Grammar Rules
Uploaded by
royisy54Grammar Rules
Uploaded by
royisy54Grammar Rules
For PTE Reading
Subject-Verb Agreement:
Subject-verb agreement ensures that the subject and verb in a sentence match in terms of
number (singular/plural) and person (first, second, or third). This rule establishes grammatical
harmony within a sentence.
Example:
Singular subject: The boy dances.
Plural subject: The boys dance.
Verb Tenses:
Simple Present: I work. Present Perfect: They have arrived.
Simple Past: She studied. Past Perfect: He had finished.
Simple Future: They will go. Future Perfect: We will have completed.
Present Continuous: He is writing. Present Perfect Continuous: She has been studying.
Past Continuous: We were talking. Past Perfect Continuous: They had been playing.
Future Continuous: She will be singing. Future Perfect Continuous: He will have been working.
Simple Tense:
Perfect Tense
Continuous Tense:
Perfect Continuous Tense
Articles:
Articles (a, an, the) provide specificity and clarity to nouns. Learn when and how to use indefinite
(a, an) and definite (the) articles to accurately refer to people, places, objects, or ideas.
Example:
Indefinite article: I saw a cat.
Definite article: I saw the cat.
Comparative and Superlative Forms:
Comparative and superlative forms help compare two or more items or express the highest
degree of something. Understanding these forms enables you to make accurate comparisons.
Example:
Comparative: He is taller than his brother.
Superlative: She is the tallest student in the class.
Pronouns:
Pronouns replace nouns, preventing repetition and adding fluency to your language. Use them
appropriately to maintain clarity and avoid redundancy.
Example:
Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
Rule 1: Have/has/had + past participle tense (V3)
After have/has/had, choose the past participle of a verb with the form -ed or the third form.
For example:
He had washed his old car.
She has watched the movie.
I have eaten some cookies.
Rule 2: Am/is/are/was/were + past participle tense
(V3)
After am/is/are/was/were, choose the past participle of a verb with the form -ed or the third
form.
For example:
I am called by the principal.
Water is boiled.
He was taught English by his teacher.
Rule 3: Be/being/been + past participle tense (V3)
After be/been/being, choose the past participle of a verb with the form -ed or the third form.
For example:
This workshop has been held in the art gallery since last week.
I am being worried about my future.
They have been interviewed.
Rule 4: Preposition 'to' + first form of the verb (V1)
After the preposition “to”, choose a verb in the present or first form of the verb. Remember to
not use ‘-ing’ form of verb with the preposition ‘to’.
For example:
I decided to go to New York to visit my sister.
I have to write an essay.
He wants to fly in Emirates.
Rule 5: Preposition with, of, for, about + verb+ing
After the prepositions ‘with’, ‘of’, ‘for’, and ‘about’, use verbs ending in ‘-ing’.
For example:
Thanks for giving me a ride.
How about going to the zoo this weekend?
He scolded me for thinking about chicken.
Rule 6: Articles a/an/the + noun
There are two types of articles:
The definite article “the”
The indefinite article “a”, “an”
‘A’ or ‘an’ usually comes before ‘the’ before the same noun in a paragraph.
Remember that nouns always come after articles. So, if the blank comes after a/an/the, you will
quickly identify the noun from the filling options.
3 Article Rules:
“An” comes before words that begin with a vowel sound—five vowels” a, e, i, o, u. For example: an
elephant, an orange, an apricot, an hour.
“A” comes before words that begin with consonants. For example: A mango, a student, a building,
a one
‘The’ comes before the noun forms of a word to indicate that the noun’s identity is known to the
reader. Also, ‘the’ is used when the noun is one of a kind.For example: the Universe, the United
States of America
Rule 7: Article a/an/the + adjective + noun
While rule 6 states that a/an/the goes with nouns, they may go with noun phrases (adjective + noun).
If there is a blank between an article and a noun, we will specify an adjective to fill in.
For example:
a tall building
a unique outfit
an amazing opportunity
the mesmerizing view
Rule 8: Modal verb + first form of the verb
can/ could/shall/should/may/might/will/ would/must/have to + first verb form. A modal verb (or
modal auxiliary verb) expresses the certainty and uncertainty of action.
For example:
You must leave the danger zone.
I can complete the report within three hours.
He should see a dentist before his teeth get worse.
Rule 9: Many + Plural nouns
After ‘many’, look for a plural noun to fill in the blank. The plural form of a noun will always have
“-s, -ies or -es”.
For example:
Many students are waiting for the school bell.
He can speak many languages.
Many countries were sent an invite for the conference.
Rule 10: It/which/that + Singular form of the verb
-s/-es
After it/ which/ that, you must fill in the blank with the singular form of the verb with -s or -es.
For example:
It takes a few months to finish the project.
He cooks a dish that has a distinctive French taste.
A computer that works faster than mind.
Rule 11: Conjunction Rule
The verb form must be consistent before and after a conjunction.
For example:
