GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

UNIT 1. INVERSION
INVERSION
Only when the sun is shining will a good friend lend you an umbrella…but he wants it straight
back when it starts to rain!
A. NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- rarely/ seldom/ little
e.g. He didn’t know/had no idea what was going to happen.
=> Little did he know what was going to happen.
- hardly/ barely/ scarcely (ever)...
- hardly/ barely/ scarcely… when/ before…
e.g. I had only just entered the room when I was asked to wait outside.
=>Hardly had I entered the room when I was asked to wait outside.
- never (before/again)
B. ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
- at no  point, time
e.g. The outcome of the match was never in doubt.
=>At no time was the outcome of the match in doubt.
- on no  account, occasion
e.g. The customer would on no account pay the added cost.
=>On no account would the customer pay the added cost.
- in no  way, town, place...
- in/under no circumstances
e.g. Whatever happens, don't tell them.
=>Under no circumstances should you tell them.
- in (very) few (cases)
- by no means
C. CLAUSES OF RESULT
- so/such... (that)
e.g. The runner was so exhausted that he couldn't breathe.
=>So exhausted was the runner that he couldn't breathe.

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

- to such a degree/an extent /lengths/ a pitch/a point/extremes... that

e.g. He was so afraid of confined spaces that he never took the lift.
=>Such/To such a degree was his fear of confined spaces that he never took the lift.
D. NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO.../ BUT... AS WELL
e.g. He set fire not only to the car, but also to the house.
=>Not only did he set fire to the car, but also to the house.
=>Not only did he set fire to the car, but to the house as well.
E. NO SOONER... THAN
e.g. I'd no sooner contacted the agency than I received your offer.
=>No sooner had I contacted the agency than I received your offer.
e.g. Immediately after his election, he was assassinated.
=>No sooner had he been elected than he was assassinated.
F. INVERTED CONDITIONALS
1st - If you (should)... => Should you...
e.g. If you (should) come first, leave the keys on the table.
=>Should you come first, leave the keys on the table.
2nd - If it were... => Were it…
e.g. If the boat were mine, I wouldn't hire it out.
=>Were the boat mine, I wouldn't hire it out.
3rd - If they had... =>Had they…
e.g. If they had known, they would have told us.
=>Had they known, they would have told us.
G. OTHER EXPRESSIONS
in vain, nowhere, not often, not a word/soul, no longer, in none of, not for, not since, not
even once, neither... nor, neither/nor/so/as (with aux. verbs)
e.g. 1. I wasn't afraid of his threats any more.
=>No longer was I afraid of his threats.
2. The chemist's will not be open either today or tomorrow.
=>Neither today nor tomorrow will the chemist's be open.
3. Both he and his brother play the piano well.

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

=>He plays the piano well, as does/and so does his brother.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
H. HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR/ BUT FOR / WITHOUT (changes in parts of speech)
e.g. 1. The only reason the concert wain't a success was the rain.
=>Had it not been for the rain, the concert would have been a success.
=>But for /Without the rain, the concert would have been is success.
2. If he hadn't advised her, she wouldn't have accepted the job.
=>Had it not been for his advice, she would not have accepted the job.
I. ONLY… (inversion in main clause)
- only then, only by chance/ luck, only in this way /with difficulty, only yesterday/on (rare)
occasions
e.g. I heard only by chance that his father had passed away.
=>Only by chance did I hear that his father had passed away.
ONLY (version in main clause)
- only when, only if, only after, only by
e.g. 1. He gave in only after we had (had) a long argument.
=>Only after we had (had) a long argument did he give in.
2. The only way to learn is by practice.
=>Only by practice/practising can/will you learn.
J. ONLY WHEN… (THAT)… / NOT UNTIL… (THAT)…
e.g. I didn't realise how violent the film was until I saw it.
=>It was only when/not until I saw the film that I realised how violent it was. (emphatic,
no inversion)
=>Only when/Not until I saw the film did I realise how violent it was. (emphatic, inversion
in main clause)
K. ONLY IF /NOT UNLESS (inversion in main clause)
e.g. You can see the doctor only if you have an appointment.
=>Only if you have an appointment can you see the doctor.
=>Not unless you have an appointment can you see the doctor.
L. INVERSION based on PASSIVE/ OPPOSITES

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

e.g. 1. There are not many newspapers which covered the accident in detail.
=>In few newspapers was the accident covered in detail (passive)
2. You will only fail your exam if you don't study hard.
=>Only if you study hard will you pass your exam. (opposites)
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Not many cities (have)… => In (very) few cities do they (have)…
The only way to find out is to ask. => Only if we (ask) can/will we find out.
You'll achieve your goals only if you are => Only with patience will you achieve your
patient. goals.
=>
It's unusual to (see).... Seldom do you (see)..
=>
As soon as I (arrived)... No sooner had I (arrived)...
=>
It was the first time that I (had been)... Never before had I (been)...
=>
I've often (wanted) to... Many is the time I've (wanted) to...
ORAL PRACTICE
1. Whatever you do, don't leave me alone. Under...
2. The robbers did not realise that armed police were waiting for them. Little…
3. Immediately after Paul heard from Angela, her sister dropped in. No sooner…
4. She was so anxious about the exam that she couldn't sleep. Such...
5. I would have given him the job if he hadn't been so rude. Had it not..
6. Had it not been for her support, he wouldn't have passed the exams. Without...
7. Had it not been for his hard work, he wouldn't have succeeded. But for...
8. I forgot about the appointment until I received the call. Not until...
9. The public is allowed in very rarely. Only on...
10. The only way you won't lose your job is by accepting his conditions. Only by…
UNIT 1
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on inversion)
1. Smoking is strictly forbidden in this building. (should)
Under …………………………………………………………………………..………………. smoke in this building.
2. The moment I walked in there was a power cut. (sooner)
No……………………………………………………………………………………………….…there was a power cut.

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

3. Patients rarely make a full recovery from this disease. (cases)

In very……………………………………………………….……………...…… a full recovery from this disease.
4. It was my first time at a rock concert. (been)
Never …………………………………………………………………..………………………...………… a rock concert.
5. I had no idea that we were supposed to keep a record of all our expenses. (know)
Little …………………………………………… we were supposed to keep a record of all our expenses.
6. We finished on time because Karen gave us a hand. (given)
Had Karen not ……………………………………………...…………………………………………finished on time.
7. They did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second child.
(been)
Only when their second child ………………..…………..……..…………………………… to a bigger house.
8. He didn't refer to the incident at all. (point)
At……………………..…………….….……………..………..…………………………………….….….….. the incident.
9. The two sides never looked likely to reach an agreement. (time)
At …………………………………………………...……...………………...………… likely to reach an agreement.
10. The reason they didn't give him the job was because he couldn't use a computer.
(inability)
Had it not...................................................................... a computer, they would have given him the job.
B. DERIVATIVES
YOUR STARS
You're in a (0)......restless… mood this week and must make sure you REST
control your (1)……………..... . You might well feel in the circumstances PATIENT
that a partner is being (2)......................, though most probably OBSTRUCT
they feel that you should be paying them more (3)...................... ATTEND
So try your best to avoid a row in the next few days and you will
definitely see an (4)…………………...in your close personal IMPROVE
(5)..................... . It would appear that some aspects of your work RELATE
this week are (6)…………….challenging, and when you make PROFESSION
your (7).................. concerning whether it would be wise right now DECIDE
to take your career in a different (8)…………..., it won't be easy. DIRECT

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People close to home might give you selfish (9.)..................,which ADVISE

will be far more (10)………………to them than to you. BENEFIT

USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN PAST PAPERS
(adapted)
STOPPING A JUMBO JET
In the early days of aviation, pilots had more important things (0).…to... worry about than
braking. Their main problem was getting into the air. (1)………………. by using all available
horsepower (2)……………. they able to work up enough speed to take off. When they landed
again, their machines had so little weight and momentum that they rolled to a halt on the
grass only a few metres (3)…………………… touching down.
Those days, (4)…………………., are long gone. As aircraft weights have risen, (5) ……………. have
landing speeds, which has meant that undercarriage brakes (6)…………………... had to become
more effective. Today, airliners travelling at speeds of up to 250 kilometres per hour are
(7)…………………. brought down to taxiing speed in a (8)………………. of seconds. A jumbo
coming in to land can weigh more than 200 tons, so its wheels are (9)……………….... with a
complete set of disc brakes. (10)………………. it simply allowed to roll to a halt, it would need
a runway twice the normal length.
Airliners, therefore, have a second braking system which, (11)...................... a passenger, you
cannot fail to hear during landing. Hardly have the tyres made (12)………………….. with the
ground (13)……………... the engines strt roaring again. This is the system known as reverse
thrust (14)……………… applied, the effect of which is to slow down the aircraft well before it
(15)……………….. the end of the runway.
0. to/for/than 8. few matter / lack
1. Even/Only / Not 9. placed/equipped / found
2. wore / should I could 10. Although/Ware / If
3. when / by/after 11. like/as/because
4. despite however / although 12. touch/contact/communication
5. so/and/also 13. than/that/when
6. have/would/had 14. bo/being lis
7. being/about/ to 15. gots/reaches/arrives

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PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
THE CONCEPT OF TIME
Astronomy was one of the earliest of the sciences. Primitive man saw the sun rising
(0)...at... different times, but always on the (1)................. horizon. He saw it set, but always on
the opposite horizon, and so he recognised the rising in the east and the setting in the west.
Given (2)………………. fixed point of reference-a pillar, a tree or a pole - he noticed that the
shadows that moved (3)…………….. it were longer in the morning and evening, and at their
shortest when the sun was highest in the sky at noon. He acquired a sense of timekeeping
(4)......................... the shortest shadow conveniently divided his working day (5)………………....
morning and afternoon, (6).............................the heat of the noonday sun to emphasise this
division. Thousands of years ago, (7).......................astronomy was in (8)...................... infancy, it
was realised that the movements of the stars followed a consistent pattern, in (9)………………
groups of stars appeared to change their positions as the night progressed, just (10)…………
the sun did during the day. In the Northern Hemisphere the observer (11)…….....notice that
(12)...…………… star (the Pole Star) would always be seen (13)………………… the same point on
the horizon at sunrise and sunset, (14)………………….. the other stars revolved about the fixed
star from east to west. So, (15)……………………. the "shadow clock” of the daytime he added
the "star clock" of the night.
UNIT 1
DO EXPRESSIONS
DO refers to the performance of a service or activity
- perform/put into practice a job /work ,a test, a play, one's duty
- achieve sth good/useful/right
- commit sth bad /wrong
- practise a sport/hobby
PHRASES - EXPRESSIONS
 do credit  have a do
 do business  that will/won't do
 do a favour  do 60 miles (an hour)
 do damage  do everything (with) in
one’s power
 do research
 do harm/good

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

- do (sb) a good turn: do something nice for sb else

e.g. She's so helpful; she always likes to do a good turn for people.
- do the honours: act as host/hostess; perform a social duty/ceremony
e.g. Excuse me a moment, the phone's ringing. Paul, will you do the honours and pour
everyone a drink?
- do the sights: go sightseeing
e.g. We did all the sights when we were in Lisbon.
- do justice to: do or show something in the best light
e.g. The photograph does not do full justice to the colours of the painting.
- do the trick: work, succeed in doing something
e.g. If you've got a headache, these pills will do the trick.
- do the donkey work: do most of the heavy work
e.g. Although he does all the donkey work, she takes the credit
- do wonders/miracles: have a very good affect on
e.g. You work too hard, a long holiday would do miracles for you.
- do one's best: try as hard as possible
e.g. She always does her best to please everyone.
- do the best one can: try as hard as one can
e.g. You should do the best you can if you want to succeed.
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. Why do I have to do all the hard work? (donkey)
Why……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… work?
2. The photograph does not show all her good points. (do)
The photograph ……………………………………………………………..…………………………………………..her.
3. The medicine produced excellent results on my grandmother. (miracles)
The medicine ………………………………………………..…………………………………………… grandmother.
4. Sue is always ready to help you out. (good)
Sue is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……turn.
5. When we went to London, we visited all the interesting places. (sights)
We . …………………………………………………………………………...……………..when we went to London.

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

6. I'll try as hard as I can not to be late. (best)

I’ll ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………late.
7. These tools will accomplish the task in half the time. (trick)
These tools ………………………………………………………………………………………......... in half the time.
8. I'll do everything I possibly can to help you. (power)
I’ll …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………to help you.

