Although this is mainly concentrated on maintaining the temperature of
laptops the voltage supply and the speed of the motor is limited.

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• But the same program can be used for higher voltage and higher rpm motor
where the external power supply should be connected to the IC which has the
capacity of 32v and as for the microcontroller we have to use 9v supply or
over supply can damage the microcontroller.

IMAGES OF AUTO COOLER

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RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

On the whole, this internship was an amazing as well as useful experience. I
gained new knowledge and also learnt many new skills. I achieved many of
my learning goals. I got insight into professional practices currently
advocated in industries.
I learnt different facets of working in a well-established organization.
Related to study, I studied more about the building of IoT models and
fundamentals of cloud computing. Furthermore, I have experienced that it is
of importance that education is the objective but we should also be aware of
the industrial aspects and practical aspect of the topics that we study. Related
to study, I studied more about the building of IoT models and fundamentals
of cloud computing.
This internship experience was not one sided but was a way of sharing
Knowledge, ideas and opinions in both the directions. The internship was
helpful in knowing what skills and Knowledge I have to improve in coming
time and also what all are the current industry trends and what all skills I
need to be updated with. I can confidently assert that the knowledge I have
gained through this internship has given me is very much helpful in
contributing toward my future endeavors. I have successfully completed my
10 days internship training on various fields of telecom technology and
undergone various hands-on and lab sessions conducted

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