BAB-UL-ILM ACADEMY, LAHORE

Computer Science
Syed Asad Kazmi
Topic 2
COMPUTER LANGUAGES

 Computer Languages are classified into three types.
 System architectures

 The term system architecture refers to the way in which
the components of a computer system such as printers,
PCs and storage devices are linked together and how they
interact
 A centralized architecture involves all processing being
performed on a single central computer
 Decentralized architectures spread the processing power
throughout the organization at several different locations.
This is typical of the modern workplace given the
significant processing power of modern PCs
 Typical network configurations include star networks,
ring networks, bus networks and tree networks
Client-server computing

 Client-server computing describes one level of interaction
found between computers in systems architecture
 A server is a machine that is dedicated to providing a
particular function or service requested by a client within
a network system
 File servers are used to manage the data files that are
accessible to users of the network
 Network servers are used to route messages from
terminals and other equipment in the network to other
parts of the network
Client-Server Computing

 Types of Network

 LAN
• A LAN (Local Area Network) is a system
whereby individual PCs are connected together
within a company or organization

 WAN
• A WAN (Wide Area Network) as the name
implies allows you to connect to other
computers over a wider area (i.e. the whole
world).
LAN Network Diagram

WAN Network Diagram

 Cloud Computing

What Is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet.

These resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers,
databases, networking, and software.

Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage

device, cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote
database. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access
to the data and the software programs to run it.

Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a

number of reasons including cost savings, increased productivity, speed
and efficiency, performance, and security.
 Introduction to computer
software

 Computer software comprises a set of machine-
readable instructions that directs a computer’s
processor to perform specific operations.
 Computer software can be divided into the following
types:
 System software
 Application software
 Programming tools and language translators
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

1.System software 2.Application software 3.Programming tools
and language
translators

a)Operating system software a)Off-the-shelf

b)Utility software b)Bespoke
c)Communications software
1-SYSTEM SOFTWARE

 There are three categories of system software:
 Operating system software
 Utility software
 Communications software
Operating system Software

 An operating system (OS) is the software that
controls the operation of the computer
 Examples of operating systems include DOS (short
for disk operating system), Windows and Linux.
 Key features of OS

 The OS controls all operations within the computer itself.
 The OS controls the operation of all other software, such
as the application software.
 The OS controls the operation of all the other hardware
connected to the computer.
 The OS provides systems security. For example, it enables
work to be saved and provides password protection.
 The OS also provides the graphical user interface (GUI)
between the user and the computer.
Graphical user interface (GUI)

 DOS and Linux

 DOS (disk operating system).
 Between 1981 and 2000 use DOS.
 Earlier versions of Windows needed to run on
machines whose operating system was DOS.
 However, now Windows no longer requiring DOS
(ever since the launch of Windows 95 in 1995) the
majority of users have stopped using DOS
directly.
MS-DOS Series

 DOS and Linux

 Linux is a computer operating system assembled
under the model of free and open source software
development and distribution.
 Open-source software.
 (OSS) is computer software with its source code
made available and licensed with an open-source
license in which the copyright holder provides the
rights to study, change and distribute the software
for free to anyone and for any purpose.
 DOS and Linux

 Originally developed as a free operating system for
PCs Linux now appears in many more computer
hardware platforms such as:
 Mainframe and supercomputers – an estimated 90% of
today‟s 500 fastest supercomputers run some variant of
Linux
 Mobile phones and tablet computers including the
Android and EOS(Entrepreneurial Operating System)
systems
 Network routers
 Televisions and video game consoles are modified
forms of Linux.
Linux

 Advantages of Linux over
Windows

 Open Source Nature Variety Of Distributions
 Secure Free to Use
Can revive older computers Better Community Support
 Perfect For Programmers Reliability
Software Updates Privacy
Customization
 Utility software

 Utility software performs a variety of functions on
the computer, such as copying files, sorting data on
files and checking for viruses.
 Utilities are either:
 Provided with the operating system by its developer
(e.g. a file copying utility); or
 Purchased in the form of utility packages (e.g.
Norton Utilities anti-virus software)
Communication Software

 Communications software controls the transmission
of data within a computer network making it
possible to send and receive data over media such as
telephone lines and fibre optic cables.

 The best defined examples of communication

software are file transfer protocol (FTP), messaging
software and email.
 2-APPLICATION
SOFTWARE

 Application software enables computer users to do
their jobs. Application software can be classified into
two broad types
 Off-the-shelf
 Bespoke
 Off-the-shelf software

 This is software that can be purchased (or may in
some cases be free such as Google docs) from a
supplier and installed on the computer
 Accounting software packages word processing
packages (e.g. Microsoft Word),
 Spreadsheet packages (e.g. Microsoft Excel),
 Presentation packages (e.g.Microsoft PowerPoint)
 Database packages (e.g. Microsoft Access)
Bespoke software or tailored

 These are programs that are written for a specific
purpose, to meet the user’s specific processing
requirements.
 Bespoke software is commonly used by larger
organizations to fulfill their special purpose needs
which cannot be completed by off-the shelf software.
Difference

3-PROGRAMMING TOOLS AND
LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS

 Programming tools are software that assists
programmers with writing programs.
 Software is written in a programming language, such
as ‘Java’, which is used in the development of
Internet applications.
 Programs written in a particular programming
language have to be ‘translated’ into a binary coded
form that the computer can understand.
 The translation of coded programs is done by
translation software.