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
(BE) AT EXPRESSIONS
A DISASTROUS WEEKEND
Last weekend I was at rather a low ebb, so I decided to call a few of my friends to see if any
of them were at a loose end, in which case we could have gone out somewhere. Luckily,
my father's car was at my disposal so there was no problem with transportation. First I
phoned my best friend Henry, but he refused to come out because he was at loggerheads
with our other friends for some reason or other. When I phoned them they said the same
thing and wouldn't have been at ease if we'd all gone out together. I was at my wits’ end.
Then I called Olgs but she didn't want to go out because she was making a new dress. In the
end, I spent the evening watching TV.
 at a low ebb: worse than usual; depressed
 at a loose end: having nothing to do
 at one's disposal: available for use
 at loggerheads: in disagreement
 at ease: completely relaxed
 at one's wits end: not knowing what to do or say because one is very worried
(BE) AT EXPRESSIONS
 at a loss: confused, uncertain
 at a standstill: not moving, stopped
 at odds with: in disagreement
 at the forefront: leading position
 at large: escaped and still free
 at its/one's best: in the best state or form

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

 at a dead end: a point at which one can make no further progress

A. OPEN CLOZE TEST

I have my uncle's villa in the South of France at my (1)……………..., and I am presently at a (2)
................... end, so I decided to fly down and make use of it. That part of the world is at (3)
……………….. best in spring, but I was at a (4)........................... as to know who to invite to come
along with me. My brother is at a (5)................. ebb at the moment following his divorce, and
is at odds (6)……………. most of the family, so I invited him. I didn't realise he was (7)
……………… loggerheads with my uncle too, until my uncle made it clear that neither of us
was welcome to use the villa. Now I'm at my wits' (8)......................... as to what to do. I think
I'll stay at home.
B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. genuine 1. a. love, friend, story, concern, likeness
2. authentic 2. b. signature, antique, article, painting, interest
3. real 3. c. signature, document, painting, story
4. true 4. d. silk, love, friend, gold, name, problem, possibility

UNIT 1
IDIOMS – EXPRESSIONS
BODY PARTS 1
A. VERBS
- mouth the words: pretend to sing
- thumb a lift: hitchhike
- face up to sth: deal with
- head for somewhere: go
- toe the line: obey
- foot the bill: pay
- nose into: interfere
- elbow one's way through the crowd: push
- shoulder the blame/responsibility: accept
- hand it to sb: praise

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)

1. We……………….the same problems every year.
Because the flats……………….east, they get a lot of sunlight in the morning.
Why won't you………………up to the fact that you're too old to do this kind of work?
2. Her husband was asked to………………….a committee of inquiry.
I jumped into a taxi and told the driver to……………… for the airport.
In the final minutes of the game, a player managed to………………….the ball into the net.
3. The impudent child………………… his nose at me!
While I was waiting to see the doctor, I…………………….through a magazine.
We missed the last bus so we……………….. a lift into town.
B. NOUNS
- hands of the clock: pointers
- spine of a book: narrow part of the cover
- leg of a journey: stage of a trip
- foot of a mountain: the lowest part
- arm of a chair: part at the side of a chair
- at the head of the table: at the end of the table
- in this neck of the woods: in this area/around here
- in the back of beyond: at a distant/isolated place
- have a lot of cheek: have cool confidencel /impudence
- have the heart to: be willing to do or say sth unkind or unpleasant
- with the heavy heart: very unwillingly
* NOUNS & VERBS - FILL IN
1. My boss expects everyone to…………………..…………. the line in the office.
2. The first………………………………...………. of the journey will take two days.
3. Dad always sits at the ………………………………….………………… of the table.
4. We forgot to turn back the………………………………...…………… of the clock.
5. Don't bend the book. You'll break its………………………………………………….
6. You'll never find it. It's in the……………………………….…………… of beyond.

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

7. We walked towards the………………………………...………….. of the mountain.

8. He's got a lot of………………………………………… to ask me for money again.
9. I hate people who like to…………………………… into other people's affairs.
10. I'm the captain so I'll…………………the blame for anything that happens.
C. MATCH
1. pick someone's brains 1. a. do or say what seems best at the time
2. put on a brave face 2. b. attempt not to smile or laugh
3. play it by ear 3. c. enter or visit a place
4. (look) down in the mouth 4. d. find out what sb knows by asking questions
5. hear sth from sb's own lips 5. e. avoid loss of prestige/be humiliated
6. put one's foot in it 6. f. put yourself in a dangerous/unpleasant situation
7. set foot in/on 7. g. say or do sth foolish tactless
8. keep a straight face 8. h. show courage in times of difficulty
9. risk/stick one's neck out 9. i. hear sth from the person himself
10. save/lose face 10. j. sad and without spirit

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on DO expressions, (BE) AT expressions, BODY PARTS Idioms)
1. He asked her to…hand… him the newspaper.
Under no circumstances would the terrorists…hand…over their hostages.
I must…hand…it to him. He always has an answer for everything
2. Will you teach me that card……………………..,Joey?
My brother doesn't miss a ……………………….. when it comes to making money.
A little bit of glue will do the …………………… and your teapot will be as good as ever, Mum.
3. We went on………………….as it was such a beautiful day.
He stood at the…………………… of the stairs and gazed upwards.
Well, you really put your………………… in it, that was our new boss.

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4. She was at a………………….for words when she heard the news.

The………………………. of his child was a great blow to him.
If I sell the house now, will I make a profit or a......................….?
5. I don't think could..........................without my mobile phone now.
Don't forget to ...............….. up your coat; it's freezing outside.
He promised he'll………………... everything within his power to help you.
6. I was at my wits'………………….with worry by the time they found the child.
If you're at a loose…………………..this evening, drop in for a game of chess.
I'm going to put an……………………to this situation, one way or another.
SET B (guided)
1. I'm going to the shops. Do you want to keep me…….……….…….? presence
Tanya is never at ease in the…………..…………..of strangers. association
Martha's uncle has started up a new.................................of actors. company
2. There's nothing rare about it; it's just a………..……..garden variety. common
That the sun moved round the Earth was a……………..belief centuries ago. normal
She has so little in…………………with him that it's a wonder they're still together. natural
3. Well, I've done my best but the boss is sure to find. ..............with my report. error
I told you the play started at eight sharp, so it's your............... that you missed the first act.
fault
There's plenty of petrol in the car, so there must be a(n)....... ..... in the electrical system.
lapse
4. The power station..................... the local inhabitants to serious respiratory diseases.
exposed
Once the local newspaper………………… his secret double life, the mayor resigned.
uncovered
You................. the film too long and you can't see any details in the photograph. revealed
5. His shop is just a ………….. for his illegal activities. cover
A cold........................brought a blanket of snow from the north. face
General Franco came to the ..................during the Spanish Civil War. front
6. A simile is a(n)……………of speech where you say one thing is like another. outline
A public................... such as a politician must expect to have his private life scrutinised. figure

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You'll keep your....................... if you exercise and eat fewer sweet things. form

UNIT 1
CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS
CHARACTER/PERSONALITY - MOOD – TEMPER – VIEW - SCENERY - SCENE - SIGHT

TRAVELS WITH MY AUNT

Travelling with my aunt is no fun, but I needed a change of scenery, so last year we took a
train trip through the Canadian Rockies. You never know what mood my aunt is going to
be in from one minute to the next and she loses her temper at the drop of a hat. She has a
very strong character and takes the view that the whole world is there to serve her.
Wherever we stopped she made a scene about something- the hotel food, the lack of her
favourite newspaper, even the weather. She always set her sights on the best room in any
of the hotels we stayed in, and I shall never forget her chasing the hotel manager through
the dining room because he had forgotten to put fresh flowers on our table. Next year we're
planning to go to Italy together. Wish me luck!
 change of scenery: something new
 (be) in a mood: have a particular fêling (good/bad/strange...)
 lose one's temper: get angry
 strong character/personality: a lot of character /personality
 take the view: believe
 make a scene: cause trouble
 set one's sights on: decide which/what you want
CHARACTER/ MOOD TEMPER (v/n) VIEW (v/n)
PERSONALITY  be in the  temper your  on view
mood to language
 clash of  view sth
personalities  in no mood  have a with
to temper
 be a personality  in full
 set the mood  be in a view
 in/out of character
temper
 take a dim
 main character
view of
 with a
view to

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

SCENERY SCENE  SIGHT

 part of the scenery  behind the scenes  catch sight of
 spectacular scenery  change of scene  in/out of sight
 set the scene  lose sight of
 know by sight

MCQ CLOZE TEST

In (1)..................... of the increasing violence in our towns the President has decided to impose
a curfew. If government soldiers so much as catch (2)………………... of any troublemakers,
they have been authorised to shoot and ask questions later. The President is in no (3)
……………… to be threatened by mob violence. Talks behind the (4).................... with the rebels
have so far produced few results. The well-known (5)……………..... clash between the
President and the rebel leader is not making things easier. The international community
has urged both sides to (6).......................... their demands in the hope of an eventual ceasefire.
1. a. sight b. view c. mood d. agreement
2. a. scene b. look c. sight d. seeing
3. a. mood b. view c. temper d. idea
4. a. view b. scenes c. scenery d. character
5. a. character b. mood c. enemy d. personality
6. a. lose b. temper c. attack d. set

READING
A. MCQ CLOZE TEST
A DEPRESSING VIEW
I stood on the balcony with its breathtaking (1)…………….. of the lake and the fir-clad
mountains beyond. I was trying to find peace of mind. Earlier that morning, Jenny and I had
had a(n) (2)…………..... fight. She had been down in the (3)……………….... about something for
days, and suddenly losing her (4)……………., she had told me it was over. It had been with a
heavy (5)....................... that I watched her leave, and I had sunk into a dark and despairing
(6).....................
1. a. scene b. view c. sight d. scenery
2. a. genuine b. true c. real d. authentic

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3. a. mouth b. face c. lips d. cheek

4. a. personality b. temper c. brains d. wits
5. a. head b. mood c. mind d. heart
6. a. character b. mind c. mood d. temper

B. MCQ CLOZE TEST

PARENTAL LOVE
Experts agree that a parent's loving attention (1)………….......... on in a child's life is (2).………….
in helping that child stay off drugs in later years. Making children feel loved and
(3)..................., and spending time with them, develops a lifelong sense of self-worth. Long
before your children reach school age, (4)................. family guidelines for behaviour: honesty,
fairness, respect for other people and the law. You can't prevent children from being
(5)................. to drugs, but you can make them strong and (6).................. their resistance to
harmful influences.
1. a. recently b. lately c. early d. timely
2. a. main b. serious c. solemn d. critical
3. a. needed b. secured c. admitted d. cared
4. a. direct b. manage c. establish d. publish
5. a. exposed b. exhibited c. displayed d. shown
6. a. take up b. build up c. come up d. turn up

UNIT 1
PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1.Don't leave your car unlocked, whatever you do. (no)
Under …………………………………………………………………………………………………your car unlocked.
2. You don't find such detailed maps in many atlases. (few)
In …………………………………………………………………………………………………… such detailed maps.
3. His deep knowledge of the subject was never in doubt. (time)
At ……………………………………………………………..…………………………..……………… subject in doubt.
4. If she hadn't been personally Involved, nothing would have got done. (for)

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But …………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….………… got done.

5. The examiners rarely depart from established procedure. (very)
In ………………………………………………………………………………………… from established procedure.
6. They had no idea that one of their fellow workers was spying on them. (know)
Little ………………………………………………………………….……………… workers was spying on them.
7. You are entitled to a reduction but you must apply now. (if)
Only ………………………………………………………………………………………………entitled to a reduction.
8. The earthquake caused so much destruction that the town took years to rebuild.
(destructive)
So ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… years to rebuild.

B. MCQ CLOZE TEST

I was at a (1).................. end on Sunday morning so I decided to bathe the puppy.
Unfortunately, the puppy had other ideas and in a very short time I was at my (2)
………………... end. I was using some shampoo from the bathroom that I thought would do the
(3)……………….. but my wife lost her (4)……………... when she saw it and began to
(5)...................... a scene. We shouted at each other while the puppy ran round barking. Next
time, I think I'll bathe him in the house and not in full (6)………………… of the neighbours.
1. a. low b. loose c. dead d. wits'
2. a. loose b. wits' c. loss d. dead
3. a. justice b. sights c. honours d. trick
4. a. temper b. mood c. character d. personality
5. a. take b. set c. make d. change
6. a. scene b. sight c. view d. look

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. Gina doesn't look very good in this photo. (justice)
This photo .....................................................................................................................…………………………. Gina.
2. Jimmy isn't normally so rude, is he? (character)
It's......................................................................................................................................................so nude, isn't
it?

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3. Harry knows about the new regulations so let's ank him. (brains)
Let's ……………………………………………………………………………………… about the now regulations.
4. Tessa's little boy is very annoying so I hope she doesn't bring him. (neck)
Tessa's little boy ……………………...…………………………………… that I hope she doesn't bring him.
5. Jenny is determined to be a doctor one day. (sights)
Jenny ……………………………………………………………………………….…………………… a doctor one day.
6. The landlord told him never to enter the building again. (set)
The landlord ………………………………………………………………………………………the building again.
7. I'm very grateful to Vicky for telling me about this great job. (turn)
Vicky …………………………………………………………………… when she told me about this great job.
8. I don't like the way your sister talks to me, Emma. (dim)
I …………………………………………………………………………………………your sister talks to me, Emma.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES-COMMON WORD
1. Mary's usually late but she arrived……………………. on time today.
The professor waited until there was……………………… silence before he started to speak.
I think we've reached a……………………… end on this project so we'd better start again.
2. By the time we got to the market there were only a few…………………. and ends left.
If I'd known that Danny was at………………….with Joe, I wouldn't have invited them both.
If David spent so much on a birthday present for Julie, the……………….are that he's in love!
3. Auntie Joan's never-ending chatter always gets my ……………….. up.
Jeff bought an old house in the ……………….. of beyond near Lake Windermere.
We'll go in round the…………………….so that mum doesn't see us.
4. Soft music and warm candlelight…………………….. the scene for a romantic evening.
He ……........... a good example to his children by giving up smoking.
She ................ her sights on a career in journalism when she was only twelve.
5. You know I'm never at my …………………. first thing in the morning.
He's an awful man to work for so I wish you the……………………. of luck.
To the…………………… of my knowledge, he went to Australia.
6. Would you like my woolly scarf to keep your…………………. warm when you go out?

