ET2060 - Signals and Systems

Definitions and classifications

Dr. Quang Hieu Dang

Hanoi University of Science and Technology

School of Electronics and Telecommunications

Autumn 2016
Continuous-time / discrete-time signals

sampling normalize
x(t) −−−−−−→ x[nTs ] −−−−−−−→ x[n]
Ts

x(t) x[n]
b
b b
b b

b b

b b

b b

b b

b b b b b b
b b
b b
b b b
b b b b
b b b b
t b
b b
b
b b
b nTs

Figure: Continuous signal x(t) and discrete signal x[n]

Representation of signals in time domain

◮ Graph
◮ Formula

x(t) = 10 sin(100πt + π/3), x[n] = 0.5e j20πn

◮ Listing
x[n] = {1, 0.5, −2, 0, 3, −1}
↑
Signal energy and power

Continuous signal x(t):

◮ Instantaneous power px (t) = |x(t)|2
◮ Total energy
Z T Z ∞
2
Ex = lim |x(t)| dt = |x(t)|2 dt
T →∞ −T −∞

◮ Average power
T
1
Z
Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
T →∞ 2T −T
Signal energy and power (2)

Discrete signal x[n]:

◮ Total energy
∞
X
Ex = |x[n]|2
n=−∞
◮ Average power
N
1 X
Px = lim |x[n]|2
N→∞ 2N + 1
n=−N

◮ When 0 < Ex < ∞ → x(t), x[n] - energy signal.

◮ When 0 < Px < ∞ → x(t), x[n] - power signal.
Operations performed on independent variable(s) (1)

◮ Shift x(t) → x(t − T )

◮ Reflection (time reversal) x(t) → x(−t)
◮ Scaling x(t) → x(kt)

x(t) x(t − T )

t t

x(−t) x(kt)

t t
Operations performed on independent variable(s) (2)

◮ Draw signals x(kt + T ) and x(k(t + T ))?

◮ Discrete signal case?
Example: Given signals x(t) and x[n] as in the following figure.
(a) Draw x(2t + 1) and x(2(t + 1)).
(b) Draw x[2n + 1] and x[2(n + 1)].
x(t) x[n]

1 1 b b b b b

2 3 4 t -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
Operations performed on signal’s magnitude

◮ Signal addition: y (t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t)

◮ Multiplication with a constant scalar: y (t) = ax(t)
◮ Multiplication between two signals: y (t) = x1 (t)x2 (t)
Examples: Transmission of signal

n(t)

x(t) y(t)

y (t) = αx(t − τ ) + n(t)

where x(t) is the transmitted signal, y (t) is the received signal,
n(t) is additive random noise, α is attenuation factor, τ is
propagation duration (transmission delay).
Examples: Multipath channel

α1 x(t − τ1 )

α0 x(t − τ0 )

x(t) α2 x(t − τ2 ) y(t)

y (t) = α0 x(t − τ0 ) + α1 x(t − τ1 ) + α2 x(t − τ2 ) + · · · + n(t)

X
= αi x(t − τi ) + n(t)
i

where αi , τi are the attenuation factor and propagation delay of

the i -th path respectively.
Examples: Amplitude modulation (AM)

x(t) y(t)

cos(2πfc t)

y (t) = x(t) cos(2πfc t)

Periodic signals

◮ Continuous-time

x(t) = x(t + T ), ∀t

◮ Discrete-time
x[n] = x[n + N], ∀n
where N is a positive integer.
◮ Minimum values of T , N are called fundamental periods.
Example: Determine if following signals are periodic? If so, find
the fundamental periods.
(a) cos2 (2πt + π/4)
(b) sin(2n)
Even / odd signals. Deterministic / random signals

◮ Even: x(t) = x(−t); x[n] = x[−n]

◮ Odd: x(t) = −x(−t); x[n] = −x[−n]
◮ Deterministic signals: Signal value at any given time is
deterministic, signal can be represented as a function of time.
◮ Random signals: Random values → random variables,
probability density functions (pdf) and random processes.
Example: Any given signal x(t) can be decomposed into two
components – even and odd signals: x(t) = xe (t) + xo (t). Find
xe (t) and xo (t).
Real exponential signals

x(t) = Ce at , x[n] = Ce an , C, a ∈ R

4 80
x(t) = 3e −2t x(t) = e t
3 60
2 40
decaying growing
1 20
0 0
40 1 2 3 4 80 0 1 2 3 4
x[n] = 3e −n/10 x[n] = e n/10
3 b

b
60 b

b b
b b

2 b
b 40 b
b

decaying growing
b b
b b
b b
b b

1 20
b b
b b
b b
b b
b b
b b
b b b b
b b b b
b b b b
b b b b b b
b b b b b b
b b b b b b b b b b

0 0
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Example: Given an electronic circuit with capacitor C and resistor
R connected in series. Draw voltage v (t) developed across
capacitor C , if initially (t = 0) the capacitor is charged with V0 [v].
Sinusoidal signals

x(t) = sin(ω0 t + φ)
Periodic, T = 2π
ω0
→ Discrete-time sinusoidal signal?
x(t)
1

1 2 3 4 5 t

-1

Example: Given an electronic circuit with capacitor C and

inductor L connected in series. Draw voltage v (t) developed across
capacitor C , if initially (t = 0) it is charged with V0 [v].
Complex exponential signals (continuous-time)
If C and a are complex numbers: C = |C |e jθ and a = r + jω0 , we
have:

x(t) = |C |e rt e j(ω0 t+θ)

= |C |e rt cos(ω0 t + θ) + j|C |e rt sin(ω0 t + θ)

Re{x(t)}
1 envelope |C |e rt

1 2 3 4 5 t

-1

Example in electronic circuit?

Complex exponential signals (discrete-time)

If C and a are complex number: C = |C |e jθ and a = r + jω0 , we

have:

x[n] = |C |e rn e j(ω0 n+θ)

= |C |e rn cos(ω0 n + θ) + j|C |e rn sin(ω0 n + θ)

Remarks about e j(ω0 n+θ) :

◮ Not always periodic (depends on ω0 ), period?
◮ Only need to consider ω0 within [0, 2π], when high / low
frequency?
Illustration of x[n] = e j(ω0 n)

Im{x[n]}
ω0 = 0.8π
1 b b b b b b b b b b b

b b b b b b b b b b b b

b b b b b b b b b b b b

10 20 30 40 50 n
b b b b b b b b b b b

-1
b b b b b b b b b b b b

Im{x[n]}
ω0 = 1.8π
1 b b b b b b b b b b b

b b b b b b b b b b b

b b b b b b b b b b b b

10 20 30 40 50 n
b b b b b b b b b b b b

-1
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Unit step function

 
1, t ≥ 0 1, n≥0
u(t) = u[n] =
0, otherwise 0, otherwise
u(t)
1

u[n]
1 b b b b b b b b b b

Example in electronic circuit?

Unit impulse function (discrete-time)

1, n = 0
δ[n] =
0, otherwise
δ[n]
1 b

b b b b b b b b

Relation to unit step function?

δ[n] = u[n] − u[n − 1]

X∞
u[n] = δ[n − k]
k=0
Relation to arbitrary signal x[n]?
∞
X
x[n] = x[k]δ[n − k]
Dirac delta function (continuous-time)

δ(t) = 0, ∀t 6= 0
Z ∞
δ(t)dt = 1
−∞
x(t) δ(t)
1

t t

Properties:
Z t
d
δ(t) = u(t), u(t) = δ(τ )dτ
dt −∞
Z ∞
x(t0 ) = x(t)δ(t − t0 )dt
−∞
1
δ(at) = δ(t)
a
Ramp function

 
t, t ≥ 0 n, n ≥ 0
r (t) = r [n] =
0, otherwise 0, otherwise
u(t) u[n]
b

b b b

t n
Systems

T T
x(t) −
→ y (t), x[n] −
→ y [n]

x(t) y (t)
continuous system

x[n] y [n]
discrete system
System interconnections: cascade, parallel and feedback

input output
system 1 system 2

system 1

input output
+

system 2

input output
+ system 1

system 2
Stability

A system T is called BIBO stable if and only if every bounded input

|x(t)| < ∞, ∀t

produces bounded output

|y (t)| < ∞, ∀t
Example: Check the stability of the system

y [n] = r n x[n]
for |r | > 1.
Memory

◮ A system is called memoryless if its output depends only on

present value of the input.
◮ A system is said to possess memory if its output depends on
past or future values of the input.
Example: Determine if following systems are memoryless
(a) y [n] = x[n] − x[n − 1] + 2x[n + 2]
1
(b) i (t) = R v (t)
Causality

A system is said to be causal if the output at any time n depends

only on the present and past inputs.

y (n) = F [x(n), x(n − 1), x(n − 2), . . . ]

Example: Determine if the following systems are causal or

non-causal
(a) y [n] = x[n] − x[n − 1] + 2x[n + 2]
Rt
(b) i (t) = L1 −∞ v (τ )dτ
Time invariance

A system T is said to be time invariant if and only if

T T
x[n] −
→ y [n] then x[n − n0 ] −
→ y [n − n0 ] ∀n, n0
for every input signal x(n) and every time shift n0 .

Example: Determine if the system is time invariant

y [n] = nx[n]
Linearity

A system T is linear if and only if

T {a1 x1 [n] + a2 x2 [n]} = a1 T {x1 [n]} + a2 T {x2 [n]}

for any input sequences x1 [n], x2 [n] and any constants a1 , a2 .

Example: Determine if the systems are linear

(a) y (t) = tx(t)
(b) y (t) = x 2 (t)
Invertibility

A system is invertible if the input can be recovered from its output

(diferrent inputs produce different output).

x(t) y (t) x(t)

T T −1

Example: Determine if the systems are invertible, if so, find the

inverted system
(a) y [n] = nk=−∞ x[k]
P

(b) y (t) = x 2 (t)

Homework

◮ Exercises in Chapter 1.
◮ Use Matlab to draw elementary signals.