Java OOPs Concepts

Object-Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts,

such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism, etc.

Simula is considered the first object-oriented programming language. The

programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is
known as a truly object-oriented programming language.

Smalltalk is considered the first truly object-oriented programming

language.

The popular object-oriented languages are Java, C#, PHP, Python, C++,
etc.

The main aim of object-oriented programming is to implement real-world

entities, for example, object, classes, abstraction, inheritance,
polymorphism, etc.

OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer,
watch, etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or
paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies
software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

Apart from these concepts, there are some other terms which are used in
Object-Oriented design:

o Coupling
o Cohesion
o Association
o Aggregation
o Composition
Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For
example, a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or
logical.
An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an
address and takes up some space in memory. Objects can communicate
without knowing the details of each other's data or code. The only
necessary thing is the type of message accepted and the type of response
returned by the objects.

Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed,
etc. as well as behaviors like wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an
individual object. Class doesn't consume any space.

Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent
object, it is known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to
achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism
If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism.
For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for
example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.

In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve

polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks

meow, dog barks woof, etc.
Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction.
For example phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known
as encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different
medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully

encapsulated class because all the data members are private here.

Coupling
Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another
class. It arises when classes are aware of each other. If a class has the
details information of another class, there is strong coupling. In Java, we
use private, protected, and public modifiers to display the visibility level of
a class, method, and field. You can use interfaces for the weaker coupling
because there is no concrete implementation.

Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a single well-
defined task. A single well-defined task is done by a highly cohesive
method. The weakly cohesive method will split the task into separate
parts. The java.io package is a highly cohesive package because it has I/O
related classes and interface. However, the java.util package is a weakly
cohesive package because it has unrelated classes and interfaces.

Association
Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one
object can be associated with one object or many objects. There can be
four types of association between the objects:

o One to One
o One to Many
o Many to One, and
o Many to Many
Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example,
One country can have one prime minister (one to one), and a prime
minister can have many ministers (one to many). Also, many MP's can
have one prime minister (many to one), and many ministers can have
many departments (many to many).

Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.

Aggregation
Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the
relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state.
It represents the weak relationship between objects. It is also termed as
a has-a relationship in Java. Like, inheritance represents the is-
a relationship. It is another way to reuse objects.

Composition
The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition
represents the relationship where one object contains other objects as a
part of its state. There is a strong relationship between the containing
object and the dependent object. It is the state where containing objects
do not have an independent existence. If you delete the parent object, all
the child objects will be deleted automatically.

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented

programming language
1) OOPs makes development and maintenance easier, whereas, in a
procedure-oriented programming language, it is not easy to manage if
code grows as project size increases.

2) OOPs provides data hiding, whereas, in a procedure-oriented

programming language, global data can be accessed from anywhere.

3) OOPs provides the ability to simulate real-world event much more

effectively. We can provide the solution of real word problem if we are
using the Object-Oriented Programming language.

What is the difference between an object-oriented programming

language and object-based programming language?
Object-based programming language follows all the features of OOPs
except Inheritance. JavaScript and VBScript are examples of object-based
programming languages.
Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single
action in different ways. Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words:
poly and morphs. The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means
forms. So polymorphism means many forms.

There are two types of polymorphism in Java: compile-time polymorphism

and runtime polymorphism. We can perform polymorphism in java by
method overloading and method overriding.

If you overload a static method in Java, it is the example of compile time

polymorphism.

Runtime Polymorphism in Java

Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in
which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than
compile-time.

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference

variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is
based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.