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Hi, Dave! I didn't realise you lived in this…………………….. of the woods.

I think the boss is wrong but I'm not going to stick my …………………….. out and tell him.
7. I'm afraid this paint just won't………………... for the living room; it's the wrong colour.
Fiona says she'll……………………the best she can to get here in time.
An early night will.......................you no harm whatsoever.
8. It was rather out of…………………… for Edward to say such a malicious thing.
Ebenezer Scrooge did not really exist; he was just a…………………………… in a Dickens novel.
Pete's uncle is a very strange…………………….. if you ask me.

UNIT 2 - TENSES - PAST MODALS

 TENSES (special cases)
I ‘ve been poor, I’ve been rich. Rich is better! (Sophie Tucker)
A. IT'S... SINCE
- The last time + past
- …haven't (done)...since/for...
- It has been... since.. (last)…
e.g. I last did business with him over a year ago.
=>The last time I did business with him was over a year ago.
=>I haven't done business with him for over a year.
=>It's over a year since I (last) did business with him.
B. THIS/IT IS…, , THAT/IT WAS...
- the first, second, ….time + present perfect
e. g. He has never been abroad before.
=>It's the first time he has ever been abroad.
- the last time… + present or future
e.g. I will never let anyone interfere in my private lo again.
=>This is the last time I (will) lot anyone interfere in my private life.
- That/ It was the first,... time + past perfect
e.g. They had not played professionally before.

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

=>It was the first time that they had played professionally.
C. IT WAS...
- only when/after...
- not until...
- until/before... + past perfect
e.g. Peter went abroad only after he (had) graduated/ his graduation.
=>It was only when Peter graduated that he went abroad.
=>It was only after his graduation that Peter went abroad.
=>It was not until his graduation that Peter went abroad.
=>Until/Before his graduation, Peter had never been abroad.
D. HOW LONG (AGO).../WHEN
- How long ago /When did you...?
- How long is it/has it been since....?
- How long ago was it when...?
- When was the last time...?
e.g. How long ago/When did they last make a profit?
=>How long is it/has it been since they (have) made a profit?
=>How long ago was it when they made a profit?
=>When was the last time (that) they made a profit?
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

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Paul was different then. => Paul has changed since then.
The train has been delayed. => The train will be late.
He is missing. => He has disappeared.
She went missing over a year ago. => She hasn't been seen for over a year.
He died ten years ago. => He has been dead for ten years.
The last meeting took place... => There hasn't been a meeting since...
I had planned to... => My (original) intention was to...
What do you intend to do in the future? => What are your plans for the future?
There is a definite improvement in => Your work has definitely improved.
your work.

PAST MODALS
A. MUST HAVE.../ CAN'T HAVE..../ COULDN'T HAVE
(deduction, assumption, conclusion, certainty)
e.g. 1. Nobody is answering the phone. They must have gone out.
2. The car door is open. You can't have locked it.
3. It couldn't have been Judy you saw yesterday, because she's been in London for a week.
B. MAY (NOT) HAVE.../ MIGHT (NOT) HAVE.../ COULD HAVE...
(possibility)
e.g. 1. They're late. They may/might/could have missed the bus.
2. Let's phone Roger. Ho may/might not have heard the news.
3. I'm not sure, but he may/might could have been speaking Russian.
4. “Jane was very quiet”. “Yes, she maylmight not have been feeling well."
4. Why did you leave the door open? Someone might/could have got in.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
C. SHOULD (NOT) HAVE…/OUGHT (NOT) TO HAVE
(obligation, criticum, assumption expectation)
e.g. 1. You shouldn't/ought not to have lied to me.
2. He left an hour ago so he should/ought to have arrived by now.

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D. PAST MODALS (other uses)

- surprise e.g. He's a terrible driver. He can’t have passed his driving test !
- disbelief e.g. Surely they must have known he was lying.
- annoyance e.g. You could have/might have told me that my pullover was on back
to front.
- irony e.g. He is so careless. I might/should have known he would lose the book I
lent him.
- assumption/certainty
e.g. "Someone called while you were out but didn't leave his name.”
"Oh, that will/would have been Rupert, probably."

SPECIAL MODAL STRUCTURES & related non-modal structures

A. OPEN TO DOUBT/QUESTION/
 SPECULATION + whether
 IT IS NOT CERTAIN + that
 FOR ALL I KNOW + may
e.g. He may not show up.
=>It is open to doubt/question/speculation whether he'll show up.
=>It is not certain that he'll show up.
=>For all I know he may not show up.
B. DOUBTFUL /UNLIKELY/HARDLY
e.g. I doubt/don't think he will/would turn down our offer.
=>It's doubtful/unlikely that he will/would tum down our offer.
=>He will/would hardly turn down our offer.
C. NECESSARY/IMPORTANT/ESSENTIAL...
e.g. 1. Is it really necessary for you to be present?
=>Do you really have to be present?
2. It won't be essential for you to go.
=>You won't have to/needn't/don't need to go.
D. CERTAIN TO → BOUND TO

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HAD BETTER → SHOULD/OUGHT TO

e.g. 1. It is certain to rain tonight.
=>It is bound to rain tonight.
2. You had better not disturb him.
=>You should not/ought not to disturb him.
E. NEEDN'T HAVE = IT WASN'T NECESSARY
e.g. I needn't have gone to the police. (I went but it wasn't necessary.)
But: I didn't need to go to the police. (I probably didn't go to the police.)

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SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
I can only assume he had problems.  He must have had problems.
The only explanation is that he didn't know.  He can't have known.
It is impossible that he had any money.  He can't have had any money.
I'm sure it came as a shock to him.  It must have come as a shock to him.
On no account should you interrupt her.  The last thing you should do is (to)
interrupt her.
It is quite possible that he is/can...  He might (well) be/be able to...
I suppose you've done/seen...  You must/will have done/seen...
There is/was no point in staying.  We might (just) as well
leave/haveleft.
He should have said nothing.  He would have done well to
say/have said nothing.
You've enough experience not to have agreed.  You should know/have known
better than to agree.

ORAL PRACTICE
1. When was the last time you attended a church service? How long has...
2. He might be living in France. For...
3. John went to a bar for the first time on the day he was sixteen. Until...
4. There hasn't been a bank robbery here for years. It's...
5. He had never performed live before. It was...
6. Did you have to invite them to the party? Was...
7. It isn't possible that she knew the truth. She...
8. Ann agreed to help only after we begged her. It...
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Tenses & Modals)
1. The minister's actions deserved praise, not criticism. (been)
The minister ……………………………………………….,……………………………………………not criticised.
2. I didn't intend to mislead you. (my)
It ……………………………………………………….,…………………………………………………………………… you.
3. There's no way that young man can succeed in this test. (bound)

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That ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...… this test.

4. I don't even know whether he's still alive. (all)
For ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… alive any more.
5. It's been over a week since the whale was last seen. (time)
The ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……… over a week ago.
6. Does your aunt need to be met at the station? (essential)
Is ……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………… at the station?
7. Edward might not agree to the proposal. (doubt)
It's …………………………………………………………………………………..…………………...... to the proposal.
8. That United will beat City is a foregone conclusion. (bound)
United …………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… City.
9. We were all shocked when he died. (came)
His …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… to us all.
10. Laura is likely to leave before the post arrives. (time)
By ………………………………………………………………………………………… Laura is likely to have left.

B. DERIVATIVES
THE OLYMPIC SPIRIT
Having experienced an (0) …amazingly... hospitable welcome at the last AMAZE
Olympics, and talked to thousands of happy (1)...................... who attended VISIT
thern, I am even more (2).................. about this wonderful event. ENTHUSE
This is one of the few occasions when the whole of (3)...................... comes HUMAN
together, displaying a (4)………………. that is all too rare in today's world. UNITE
Where (5)………….. fail, athletes appear to succeed. POLITICS
The (6)………….…. themselves, thrilling, spectacular and emotional, are the COMPETE
ultimate test of human (7)………….... They are not only a test of speed, ACHIEVE
skill and (8)……………., but also a measure of the competitors' courage STRONG
and (9)........................ For the thousands present, and for the millions watching ENDURE
on TV, the Olympics are the most (10)..................... show on earth. FASCINATE

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USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
HANDLING THE INTERVIEW
The aim of the interview (0)…is… to provide a case history of the candidate. It may (1)
……………. a tall order to expect a candidate to (2) ………………. you the story of his or her life
in the time, usually quite short, which is available for the interview. When candidates are
(3)…………………. that there is a sympathete listener, however, it is surprising (4)……………….
communicative they can become. Conducting an interview successhilly (5) ……………..
essentially on two things. The first is the establishment of a relationship with candidates
which will encourage (6)…………………. to talk freely about themselves. This cannot be done if
interviewers use interviews as an opportunity to (7)………………... what busy and important
people they are. (8)………………. can it be done by a series of set formulae for putting the
candidate at ease, (9)……………….. as shaking hands or offering coffee. The second task is to
steer the candidate over the ground to be (10)………………. so that the essential facts appear
(11)………………. quickly as possible and irrelevancies are cut down to a (12)…………….... Each
remark (13)……………... guide the candidate to talk about the right things (14)……………….
interrupting the flow of conversation. Each interview is first and foremost a conversation,
and (15)………………… it is successful as such it will never be a good interview.
0. is/has/must 6. more/them/easily 11. the /as/ more
1. come/be/put 7. make/soo/show 12. minimum/least half
2. explain/say/tell 8. Nor/Only / Unless 13. should/is/better
3. believed/convinced/known 9. such/so/to 14. not/unlass/ without
4. when/how/quickly 10. cover/covering/covered 15. only/ unless/although
5. depends/results/means

PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
BICYCLES
The standard design of the bicycle has been in existence for about a hundred years. But in
the (0) …past/last… ten years there have been more changes than during (1)........................
other decade.
Bicycles have much in (2).. ................... with aircraft. Both are (3)....................... to minimise wind
resistance, to maximise energy efficiency, and to (4)……………... instantly to the demands
placed on them, and yet to weigh very little (5)…………….. losing strength. It is no surprise
then that so much of the technology used in aerospace has (6)………………. its way into racing

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bicycles. The heart of the bicycle is its frame, which (7)………………... be strong, light and
flexible (8)…………………. to absorb bumps, but not so (9).......................so that it wastes the
energy that the (10)………………....... transmits by pedalling. The modern bicycle frame and
aircraft wing (11).................. many materials and design features. Many frames of racing
bicycles, which (12)..................... of tubes joined together, are made from aluminium alloys
(13)........................ to those used in aviation.
Components which fit on bicycle frames have also benefited from aerospace engineering.
Many components, (14)....................... as gears, brakes, handlebars and wheels, are
aerodynamic, and are often made from either aluminium alloys like titanium, (15)...….….
…….. light, strong metal used in aircraft.

UNIT 2
MAKE EXPRESSIONS
MAKE refers to creative/productive processes
 build/assemble a house, a factory, a table
 produce/create a cake, a meal, trouble
 achieve progress, changes
 express a sound, a statement
 force sb to do sth
PHRASES – EXPRESSIONS
 make a profit/loss  make a recovery/living
 make a/any difference  make ale) effort/choice
 make a good impression  make a speech/point
 make a(n) apology/remark  make (a) reference to
 make a(n) excuse/complaint  make a(n) offer/mistake
- make head or tall of sth: understand sth
e.g. This composition is full of mistakes; I can't make head or tall of it.
- make a meal of : exaggerate, spend too much time or effort on
e.g. Don't make such a meal of something so simple!
- make amends: make a bad situation better
e.g. He'll never make amends for the terrible things he said to her last night.
- make provision for: be prepared for

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e.g. Jack died last month but fortunately he had made provision for his wife and children.
- make ends meet: keep money under control/have enough money to live on
e.g. He had to find a second job in order to make ends meet.
- make up for lost time: not waste any more time/ compensate for lost time
e.g. After his illness, he had to work hard to make up for lost time.
- make light of: not treat sth as seriously as you should
e.g. He made light of my anxiety over the exam and told me not to worry about it.
- make allowances for: consider = (take into consideration)
e.g. You'll have to make allowances for him because he is new at this job.
- make the most of: use to the best advantage
e.g. Let's make the most of this beautiful day and go to the beach.
- make do (with sth): manage with sth that is not really satisfactory
e.g. We don't have time for lunch so we'll have to make do with a quick snack.
- make sense of sth: understand sth that is difficult or has no clear meaning
e.g. Can you make sense of this note?
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. I can't understand a thing he's talking about. (tail)
I can't …………………………………………………………………………..…………………….. he's talking about.
2. Don't treat it as unimportant; this is serious. (light)
Don't……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ; this is serious.
3. I took an aspirin for my toothache but it didn't help at all. (make)
I took an aspirin for my toothache …………………………………………………………………………. at all.
4. He earns his money by doing up old cars and selling them. (living)
He ………………………………………………………………………….……………….. old cars and selling them.
5. Let's go away somewhere and not waste our last three days of holiday. (most)
Let's ………………………………………………………………………… of holiday and go away somewhere.
6. His job is very poorly paid. He can't manage on the money. (meet)
He……………………………………………………………………………......................his job is very poorly paid.
7. I want them to think I am really good. (impression)

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I want…………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………. them.
8. It's a quick and simple job; why do you always spend longer than necessary on it?
(make)
It's a quick and simple job; …………………………………………….………………………………………….. it?

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
(BE) IN EXPRESSIONS
THANKS, GRANDAD!
I have always been a bit in awe of my grandfather and now I am deeply indebted to him,
too. He wanted me to go to university, which I know was in the interests of my future, but
at that time my life was in turmoil and at first I refused. For one thing I was in deep debt
and I was in league with a couple of people who were not very trustworthy. However, it
was in the course of my visits to him that I realised he was right so I followed his advice
and I think I made a success of my life. When I told him all this, he was deeply moved and
said it was wonderful to feel so important.
 in awe of: feeling respect (combined with fear)
 in the interests of: for the sake of sth
 in turmoil: in a confused state
 in deep debt: owing a lot of money
 in league with: making secret plans with sb
 in the course of: during
TO BE IN (A) DEEP...
 sleep: be sleeping heavily
 trouble: be in serious trouble
 water(s): be in trouble, difficulty
 thought: concentrating on what one is thinking about

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(BE) IN EXPRESSIONS
* in reply to: as a reply to * in accordance with: in agreement with
* in place of: instead of * in the absence of: without
* in time for: not late for * in the balance: not knowing whether the result is
going to be good or bad
* in vain: without hope of success
* in sympathy with: showing support or approval
* in character: typical of a person
* in proportion to: having a correct relation to sth
* in excess of: more than (a limit)
else

OPEN CLOZE TEST

In the course (1)………………. my travels, I have found myself in (2).......................... with the
world's refugees, all of whom are (3)............................ deep trouble after being forced to leave
their homes. Due to local wars much of the world is in (4)…………………. and we must act. In
(5)……………. of four million people are depending on us to save their lives. In place (6)
……………….. simply expressing our disapproval we should do something concrete. In the (7)
………………..... of world peace and stability this problem has to be faced, and we should be
indebted to those who are doing their best now. Let's hope future efforts will not be in (8)
………….......
COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)

1. false 1. a. money, passport

2. artificial 2. b. battle, exam, sympathy
3. fake 3. c. flowers, jewellery, limbs (leg), light
4. mock 4. d. money, jewellery, passport; fur
5. counterfeit 5. e. address, teeth, passport, start, alarm

UNIT 2
IDIOMS-EXPRESSIONS
BODY PARTS II
A. HAND
 be an old hand at: be experienced at
 get out of hand: get out of control
 give sb a big hand: applaud sb a lot

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 at the hands of: experience (usually unpleasant) treatment from sb

HEART
 with a heavy heart: sadly
 take sth to heart: be upset/ influenced by
 set one's heart on: desire strongly/ be determined to
 win the hearts and minds of: win the support of, become very popular with
C. HEAD
 bring matters to a head: bring matters to a climax
 be over one's head : be difficult to understand
 keep/ lose one's head: remain calm/panic
 get sth into/out of one's head: begin/stop believing sth, remember/forget sth
EYE
 see eye to eye: agree
 catch sb's eye: catch sb's attention
 keep an eye on sb/sth: watch, look after
 (never) set eyes on sb/sth: never see before/see (emphatic)
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1.It wasn't a severe…………….. attack so he was soon out of bed.
Don't take it to…………….when people criticise you unfairly.
I walked home with a heavy…………….. after the funeral.
2. He was taken hostage and suffered greatly at the………….. of his captors.
The treasure Schliemann found at Troy fell into the……………… of Russians.
I have to obey the rules and so my……………. are tied.
3. They have finally………………..sail for Corfu.
Someone has………………… fire to the school laboratory.
She had……………….. her heart on becoming the first woman Prime Minister.
* HAND/HEART/HEAD/EYE - FILL IN
1. My brother and I just don't see………………………………… .
2. When my parents were away, I had to……………………. the children.

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3. The party leader hopes to………………… the people.

4. The arrival of three gunboats brought…………………… .
5. You can't tell him anything about fishing. He's…………………. it.
6. A beautiful porcelain vase in the display case……………………. .
7. I gave up during the exam because the questions………………………
8. They gave the Italian tenor............................. for his excellent performance.
C. MATCH
1. cost an arm and a leg 1. a. be very obvious
2. not have a leg to stand on 2. b. identify correctly
3. keep at arm's length 3. c. ignore sb
4. give sb the cold shoulder 4. d. in great comfort
5. put one's finger on sth 5. e. jump with fear
6. stick out like a sore thumb 6. f. fierce, ruthless competition
7. be up to one's neck (with/in) 7. g. lose one's temper quickly
8. half-heartedly 8. h. cost a lot of money
9. be hot-headed 9. i. keep at a certain distance
10. cut-throat competition 10. j. without much enthusiasm
11. jump out of one's skin 11. k. be very occupied, busy
12. in the lap of luxury 12. l.have no good reason to support one's argument

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on MAKE expressions, (BE) IN expressions, BODY PARTS idioms)
1. I worked all day and no one lifted a… finger… to help me.
There's something I don't like about him, but I can't put my … finger… on it.
That was the third time managed to hit my… finger… with a hammer.
2. He used such technical terms that everything he said was over my………………… .
It's difficult to keep your……………… when everyone around is losing theirs.

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

I haven't been able to get that song out of my…………………… all day.
3. Don't…………………. light of his suggestions. Some of them are really good.
We're only here for a couple of days, so we must………………… the most of it.
It was only when I asked that he was willing to………………. room for us in the car.
4. He worked here for a short time but his……………………wasn't in it and he just left.
They had intended to move to the city but they must have had a change of……………….
I wanted to buy a small fat, but David had set his…………………….. on a sports car.
5. I nearly jumped out of my…………………., when you dropped the teapot.
You should eat more, Jenny. You're nothing but…………………. and bone.
I know she's very helpful, but her silly laugh gets under my………………. .
6. Old Miss Dabbs' story is so interesting. She must have been quite a …………………. .
The ………………….of James Bond has been played by many actors.
Oh, it's quite in………………….. for Ben to walk past you in the street without saying a word.
SET B (guided)
1. Be careful of Tom. He's an old………………….. at cards. head
Can you lend me a ………………. to move house on Saturday? eye
They seem to live from……………... to mouth, without a penny between them. hand
2. They really…………….Tommy for a ride when they sold him that useless radio. got
It could have been Jimmy who………….. the iron to pieces. took
Looking after the house and children……………..all my time so had no energy for had
anything else.
3. You can………the investigation, Mike, and you can have anyone you like to help you. lead
The goal was wide open, so it's a pity that Jim doesn't know how to………….. the ball. head
Let's………….. for home if you've finished the report. direct
4. She's got so much energy that she's like a ……………...of fire. ball
If everyone's ready, I'll start the …………….rolling. party
Do you like the dress I've bought for the New Year's Eve………….? club
5. I only……………… a glimpse of the man as he ran past me. grabbed
When I…………….. my breath I told him what had happened. seized

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

I………………….up on some much needed sleep last night. caught

6. It didn't……………my mind that you wanted to come with us. cross
I know that I'll need a bigger office soon, but I'll.............. that bridge when come to it.enter
You'd better.............your fingers. They might not have seen us. change

UNIT 2 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

SPEAK - SPEECH - REMARK - SAY - TALK - CHATTER - WORD - GOSSIP - PHRASE –

RUMOUR
ROCKY'S OSCAR NIGHT
From the word go I knew that it would be a night to remember. Rocky Hunk delivered his
Oscar acceptance speech in which he claimed he should have won an Oscar years before,
which says a lot about his supposed modesty. He remarked on the fact that his films
earn more dollars than anyone else's, and that his latest film was the talk of the town. He
spoke at great length about what a fine writer and director he was and denied persistent
rumours that he had stolen ideas from his friend and rival Steve Bicep. However, the
gossip columnists are unlikely to let up on their attacks and insinuations. To coin a
phrase, Rocky was over the moon about his award and wasn't going to let idle chatter
spoil his evening.
 from the word go: right from the start
 deliver a speech: make a speech
 say a lot about: show that a person has certain qualities (here used sarcastically)
 remark on the fact that: mention, talk about
 talk of the town: everyone is talking about it
 speak at great length: talk about for a long time
 peralstent rumours: rumours that go on for a long time
 gossip columnist: person who writes about private lives of famous people
 coin a phrase: use a well-known expression
 idle chatter: unimportant talk

SPEAK SPEECH SAY (v/n) TALK (v/n)

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GRIT ENGLISH CENTER BRIDGING THE GAP 1- COURSE BOOK

* speak for sb * impaired speech * say to oneself * talk sense

* speak for itself * figure of speech * have your say * talk out of
* speak well of * maiden speech * you don't say * small talk
* nothing to speak REMARK * have a say in sth
of
* make a remark * you can say that
again

RUMOUR (v/n) CHATTER WORD GOSSIP

* rumoured to be * chatter of teeth * have a word with * spread gossip
* spread rumours * incessant chatter * words of a song * gossip-monger
* rumour has it * chatterbox * word of warning PHRASE
* give your word * turn of phrase
* eat your words * phrase sth
differently
MCQ CLOZE TEST
After what had been written in the (1)……………… columns of the Daily Sun, we waited with
bated breath to hear what the minister would say in his (2)……………….. . Wild (3)………………..
had been spread around town that he had accepted bribes from a foreign power, but the
minister had given his (4).......................... that these stories were unfounded, and were nothing
but idle (5)................... among people who had nothing better to do. He claimed his record in
Parliament (6).................... for itself and that he had nothing to hide.
1. a. rumour b. talk c. gossip d. speech
2. a. speech b. remark c. phrase d. chatter
3.a. words b. remarks c. sayings d. rumours
4.a. say b. word c. remark d. talk
5. a. chatter b. speeches c. talks d. sayings
6. a. said b. talked c. spoke d. remarked

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READING
A. MCQ OLOZE TEST
LEISURE & HOBBIES
Sure, collecting stamps is a (1) ……………… business and we understand that stamp dealers
are in it to make a(n) (2)……………….. , but how often do you hear the (3)…………. "Oh, it's an
original," when you are sure, just by looking at it, that it's a(n) (4)……………… stamp? No
matter, you want it, and because the dealer knows you want it you spend the next 30
minutes arguing in (5)....................... about the price, and walk out of the shop knowing you've
paid too much. It doesn't make (6)………….. - unless you're an ardent stamp-collector, of
course.
1. a. hot-headed b. cut-throat c. sore thumb d. cold shoulder
2. a. profit b. offer c. impression d. effort
3.a. word b. rumour c. chatter d. remark
4. a. mock b. fake c. false d. artificial
5. a. time b. reply c. vain d. turmoil
6. a. amends b. do c. allowances d. sense

B. MCQ CLOZE TEST

RESCUING GEORGE
When my brother-in-law George was (1).……………. some gardening the other day, his
extremely (2)................. neighbour called him over to the fence for a (3)................ . My sister
Pat looked out of the window, and seeing the difficult situation her husband was in, decided
to save him from a(n) (4).............. conversation. She went out onto the patio and told George
his mother was on the phone. George (5)…………….... himself, turned and took a (6)………………
towards the house. At that moment, the phone began to ring.
1.a. making b. doing c. digging d. planting
2.a. chatting b. talking c. talkative d. gossiping
3.a. chat b. speech c. rumour d. say
4. a. tall b. lengthy c. extensive d. slack
5. a. excused b. apologised c. cleared d. justified
6. a. pace b. tread c.stride d. step

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UNIT 2 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1.I will never ask for his views on the political situation again. (last)
This……………….…………………………………………………….. for his views on the political situation.
2. This company has never been in financial difficulties before. (time)
It’s ………………………………………………………………………………………..……. in financial difficulties.
3. It's impossible that you saw her yesterday. (seen)
You ................................................………………………………………………………………………..…… yesterday.
4. He only took up painting when he retired from work. (until)
It was………………………………………………………………………………………...……… he took up painting.
5. We don't know if he's coming tomorrow. (may)
For…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. tomorrow.
6. Do I really have to wash the car? (me)
Is…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….to wash the car?
7. You are intelligent enough not to have let her go alone. (known)
You…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. to let her go alone.
8. When did we last see a really good film? (been)
How……………………………………………………………………….…………………………… a really good film?
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
It was my last day at home before going to university but something was going on. In the
(1)……………... of the day I tried to speak to everyone but they were all keeping me at (2)
………………... length. I couldn't make (3)......................... of it at all. When I tried to have a (4)
……………… with my brother, he quickly closed his bedroom door. Even the dog was in (5)
……………… with them and wouldn't come for a walk with me. When I got back, however, I
found out why. I had set my (6)............................ on a computer and they had bought one for
me! None of my family can keep a secret, so the only thing to do was not speak to me!
1.a. balance b. course c. interests d. absence
2.a. hand's b. leg's c. arm's d. finger's
3.a. sense b. light c. most d. meal
4.a. speech b. say c. chatter d. word
5.a. turmoil b. league c. awe d. debt

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6.a. head b. eye c. heart d. hand

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1.Everyone is talking about the Beckhams these days. (town)
The Beckhams………………………………………………………………………………………………… these days.
2. I'm very busy with the arrangements for the car rally. (neck)
I'm……………………………………………………………………………………….………………..... for the car rally.
3. Martha is really determined to marry Mike. (heart)
Martha………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………….Mike.
4. Do you understand what he's written at the end? (sense)
Can…………………………………………………………………………….……….. what he's written at the end?
5. He owed so much money that his business went bankrupt. (deep)
He………………………………………………………………………………….that his business went bankrupt.
6. I managed to persuade John not to resign. (talk)
I managed………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….resigning.
7. James and his brother disagree about everything. (eye)
James and his brother ……………………………………………………………….…………………. on anything.
8. You'll have to manage with the old computer for a few more months. (make)
You'll………………………………………………………………….the old computer for a few more months.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD
1. Mark has a good……………………........for figures so he can do the accounts.
I'm afraid I can't make……………………. or tail of this plan you've drawn.
The rise in petrol brought matters to a(n).........................and the company closed down.
2. This cashmere jersey cost an arm and a(n)…………………… so I hope mum likes it.
The final………………… to the summit is the most physically demanding part of the climb.
They found the jewels in his pocket so he doesn't have a(n)………………………to stand on.
3. Oh, I did nothing much to………………….of at the weekend.
You can ignore what he did if you like, but I'm going to………………….my mind.

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They………………….very well of Jenny at the bank and she's already in line for promotion.
4. She gave me her……………………. that she hadn't broken my camera and I believe her.
I want to have a(n)………………with you about tomorrow's book exhibition.
I'd better give Mary a(n)………………….. of warning about taking so long over lunch.
5. We'll have to work twice as hard now to make up for………………….time.
In my opinion, getting him to change his mind is a(n)............. cause at this point.
I get completely…………………. when it comes to geometry.
6. Is there any way of ...........................amends for the pain I caused you?
Instead of……………… light of a serious situation, you should try to sort it out.
We'll have difficulty in ………………….. ends meet If you give up your job now, Jill.
7. See if you can catch the waiter's………………….so we can get our bill.
I've got my………………….on that red velvet dress in the shop window.
Make sure you keep a(n)…………………….. on the children in the pool at all times.
8. Can you give me a(n)………….......... to move the furniture around?
The street march got out of……………………and someone called the police.
Uncle Tom is an old………………….. at practical jokes so be careful.

UNIT 3: CONDITIONALS
CONDITIONALS
e.g. Three can keep a secret if two of them are dead!
A. REAL POSSIBILITY PROBABILITY (Type 1: present or future meaning)
 If + present (simple/progressive) or present perfect
 future or can, may, might, must, should, ought to, had better…(+ bare infinitive)
e.g. 1. If you buy a computer, it will make your fe easier.
2. If you've made a mistake, you ought to correct it.
3. If mum is cleaning, we should give her a hand.
ZERO CONDITIONAL (general truths/cause and effect)
 If + present simple/ progressive → present simple
 If + past simple/ progressive → past simple

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e.g. 1. If plants don't get water, they die.

2. If the dog saw a cat, he always barked.
B. HYPOTHETICAL/UNREAL SITUATIONS (Type 2: present or future meaning)
If + past (simple/progressive)
 would (should)/ could/ might... (+bare infinitive)
e.g. 1. If I lived nearby, I wouldn't have trouble getting here on time.
2. If I were you, I would see a lawyer, (giving advice)
C. HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS (Type 3: past events/situations)
*If + past perfect (simple/progressive)
 would (should)/could/might have...
e.g. 1. If I had told her the truth, it would have hurt her.
2. If she hadn't told us, we might never have found out.
D. IMPERATIVE
+ and/or + future (threat, warning, promise)
e.g. If you come late again, you'll get the sack. (threat)
→Come late again and you'll get the sack!
→Don't come late again or you'll get the sack!
E. UNLESS (= IF NOT)
+ affirmative
e.g. If you haven't met him, you won't know what I mean.
→Unless you meet/have met him, you won't know what I mean.
F. IF + FUTURE/WOULD
(polite requests, willingness, insistence)
e.g. 1. I'd be grateful if you would inform me. (polite request)
2. I'll dry the dishes if you will do the washing-up. (willingness)
3. If he will stay up so late, he's bound to be tired. (insistence)
G. NOT UNLESS/ ONLY IF
inversion (in main clause)
e.g. 1. I won't help him unless he asks me to.

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→Not unless he asks me (to) will I help him.

2. The lease will only be extended if the rent is paid.
→Only if the rent is paid will the lease be extended.
H. INVERTED CONDITIONALS
TYPE 1 → Should you...
e.g. If you (happen to) see Jane, tell her to call me.
→Should you (happen to) see Jane, tell her to call me.
TYPE 2 → Were... to
e.g. If she asked you were to ask you for money, what would you say to her?
→Were she to ask you for money, what would you say to her?
TYPE 3 → Had I...
e.g. If I hadn't bet my money on that horse, I wouldn't have lost it.
→Had I not bet my money on that horse, I wouldn't have lost it.
GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
I. IF IT WERE NOT FOR... →WERE IT NOT FOR...
e.g. If he didn't help me, I'd never manage.
→If it were not for/Were it not for his help, I'd never manage.
IF IT HAD NOT BEEN FOR...→HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR...
e.g. If he hadn't helped me, I'd have gone to prison.
→If I had not been for/Had it not been for his help, I’d have gone to prison. or But
for/Without his help, I'd have gone to prison.
CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH
e.g. If we hadn't assisted them, they wouldn't have survived.
→Had it not been for our assistance, they wouldn't have survived.
→But for/Without our assistance, they wouldn't have survived
J. MIXED/ FALSE CONDITIONALS
TYPE 1 + TYPE 3 → If he is feeling unwell, you shouldn't have left him all alone.
TYPE 2+ TYPES 3 → If he were/was at home, he would have answered the phone.
TYPE 3+ TYPE 2 → If you hadn't gone to bed so late last night, you wouldn't be tired
now.

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TYPE 2+ TYPE 1 → If John said he's coming, then he won't be late.

K. IN CASE (OF)...
 in case of,
 in the event of /that
e.g. 1. I’ll leave the bag here. She may come to pick it up. (present)
→I’ll leave the bag here in case/in the event that she comes to pick it up.
2. I took out an insurance policy because might get ill. (past)
→I took out an insurance policy in case/in the event that I got ill.
3. If there is a fire, ring the bell.
→In case of/in the event of fire, ring the bell.
L. ON CONDITION THAT..., / PROVIDED THAT...
providing (that), suppose, supposing, as/so long as, only if, even if, otherwise, or else,
whether or not, what if
e.g. 1. So long as you pay in cash, you'll receive a discount.
→Provided that you pay in cash, you'll receive a discount.
2. What would happen if we refused to do it?
→What If/Suppose we refused to do it, what would happen?
3. They still wouldn't (have) let you in even if you (had) had a ticket.
→Whether or not you (had) had a ticket, they still wouldn't (have) let you in.
→Whether you (had) had a ticket or not, they still wouldn't (have) let you in.

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
Provided it is (legible/intelligible)... → As long as we can (read/understand) it....
Careful planning is the secret of → As long as you plan carefully, you will
success. succeed.
You won't (win/succeed) unless... → Your only hope of (winning/success) is
by/if...
If you (missed/refused)... → Unless you (attended/agreed)...

The only (thing/reason) that... was... → Had it not been for...

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If by (any) chance he calls... → If he happens to call/Should he (happen

to) call...
If it hadn't been for Carl, we'd have → But for Carl, we'd have lost./Thanks to
lost. Carl, we won.
If it hadn't been for the (noise/fog)... → The (noise/fog) prevented us from...
(ing)
ORAL PRACTICE
1. If you keep spending so much money, you'll have none left. Don’t…
2. But for his indiscretion, he would have been promoted. Had…
3. It was Jan's skill that won us the match. Had …
4. He only took over the family business because his father decided to retire early. But…
5. The bad weather prevented the ship from leaving. If it...
6. If it hadn't been for their support, we wouldn't have succeeded. Thanks....
7.Unless you go early, you won't be able to find tickets. Your only...
8. Provided the PC is portable, I'll buy it. As…

UNIT 3
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Conditionals)
1.If the referee hadn’t intervened promptly, a fight would have developed on the pitch.
(prompt)
But……………………….…………………………………………, a fight would have developed on the pitch.
2. If he hadn't reacted so quickly, there would have been moes casualties. (speedy)
But …………………………………………………………………….., there would have been more casualties.
3. Don't play with that ball indoors any more, or your break something. (carry)
If………………………………………………………………………….………….indoors, you'll break something.
4. If there's a fire, people shouldn't use the lift. (event)
In………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….. use the lift.
5. The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money. (for)
Were……………………………………………………………………………..…………………… not be worthwhile.
6. It was his incompetence which led to their capture. (so)
If…………………………………………………………………………..…………………….. not have been captured.

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7. Give me a ring if you're going to be late. (happen)

Give me a ring………………………………………………………………………………………………………. be late.
8. So long as the examiner can read your handwriting, he'll accept your answer. (legible)
Provided……………………………...………………………………... the examiner will accept your answer.
9. We'd better leave them a note, because it's possible they'll arrive late. (case)
We'd better leave them a note, …………………………………………………………………………………. late.
10. Nothing short of personal intervention by the minister can stop the forest from being
destroyed. (saved)
The forest………………………………………………………………………………………………………. personally.

B. DERIVATIVES
TEENAGERS
Parents find it quite (0)…impossible... sometimes to know how POSSIBLE
to treat children who wish to be (1)…………………... . Teenagers DEPEND
find life particularly (2).………………… ,often experience DISTURB
serious (3).................... with their parents, and can be totally AGREE
(4)……………… if they are not allowed to do as they wish. REASON
They then say that their parents deliberately (5)............ them UNDERSTAND
and so make no effort to improve their (6)………………… . BEHAVE
Perhaps parents should show their children a more (7)……………. CHEER
side, develop a(n) (8)……………, competitive family spirit, HEALTH
even (9)…………. occasionally that their children are right. ADMIT
Certainly, (10)………………. is required on both sides. FLEX

USE OF ENGLISH
A. QUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
SUGAR
Sugar was for a long time a luxury and (0)…in… the opinion of the medical profession it still
should be. During the nineteenth century, however, manufacturers discovered ways (1)
………………. producing it in vast quantities and it has (2)………………. become one of the staple
articles of diet, particularly (3) …………… the lower social classes. It has the advantages of (4)

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………………….. comparatively cheap, easily digested, rich (5)…………………. energy and useful
for flavouring. Its major disadvantages are that it lacks every nourishing quality, except
that of giving energy, and (6)…………….. of its attractive favour it (7)…………… to displace
other much more valuable foods in the diet. Most serious of all is its adverse effect on
health, (8)……………….. excessive consumption can cause heart disease, obesity and dental
decay. The latter is widespread among the (9)………………. of western countries. From the
very young to the very old, hardly anyone escapes. Yet if parents (10)……………….. drastically
reduce the (11)……………. of confectionery they allow children to eat, the extent of dental
decay would soon (12)…………………. checked. And (13)……………... they were to cut down
their own consumption of sugar, they would suffer (14)…………….. less from ailments (15)
………………… directly or indirectly from their being overweight.
0. of /from/in 6. that/despite/because 11. quantity /lots/most
1. of /to/in 7. tends/leads/causes 12. be/have /make
2. since/then/later 8. being/that/since 13. if /should/happen
3. between / among/ from 9. residents/inhabitants/tenants 14. so/ much/ than
4. which/costs/being 10. were/could/had 15. causing/resulting /
affecting
5. with/in/from

PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
ENDANGERED SPECIES
The future of the African elephant depends on man. No (0)… longer… can human beings
and wild animals live in harmony throughout vast areas of the continent, as was possible in
days gone (1)................, for man's needs have increased as well as (2)....................... numbers.
There are regions, (3)………….... as the Congo forests and the equatorial Sudan, (4)…………...
the old relationship may remain for a (5)…………..... more years or even generations, but in
general it has gone. Conservation, if it is to be effective, (6)…………….. be a positive,
constructive policy, and it is wishful thinking to imagine (7)………………., particularly in the
case of the elephant. And if this is not yet true of the whole of Africa, it soon will be, for the
increase (8)……………. the human population is almost universal. Where human beings and
wild animals find (9)……………... in competition with each other, the animals will lose. Even if
(10)……………...... appears to be enough room for both, man will not tolerate (11).....................
long a situation in which elephants and other creatures make even occasional raids (12)
……………….. his fields of food or economic crops. For many years (13)....................... has been a
major cause of conflicting interests and (14)…………........ of the reasons why so many
elephants have been shot to control (15)......................... numbers.

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UNIT 3
BEAR EXPRESSIONS
BEAR
 tolerate/live with/endure/stand/put up with an unpleasant situation
 carry/support the weight of
 hold/show signs of
BEAR
pain: suffer, stand
scars/marks: have
children: give birth
PHRASES - EXPRESSIONS
 How can you bear living there, with all those rats?
 Don’t sit on that table; it won't bear your weight.
 All passports bear a photograph of the holder.
 The city walls still bear signs of the attack by tanks during the war.
- bear (no) relation to: have (no) connection with
e.g. The film bears no relation to the book at all: it’s completely different.
- bear witness to: testily, say as true
e.g. I can bear witness to the fact that he drank a lot.
- bear a grudge against (also: bear sb a grudge): have a bad feeling against sb because of
sth bad they have done to you in the past
e.g. He will always bear a grudge against her for stealing his job.
- bear fruit: have a successful result
e.g. His years of study finally bore fruit when he was accepted by the university.
- bear a/no resemblance: be similar to sth/sb else
e.g. Jula bears a strong resemblance to her grandmother.
- bear the brunt (of sth): sustain/experience the main impact/force of an attack
e.g. The headmaster bore the brunt of the criticism for the school's poor academic record.
- bear in mind: remember
e.g. Bear in mind that we've been invited to lunch on Sunday.

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- bear sb (no) ill will: (no) have a bad feeling for/(not) hate sb
A good sportsman is someone who doesn't bear his opponent any ill will.
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. How can you bear him? (put)
How …can you put up with… him?
2. What he said had nothing to do with the subject we were discussing. (relation)
What he said ………had no relation to the subject………… we were discussing.
3. He still has scars from the car accident. (bears)
He still ……………bears the scars of……………… the car accident.
4. His persistence finally paid off when she agreed to marry him. (bore)
His persistence. ………bore fruit when she agreed………… to marry him.
5. This house is nothing like the picture in the brochure. (no)
This house. …bears no resemblance to the picture…… in the brochure.
6. If I were you, I would hold nothing against him for what he said. (grudge)
If I were you, ………I wouldn’t bear a grudge against him……………….…… for what he said.
7. I can testify that what she said is true. (witness)
I can ……bear witness to the fact that…… what she said is true.
8. The small village sustained most of the impact of the attack. (brunt)
The small village. …………bore the brunt of…… the attack.

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
(BE) IN EXPRESSIONS (II)

BEN'S RESTAURANT
Ben's restaurant was, in its heyday, the talk of the town. Ben himself is a friend of mine
and I remember when he first bought the place. He was in two minds about the whole
project as he had a limited amount of money. I was in the same boat but lent him a small
amount to help out. He completely redecorated the place as it had been done out in very
poor taste. Soon everyone was going there and it really was in keeping with the times,
being both elegant and fun. But people's tastes change and after a while they lost interest
and stopped going. Poor Ben's business is now in jeopardy and I suppose in due course it
will close, which will be a pity.

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 in its heyday: at the time of its greatest power or popularity

 in two minds: unable to decide
 in the same boat: in the same unpleasant situation
 in bad/poor taste: a bad judgement in style, fashion or social behaviour
 in keeping with: in agreement with, appropriate for
 in jeopardy: at risk
 in due course: at some time in the future, at the proper time
(BE) IN EXPRESSIONS
 in (great) demand: very popular,  in danger of: at risk
wanted by many people
 in proportion to: relative to
 in its infancy: beginning or early
 in the nick of time: just in time
period of existence
 in favour of sb/sth:
 in the/no right mood/frame of mind:
(not) feeling in a good state at a a. in support of sb/sth
particular time
b. instead of sb/sth else
A. OPEN CLOZE TEST
I am always in (1)………………... minds as to where to go on holiday. I really have to be in the
right (2)…………………. of mind to enjoy the noisy resorts my children seem to like and I know
my wife is in the (3)……………. boat. In (4)………........ course one of our children will probably
decide our destination, and just to keep the peace, my wife and I will say we're in (5)
……………… of wherever they have chosen. (6) ……………… its heyday my favourite resort was
fun, but now my kids say it's boring. According to them, we should go somewhere more
fashionable and up-to-date. I'm in no (7)…………….. to argue with them. I sometimes feel I'm
in danger (8)................. losing the limited authority I thought I had, but that's parenthood.
B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. trim 1. a. trees, roses, bushes
2. prune 2. b. legs, head
3. mow 3. c. hedges, beard, hair, budget, photo
4. clip 4. d. grass, lawn
5. shave 5. e.. nails, claws, hedges, beard, wool

UNIT 3
IDIOMS - EXPRESSIONS

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ANIMALS
A. NOUNS
 donkey's years: a long time
 a cat nap: short sleep
 top dog: most important person
 an early bird: sb who gets up early
 a dog's life: difficult, dull routine
 a wild goose chase: useless search
 lame duck: sb in trouble and needing help
 crocodile tears: insincere sadness/sorrow
 rat race: competitive struggle in society
 a lone wolf: sb who likes his own company
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1.You wouldn't look like a drowned …………………….. if you had taken an umbrella.
Our new tenant seems all right but I smell a……………….for some reason.
It's a ………………… race in the city these days.
2. Speak up, lad, or has the………………got your tongue?
Don't make too much noise as Uncle Tom's taking a ……………. nap.
He hasn't a……………….in hell's chance of passing his exams.
3. A little………………. tells me you're getting married.
Kim's a real early………….………but Ben lies in bed till noon.
We saw lots of colourful parrots at the………….……. sanctuary.
B. VERBS
 beetle about: hurry
 hare off (into): rush off
 horse around: fool around
 wolf (sth) down: eat quickly
 hound sb: constantly annoy sb
 monkey (about/around) with sth: try to mend sth

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 fox sb: fool, deceive sb

 beaver away at: work hard at
 duck (behind): move out of the way
 dog sb's footsteps: follow sb everywhere
NOUNS & VERDS - FILL IN
1. He's a bit of a…………………. . You rarely see him with friends.
2. He………………… the whole meal in two minutes.
3. Please don't………………….. the wiring. Let's get an electrician.
4. He's the……………….…… in this company. What he says goes.
5. She ……………………. without waiting for instructions.
6. He kept…………………….. me to give him his money back.
7. We went on a…………………looking for her flat.
8. I………………..a tree to avoid the stream of gunfire.
9. He always…………………………wherever I go.
10. He really…………………me there. I had no idea what the answer was.
C. MATCH
1. like a fish out of water 1. a. show dissatisfaction with a present/an offer
2. go to the dogs 2. b. make sb angry
3. let the cat out of the bag 3. c. slowly fall into a bad state
4. (straight) from the horse's mouth 4. d. in a clumsy and rough way
5. like a bull in a china shop 5. e. the largest and best part
6. look a gift-horse in the mouth 6. f. uncomfortable in unfamiliar surroundings
7. get sb's goat 7. g. directly from the source
8. the lion's share (of sth) 8. h. reveal a secret
9. take sb under one's wing 9. i. exaggerate the importance of sth
10. make a pig's ear (out) of sth 10. j. an achievement to be proud of
11. a feather in one's cap 11. k. protect, guide sb
12. make a mountain out of a 12. l. make a mess of sth
molehill

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USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on BEAR expressions, (BE) IN expressions, ANIMALS idioms)
1.The facts didn't…bear… out the story he told us.
The old apple tree won't. …bear… much fruit this year.
Get as much shopping as you can, but. …bear… in mind the shops shut at 3.00.
2. Fortunately, the weather was in our …………………and we had a lovely picnic.
Nobody seems to be in …………………………of having the party here.
Can you do me a……………………………when you go to the post office?
3. I missed her when she left, but in the………………………..of time, forgot her completely.
If they had been asked, they would have paid their own expenses as a matter of…………….. .
We drove slowly down the lane and in due………………..…….. came to the village.
4. I didn't know that lovely cottage was for sale, so I missed the……………..……., as usual.
Philip will try to rock the…………………., but just tell him the arrangements can't be changed.
He was very unsympathetic when I lost my job but he's in the same…………….now.
5. That old wooden bridge won't……………….. a truck's weight.
It's not fair, I always have to……………… the brunt of his temper.
If you………………….… with me for a moment, I’ll be with you in a while.
6. You wouldn't feel so sick if you hadn't made a …………………. of yourself at dinner.
It was simple to put together, but you've made a………………………. 's ear out of it.
You've bought a………………. in a poke because you couldn't be bothered to check it before
you bought it.

SET B (guided)
1. I’ll repeat what I've said for the……………..…….. of those who came late. advantage
The only ……………………….. of the new house is that it's near the school. benefit
Maybe he had nothing to do with it, so let's give him the……...of the doubt. favour

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2. Peter drank the………………………..…….. part of a bottle of vodka. best

To the…………………of my knowledge I've never seen that woman before. good
Well, I didn't marry him and it was all for the........................... in the end. whole
3. There are no instructions, so let's see if we can work it out by…………… proof
We employed them just for a …………................... period. test
The suspect was told that he would stand……………..for murder. trial
4. All this information is out of...……………….. . date
Keeping one's computer up to................ is getting more and more difficult. time
I'm going on a......................... tonight but I've got nothing to wear. place
5. That was a delicious dinner; a meal…………….……for a king. fit
I don't think she's a………………….. and proper person to babysit for us. right
Unless you feel fully…………………….., don't run in this race. suited
6. The lecturer's voice was…………out by the noise of the traffic in the street.destroyed
It would have lasted better if you hadn't..........................it in oil ! killed
More than a hundred people have been……………after the collision of two ferries. drowned

UNIT 3 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

ERROR – BLAME – WRONG - RESPONSIBLE/RESPONSIBILITY – MISTAKE - FAULT

MEGACRUNCH
Don't try and become the world's greatest cook by trial and error! I would be wrong to
miss this unique opportunity! Get a head start on your neighbours! Make no mistake
about it. "Megacrunch” is the hottest new kitchen appliance on the market! Now the idea of
serving a gourmet meal shouldn't get the better of you. Have you felt responsible for not
pleasing your guests and family in the past? Those days are over. If you can't impress them
by using this machine, you've only got yourself to blame. Of the two machines you see
here, the larger one is the more versatile. It grates cheese, slices onions, chops carrots and
with this special attachment it even grinds coffee! In addition to this, you can condense
vegetables to a fine soup in a flash. Order now! Through no fault of our own we have only
a limited number of Megacrunch machines in stock. The sooner you get one, the sooner you
can impress your family and your friends.
 by trial and error: trying several ways before finding the correct one
 wrong: not correct

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 make no mistake about it: be sure this is true

 feel responsible for: think it's your fault/responsibility
 only have yourself to blame: it's your own fault
 through no fault of one's own: one is not to blame
ERROR BLAME (n/v) WRONG (n/adj) MISTAKE (n/v)
commit an error be to blame be in the wrong by mistake
human/computer lay the blame on wrong in/to common mistake
error
put the blame on get the wrong mistake sb/sth for
error off/in impression sb/sth else
take/get/assume/
judgement
accept/bear/shoulder be on the wrong FAULT
through/by error the blame (for) track
find fault with
RESPONSIBLE/ blame sb for (ing) sth get (hold of) the
be at fault (for)
wrong end of the
RESPONSIBILITY
stick the fault lies with
hold sb responsible
through no fault of
for
accept/claim the
responsibility for

MCQ CLOZE TEST

Make no (1)................ about it, getting on with some of my relatives is a real challenge. For
example, whatever I say to my old aunt she gets hold of the wrong (2)................. of the stick. A
few minutes later, through no (3)………………. of my own, I find myself at loggerheads with
her. Even when I know perfectly well that she is in the (4)......................... , I feel responsible
(5).......................... any ill-feeling. I know I should be firmer with her, so I suppose I only have
myself to (6).................. . It's been like this for years now and I really can't see anything
changing.

1.a. fault b. wrong c. mistake d. error

2.a. end b. part c. piece d. portion
3. a. error b. mistake c. blame d. fault
4. a. mistake b. wrong c. error d. blame
5. a. of b. to c. for d. that
6. a. blame b. fault c. mistake d. trial

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READING
A. MCQ CLOZE TEST
GARDENING
When dad is asked to do something, he does it. He doesn't (1)....................... . Last Saturday, for
instance, mum asked him to (2)…………………. the apple tree at the bottom of the garden, and
not to make a(n) (3)…………….. of it. Now, when dad's in (4)……………….. he's capable of
anything. Out comes the power saw and for the next two hours there is mayhem. Well, it
wasn't his (5)........................ , really. He knows nothing about gardening but when he had
finished, the tree bore a close (6)…..................... to a rose bush- minus the blossom, that is.
1. a. beetle about b. monkey about c. beaver away d. duck behind
2. a. shave b. clip c. mow d. prune
3. a. pig's ear b. lame duck c. early bird d. rat race
4. a. the same boat b. the right mood c. his heyday d. two minds
5. a. mistake b. blame c. fault d. error
6. a. witness b. relation c. grudge d. resemblance

B. MCQ CLOZE TEST

INSOMNIA
Insomnia is a (1)………………... problem that can disrupt your whole life. One of the most
natural ways of getting back into a normal sleep (2)..................... is to take a supplement
containing herb extracts. This can help you enjoy a refreshing night's sleep without the side
effects associated (3)…………….. some drugs. Avoid taking a (4)................... during the day as
this will make it more difficult to sleep at night. Take regular exercise, but avoid
(5)....................... activity late in the evening, as this will keep you awake. Alcohol may help you
fall asleep, but you are likely to have a disturbed sleep once the effect has (6).................... off.
1. a. painful b. distressing c. grieving d. sorrowful
2. a. figure b. sample c. example d. pattern
3. a.with b. of c. at d.on
4. a. dip b. doze c. nap d. repose
5. a. strenuous b. tiresome c. eager d. keen
6. a. left b. been c. worn d. come

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UNIT 3
PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1.You're only in this mess because you didn't take my advice. (taken)
Had ………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………in this mess
2. If she hadn't had excellent references, she wouldn't have got the job. (been)
Had …………………………………………………………………………………, she wouldn't have got the job.
3. If you hadn't helped me, I'd have got into trouble. (but)
I'd have got into trouble ………………………………………………………………………………………… help.
4. You'll receive an invitation to the reception provided you are here for the nominations.
(long)
You'll receive an invitation to the reception……………………………………… for the nominations.
5. You won't be accepted unless you have all the qualifications. (hope)
Your……………………………………………………………………………………..… have all the qualifications.
6. I don't think he's interested in our offer, otherwise he would have contacted us. (had)
He would………………………………………………………………………….……………………………in our offer.
7. Jimmy, if you say that again, I'll send you to bed. (and)
Jimmy, …………………………………………………………………………………………………… send you to bed.
8. If there's a fire, don't use the lift. (event)
Don't………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… fire.

B. MCQ CLOZE TEST

I can bear (1)……………….. to the fact that my younger brother is a pest. One day he said he
was going to study in his room but he can't (2)............... me. I waited for a while then went in
search of him. He was on the roof doing something to the television aerial. “Why must you
(3)…………… with that?" I asked. "Because there's no picture on the screen. I moved it by (4)
…………….. and now I'm trying to put it right." I could see he was in (5)………………... of falling
so I went and got the long ladder. Later, dad said I was to (6)……………….. for it as I was older.
As I said, my younger brother is a pest.
1. a. fruit b. witness c. ill will d. relation
2. a. monkey b. hound c. dog d. fox
3. a. beetle about b. monkey about c. duck behind d. beaver away

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4.a. mistake b. fault c. blame d. wrong

5. a. jeopardy b. favour c. danger d. keeping
6. a.error b. fault c. wrong d. blame

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. It's your own fault that you failed your final exams. (yourself)
You…………………………………………………………………………………………… falling your final exams.
2. Your ideal weight is relative to your height. (proportion)
Your weight should……………………………………………………………………………………….. your height.
3. I don't like him because he played a mean trick on me. (bear)
I…………………………………………………………………………………...……… playing a mean trick on me.
4. When television first began, the screen was very small. (infancy)
When television……………………………………………………………………...., the screen was very small.
5. That pretty cottage is falling apart because they don't bother to repair it. (dogs)
That pretty cottage…………………………………………….…… because they don't bother to repair it.
6. It was your fault not mine. (in)
You ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….. me.
7. Getting your Master's degree is really something to be proud of, Danny. (feather)
Getting your Master's degree……………………………………………………………………………….., Danny.
8. I've spent all day on a useless search for Polish brandy. (wild)
I've ………………………………………………………………………...…………………..all day for Polish brandy.

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D. GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD

1.The chaos on the motorway was ………………….. to the fog.
The rent is…………………… on the first working day of the month.
We'll get to the details in................. course, but first we must decide on the date of the
conference.
2. You will bear in………………… that I can't swim, won't you?
I wish he would make up his…………………… one way or the other.
One has to be in the right frame of………………….. to enjoy such a depressing film!
3. Seeing a black…………………. is supposed to be lucky in England.
Gran likes to have a little…………………….. nap a couple of times a day.
It's a surprise for mum, so don't let the ………………….. out of the bag, will you?
4. John is a(n)………………… of mine from America.
You have to judge the cost of food in…………………. to the salaries people earn.
Our holiday hotel bore no …………………….. to the description in the brochure.
5. Well done! All your hard work has borne ………………………… at last.
A raisin is a type of dried............................... that comes from a grape.
Isn't chocolate forbidden…………………… for you now that you're on a diet?
6. I don't think your suggestion found…………………… in the eyes of the boss, did it?
We decided against a formal party in…………………… of a barbecue in the garden.
You owe me a(n) ………………….. Joe, so will you do my lessons on Saturday morning?
7. Listen to me carefully or you'll get hold of the ………………....... end of the stick like you did
last time.
Maybe we're on the………………. track looking for a political motive, inspector.
She's a clever girl, but gives the………………… impression by the weird clothes she wears.
8. It was a serious................... of judgement to employ an unqualified accountant.
They said it was a computer………………… when I complained my phone bill was too high.
If we can't work it out by trial and…………………….., we'll have to call in a technician.

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UNIT 4 - UNREAL PAST

WISH/IF ONLY SUBJUNCTIVES
UNREAL PAST
WISH/IF ONLY - SUBJUNCTIVES
Wife: Mr Leo next door blows his wife a kiss every morning as he leaves the house. I wish you
would do that.
Husband: But I hardly know the woman!
A. * WISH/IF ONLY + subject + unreal past
(to express regret about a present situation)
e.g. 1. I don't know how to act in cases in this.
→I wish/If only I knew how to act in cases like this.
2. It is snowing again.
→I wish if only it were/was not snowing again.
* WISH/IF ONLY + subject + pass perfect
(to express reget about a past situation)
e.g. 1. It's a pity she didn't change her mind.
→I wish/If only she had changed her mind.
2. I'm sorry that they laid the blame on her.
→I wish / If only they hadn't laid the blame on her.
B. WISH + FULL infinitive
(is a formal alternative to want or would like and is used to express strong desires)
e.g. I would like to see the person in charge.
→I wish to see the person in charge.
C. WISH/IF ONLY + would
(for different subjects to express: displeasure, dissatisfaction, complaints, request)
e.g. 1. I wish they would stop arguing!
2. If only the bus would come!
NOTES
1.NEVER: I wish I will/would when referring to pure future events; hope is used instead:
I hope it is / it will be … not: I wish it would be...

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2. NEVER: I wish + direct object (noun)

e.g. I want/I’d like an appointment. but: I wish you good luck, a happy birthday.
3. IF ONLY + WILL (expresses hope)
 If only he'll tell the truth. → I hope he'll tell the truth.
 If only suggests a strong wish or regret and is more emphatic than wish.
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

I regret speaking/having spoken... → I wish I hadn't spoken...

What a shame you couldn't... → I wish you could have...
He is sorry that he didn't.... → He wishes he had…
It's a pity you don't speak.... → I wish you spoke...
It's a pity you didn't meet... → I wish you had met...

D. WOULD RATHER (= prefer) → SAME SUBJECT

PRESENT/FUTURE would rather + present bare infinitive
 I'd rather not watch TV tonight.
 I'd rather be lying on the beach right now.
PAST would rather + perfect bare Infinitive
 I'd rather not have left before they came.
 I don't like this fish. I'd rather have had steak.
E. WOULD RATHER + BARE INFINITIVE + THAN + BARE INFINITIVE
 I'd rather leave than wait any longer.
RATHER THAN
 Rather than wait for the bus, I took a taxi.
F. WOULD RATHER → DIFFERENT SUBJECTS
PRESENT/FUTURE would rather + past simple
 I'd rather you didn't go.
 I'd rather he left now.
PAST would rather + past perfect
 I'd rather you hadn't invited him.

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 I'd rather he had told us about this before.

G. WOULD RATHER = WOULD SOONER
 I'd rather/sooner not tell him now.
 I'd rather/sooner you didn't tell him now.
 I'd rather/sooner not have told him yesterday.
 I'd rather/sooner you hadn't told him yesterday.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
H. PREFER + GERUND
e.g. “Do you watch TV?”
"No, I prefer playing on my computer."
PREFER + FULL INFINITIVE + RATHER THAN + bare infinitive (general preference)
e.g. I prefer to walk rather than drive.
PREFER + GERUND/NOUN + TO + GERUND/NOUN
e.g. 1. I prefer jogging to climbing.
2. I prefer fish to meat.
WOULD PREFER + FULL INFINITIVE + RATHER THAN + bare infinitive (specific
preference)
e.g. I'd prefer to walk rather than drive there tonight.
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

As I didn't want to (wait)… → Rather than (wait)... / Instead of (waiting)…

Please don't /I don't want you to… → I'd rather you didn't...
I'd prefer you to (phone)... → I'd rather you (phoned)..
I'd rather not have (seen)… → I wish I hadn't seen...
“I’d rather read than watch TV." → He expressed his preference for reading
rather than watching TV.

I. IT'S (ABOUT) TIME

 It's (about) time...
a. (for us) to leave. b. we left. c. we were leaving.

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IT'S HIGH TIME

It's high time...
a. we left. b. we were leaving.
J. AS IF/AS THOUGH + PRESENT (real comparison)
 He sounds as if / as though he has a cold. (he has or probably has)
 She looks as if / as though she has been crying. (she has or probably has)
* AS IF/AS THOUGH + PAST (unreal comparison)
 He acts as if/as though he were the boss. (he isn't, or probably isn't)
 He looks as if / as though he hadn't eaten for a week. (he had, or probably had)
K. SUPPOSE / WHAT IF + PRESENT (when the event is a real possibility)
e.g. Suppose/What if it rains? We haven't got an umbrella and it's a long walk from here.
SUPPOSE / IMAGINE / WHAT IF+ PAST (understood condition / hypothetical situation)
e.g. Suppose/Imagine/What if I gave/were to give you back half the money I owe you?
SUPPOSE / IMAGINE / WHAT IF + PAST PERFECT (for things that didn't happen)
e.g. Suppose/Imagine/What if he hadn't found the keys? How would we have got in?
L. * HAD BETTER/BEST+ PRESENT BARE INFINITIVE
e.g. We had better/best call first to see if there are any tickets available. (present/future
situations)
* IT WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER IF+ PAST PERFECT
e.g. It would have been better if you hadn't told them. (past situations)
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

 You'd better/ought to/should (start)... → It's time you (started)...

 We'd better (wait).... → It would be better/best to (wait)...
 It's high time we had an election. → An election is long overdue.
 You need a haircut desperately. → It's high time you had a haircut.
 What would you say to (going)...? → Suppose/What if we (go/went)...?

ORAL PRACTICE
1. He's sorry that he said it. He now...
2. He should be in bed. It's...

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3. It's a pity you're leaving so soon. If...

4. We took the bus, but I wanted to walk. I’d...
5. Thank heavens we found the keys! What if…
6. If I were you, I would apologise to him. You'd…
7. I said nothing as I didn't want to upset him. Rather...
8. He gives the impression he's the boss. He behaves...

UNIT 4
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Unreal Past: Wish / If only, Subjunctives)
1. I left without saying goodbye as I didn't want to disturbs the meeting. (rather)
I left…………………………………………………………………...………………………………………….the meeting.
2. You really should be able to dress yourself by now. (time)
It’s……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….yourself.
3. If only your sister could come as well. (pity)
It’s………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..as well.
4. You're old enough to stand on your own two feet. (high)
It’s…………………………………………………………………………………………………. on your own two feet.
5. We should have bought a computer with a bigger memory. (better)
It…………………………………………………………..…………………….. a computer with a bigger memory.
6. I'm sorry but would you mind not smoking in here? (rather)
I'm sorry but…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………..in here.
7. Most people prefer not to wear glasses. (sooner)
Most people…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. glasses.
8. The house seemed to have been unoccupied for several months. (looked)
It…………………………………………..………………………………………….unoccupied for several months.
9. It was a lucky thing we had his telephone number with us! (suppose)
Just……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………. with us!
10. The Prime Minister would prefer to use diplomatic discussion when faced with a crisis.
(rather)
The Prime Minister……………………………………………………………………when faced with a crisis.

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B. DERIVATIVES
SNAKES
At the sudden (0)... appearance.... of a snake lying curled up APPEAR
and asleep in their path, the (1).........………. of most people is much REACT
the same, (2)…..……………... instinctively that it will be dangerous. BELIEF
But this is a very undeserved (3)……………....... when ninety REPUTE
per cent of the world's (4)......................... of snakes is in fact POPULATE
perfectly (5)…………….... . The majority of people will immediately HARM
take (6)……………...., turn rapidly round, and, happily foregoing FRIGHTEN
a close (7)……………........... of the beast, run for it. After a while INSPECT
some people will stop (8)……………………. in their tracks, BREATHE
and out of sheer (9)…………... go back with a large stick CURIOUS
and see if the inoffensive (10)………………….... is still there. CREATE

USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
ATHLETICS
The nature of track and field athletics meetings (0)… makes… them almost perfect for
television. The action takes (1)…………….. in a restricted environment, with an almost
uniquely limited (2)………………. of movement in most events. Time and distance are (3)
……………….. fundamental to our understanding of the world that witnessing a record long
jump or 1500-metro race can (4) ……………… fail to cause excitement.
The nobility of athletic struggle is an image that most other sports succeed in projecting
only occasionally. (5)……………….., for example, the subjectivity of football refereeing so
often (6)……………………… a sour taste in the mouth, there can be little or no (7)………………….
over the result of a track race.
But television has now become the source of virtually (8)……………….. the revenue that has
transformed athletics from an amateur sport (9)………………. the commercial phenomenon
which it is today. Both in (10)……………… of individual performers and events, athletics has
become a highly valuable advertising vehicle. Almost without exception, all the big
sponsorship deals (11)…………………. on the continuation of major television involvement.

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Far from regarding TV coverage (12)…………………. detrimental to attendance at meetings - a

view often (13)………………… by football clubs - the organisers of athletics events depend on
TV contracts to (14)………………. an extent that one meeting more or (15)…………………. on the
TV schedule could have an enormous effect on revenue.
0. makes/has/reports 6. gives/has/leaves 12. as/like / being
1. part/sides/place 7. inquiry/ doubt / chance 13, reported/announced/
expressed
2. space/range / difference 8. entirely/all/total
14. almost/such / rather
3. as/so/very 9. into /upon / onto
15. not / fewer/less
4. likely / really /hardly 10. advance /view/terms
5. However/Whereas / 11. depend/improve/agree
Despite
PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
POST OFFICES
Traditionally, post offices have been treated as poor relations by governments everywhere.
The business (0)..of.............. carrying mail and dispensing other government-related services
(such as driving licences and state pensions) has suffered, while the far (1)…………….....
glamorous telecommunications services have been favoured (2)……………….... investment to
keep them (3)…………....... of modern trends. Now, not before time, things are changing. Post
offices throughout Europe are being transformed (4)………………... off-putting, government-
style institutions into (5)……………..... a lot more cheery and efficient.
Post offices are (6)……………... pressure from a number of directions. Firstly, governments
are increasingly trying to off-load the headache of managing postal organisations. That's
why most of Europe's post offices are now semi-independent operations run (7).......................
business principles. They retain some of their privileges (8)…………………... have lost many of
their lucrative rights. (9)………….......... post office counter networks are going to survive, then
much will (10)………………….. on how the managers can make the best use of their presence
in the High Street. They will need a (11)…………………. eye for what services sell best, and in
what (12)…………….... of atmosphere.
Modern technology will be indispensable in accomplishing the (13)………………... of updating
the old institutions. Computers will be used to (14)......................... queues by automating
routine transactions, and will help hard-pressed staff by simplifying postal duties, (15)
……….......... get more complex by the day.

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UNIT 4
CAST EXPRESSIONS
CAST
* throw (off) – remove - get rid of
e.g. He picked up the rock and cast it into the sea.
* make/mould - a statue, plaster
e.g. The artist’s last work was a status he had cast in bronze.
* choose actors for a play/film
e.g. The studio is casting for the lead role in its new film.
* direct or cause to fall
e.g. Trees cast longer shadows in the afternoon sun.
CAST + NOUN
- cast doubt(s)/aspersions on: suggest sth is not as good as it seems; make people feel less
certain about
e.g. He cast doubt/aspersions on my abilities to act.
- cast an/one's eye over: look at quickly
e.g. He cast an eye over the old furniture to see if there was anything worth keeping.
- cast a/one's vote for: vote for, elect
e.g. He cast his vote for the socialist candidate.
- cast one's mind back: try to remember sth
e.g. He cast his mind back to his childhood.
- cast lots (for): choose by chance selection
e.g. They cast lots for the new leader.
- cast a shadow over: spoil/sadden an occasion
e.g. The bomb scare cast a shadow over the competition.
- cast light on: (help) explain/give further information
e.g. The investigation has cast no light on her death.
- cast one's net(s) wide: make an effort over a large area/in all directions to find sth or sb
e.g. Despite casting their nets wide in the search for the missing man, the police
investigation has cast no further light on the case.

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- cast a spell (on): use magic on sb; enchant

e.g. 1. The witch cast a spell on the old man and turned him into a handsome prince.
2. Her beauty cast a spell on him.
CAST + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
- cast ashore: throw onto land
e.g. He was washed up on the beach. => He was cast ashore.
- cast loose: detach, separate
e.g. They unchained the prisoner. => They cast the prisoner loose.
- cast adrift: leave to drift
e.g. They cut the rope and let the boat drift away. => They cast the boat adrift.

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. I wish I had voted for the liberal candidate. (cast)
I wish ………………………………………………………….………………………………….. the liberal candidate.
2. The shipwrecked sailors were washed up on the beach late at night. (cast)
The shipwrecked sailors …………………………………………………………………………….. late at night.
3. He untied the boat and let it go without saying anything to anybody. (adrift)
He ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. anything to anybody.
4. You should take a quick look at the report before the meeting. (eye)
You'd …………………………………………………………..……………………. the report before the meeting.
5. She doubted my ability to make a success of the operation. (doubt)
She ……………………………………………………………………..………………….. a success of the operation.
6. The accident spoiled the game. (cast)
The accident …………………………………………………….…………………………………………….. the game.
7. His questioning didn't bring out any new evidence in the case. (light)
His questioning ……………………………………….......…………………………………………………….. the case.
8. The police asked her to try and remember the night of the crime. (mind)
The police asked her ……………………………………..………………………………..the night of the crime.

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VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
(BE) UNDER EXPRESSIONS
UNDER THE WEATHER!
- You look a bit under the weather today, Andrew.
- No, I feel fine, but there is a problem at work. Three of my colleagues are under
investigation for fraud and I don't want to get involved.
- Why? Are you under suspicion, too?
- Not directly, but as you can imagine we're all under pressure to prove our innocence.
- I was under the impression everything was fine at your work
- It was, but I'm now beginning to think I was under a misapprehension when I thought
I'd found a nice safe job. I feel like leaving but I'm under obligation to stay until the end of
the year at least.
 under the weather: not feeling very well
 under investigation: being investigated
 under suspicion: being suspected of doing sth wrong
 under pressure: forced by conditions (of work) that cause anxiety
 under the impression: having the idea that
 under a misapprehension: having a mistaken idea
 under (an) obligation: having to do sth because it is a legal or moral duty

(BE) UNDER EXPRESSIONS

 under repair: being repaired  under regulations: following
regulations
 under sb's thumb: controlled by
 say sth/speak under one's breath:
 under construction: being built
say sth quietly so as not to be heard
 under age: too young legally
 under (the) cover of sth: concealed by
 under arrest: being/having been
 under false pretences: by pretending
arrested
that sth is true
 under consideration: the act of
 under the circumstances: considering
considering or thinking about sth
the situation at a particular time
 under control: in order/controlled

A. OPEN CLOZE TEST

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I must say I was under the (1)………………….….. we'd smashed this spy ring, Blunt, but it
appears not to be the case. Meanwhile I'm under (2)………….…………….. from the boss to do
something about it. Now you must understand that you are under no (3)………………..…. to co-
operate with us, but members of your organisation have been under (4)…………….…….... for a
while. You yourself have been (5)................................ investigation for more than a year, and
Professor Holzman claims that you obtained a new passport under false (6)………….…….... .
Now I may be under some sort of (7)…………….…………... about this whole affair, but under the
(8)………………..…. don't you think you'd better spill the beans?
B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. expel (sb from) 1. a. society (ie. disease, racism, etc.)
2. evict (sb from) 2. b. hospital, the army
3. discharge (sb from) 3. c. a club, proceedings, an election
4. eradicate (sth from) 4. d. school, a country
5. exclude (sb/sth from) 5. e. a building, a house, land

UNIT 4 IDIOMS - EXPRESSIONS

NUMBERS
A. NOUNS
 give sb the third degree: question sh in detail
 one - track mind: preoccupied by one particular subject
 play second fiddle: tale second place
 second/ third rate: awfull / inferior
 sixth sense: instinct
 be on cloud nine/in seventh heaven: be very happy
 at the eleventh hour: at the last moment
 be/become second nature: become almost automatic/natural to one
 have second thoughts : have doubts
* GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1.My dog has a keen ……………………………………..... of smell.
His sixth ……………………………………. warned him of the danger.
I think bringing up children is a matter of common ………………………..…… .
2. It's not in his …………………………….. to be so aggressive.

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The study of ……………………………. has always fascinated me.

Lying has become second ……………….………………. to him.
3. He gave me the third ……………..……..., wanting to know every detail.
We should all show a ……………….……. of understanding toward him.
He got his …………...... in Classics at Oxford University.
B. IDIOMS - FILL IN

1 2 9
 back to square one  two can play at that  nine times out of ten
game
 be a one-off  a nine-to-five job
 two wrongs don't
 pull a fast one  a nine-day wonder
make a right
 one and the same  dressed up to the
 kill two birds with
nines
 one good turn one stone
deserves another  a stitch in time saves
 two heads are better
nine
than one
 put two and two
together

1. Let's do this together because ……………………………..……….. than one. (work with sb else to
solve a problem)
2. This isn't working so let's go …………………………………...and start again. (go back to the
beginning)
3. The salesman …………………………………..on me and sold me a faulty machine. (cheat sb)
4. Everyone was ……………………….. as it was a formal dinner party. (dressed in one's best
clothes)
5. That actress was a real ………..…………………… . She only made one good film. (famous for a
short time only)
6. After working the nightshift for two years, I'm looking forward to finding ……………………...
(office work)
7. There isn't another model like this-it's a ………..…………………… from the factory. (unique)

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8. I stopped by the supermarket on my way to the bank and ………………………………..…….. (do

two things with only one action)

C. MATCH
1. at sixes and sevens 1. a. very likely
2. cuts two/both ways 2. b. a small chance, not likely to
happen
3. six feet under 3.
c. little difference between two
4. a hundred to one shot/chance 4.
things/situations
5. two-faced 5.
d. hypocritical, deceitful
6. ten to one 6.
e. consider sth very carefully
7. six of one and half a dozen of the other 7.
f. in a state of confusion
8. think twice before doing sth 8.
g. having two opposite
9. at a fraction of the cost 9. effects/sides
10. within an Inch of doing sth 10. h. In the grave; dead and buried
i. very close to doing sth
j. far less than its real value

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
- Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on CAST expressions, (BE) UNDER expressions, NUMBERS idioms)
1. They …cast… off and sailed westwards.
Can you …cast… an eye over my composition to see if I've made any mistakes?
You'd better go …cast… your vote in the general election, too.
2. I bought a new plastic …………………… for my computer.
The magazine had a picture of Marion Jones on the ………………. .
The prisoners escaped under ……………..……….. of darkness.
3. I'm sure there are various ……………….. and means of getting the money.
This deal cuts both ………………; you must realise that.

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I would rather we went our separate ……………… for a while.

4. Lana's …………………… a spell on him; he can't think of anything but her.
That actor is always ………………… in the role of the bad guy.
The scandal has ……………… doubt on the probability of the president's re-election.
5. Detectives found the ……………….. of a running shoe under the window.
The comedian did a wonderful …………… of the Prime Minister.
I was under the ………………. that Julia would be coming to give us a hand.
6. She cast her ………………. back to the first years of their marriage.
He must be out of his …….………………. if he thinks I'm going to work on Sunday.
Never before have I seen someone with such a one-track ………………… . He talks about
nothing but football.
SET B (guided)
1. We had …………….. on their help but they didn't come after all. calculated
The fact that he hadn't had a shave may have ............. against him at the interview. counted
When we'd ………….. up the silver spoons, we found several were missing. numbered
2. I'd never go on a ……………… date with someone I'd never met. bind
Well, you were an idiot to overtake another car on a …………. corner. shut
I'll turn a .................. eye to your cheating this time, but don't let it happen again. closed
3. When I saw her for the first time she quite took my ........................ away. mind
Joe said something very rude under his ………….. but fortunately she didn't hear it. breath
You may as well save your ………...... because Tom never listens to anyone. voice
4. He has got a will of …………., so there's no point in trying to dissuade him. steel
Only a steam ……………. will get the creases out of your silk blouse. metal
Try to eat food which contains …………… and then you won't feel so tired. iron
5. You and Max are two of a …………….. when it comes to football. kind
He told me the play was a comedy but it's nothing of the ………….... . sort
She's the …………….. of person who says one thing and then does another. type
6. I've done my part so the next step ………………. with you. stands
The ancient city of Corinth ………………. a little to the south of the modern city. rests
Sarn's so lazy he just ……………… around the house all day. lies

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UNIT 4 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

SIGN – SIGNAL – OMEN - SYMBOL – INDICATION – TOKEN – GESTURE - LOGO

A TOKEN GESTURE
As a gesture of goodwill, Israel offered to resume talks on the disputed tentories, but
there was no indication that the Palestinians were willing to get back round the table.
There had been signs that relations were improving but among the burning issues to bo
settled were the new Israeli settlements and the extensive damage to a mosque during a
riot late last week in Jerusalem. The mosque has long been a symbol of the Palestinian
presence there and the Prime Minister of Israel warned that the riots could be a signal that
worse was to come. He went on to express his hope that all parties would come to their
senses, and called for the undivided loyalty of his people to face the latest crisis. He said he
saw it as a bad omen that the Palestinian leader had not responded to his overtures. By all
accounts, the Palestinian delegation was unimpressed with his speech and their leader
claimed that Israel's offer was just a token gesture. Many of the crowd waved banners
depicting a two-headed snake which is the emblem of a terrorist group recently outlawed.
 a gesture of goodwill: an action to show positive/friendly feelings
 indication: suggestion, sign
 sign: sth that points to the presence of sth
 symbol: sth that represents sth
 signal: sth intended to give a message
 a bad omen: a sign of sth bad happening in the future
 a token gesture: symbolic gesture/action (with little meaning)
 emblem: picture or shape used to represent sth
SIGN OMEN LOGO INDICATION
 road/traffic  good omen  the company logo  indication
signs that/of sth/doing
 be some kind of TOKEN
sth
 (sure) signs of omen
 token black /
improvement  give no
SYMBOL woman, etc.
indication of
 sign of life
 chemical  token for a
 there is every
 sign of the symbols machine
indication that
zodiac
 status symbol  book/record/ gift
 clear/definite
SIGNAL token
 an ancient

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 radio signal symbol  by the same indications that

representing token
 railway signal GESTURE
 a token of
 a gesture of
affection/
affection /
gratitude
despair/thanks
 communicate by
gestures
 a friendly gesture

MCQ CLOZE TEST

I would like to thank all the doctors and nurses for all you have done for my son, and this
small present is just a(n) (1)………………. gesture of appreciation. As you know there was
every (2)…………….. at first that my son would not pull through, but under your wonderful
care he soon showed (3)………….. of improvement after the first few days. It is nothing short
of a miracle. I thought it was a good (4)………….... when I met Dr Pringle who comes from the
same village as I do, and I did appreciate his friendly (5)……………... in letting me stay in his
house for two months. (6)………………. the same token, I would welcome him at any time in
the future in my home.
1.a. omen b. token c. symbol d. signal
2.a. gesture b. signal c. indication d. emblem
3. a. signs b.omens c. signals d. tokens
4.a. symbol b. omen c. gesture d. signal
5. a. indication b. token c. sign d. gesture
6.a. With b. By c. As d. For

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READING
MCQ CLOZE TEST
HEALTH
It's a(n) (1)……………. of old age, I suppose, but I had been feeling under (2)………………… for
several weeks - I kept getting colds, never had any energy, and it was beginning to disturb
my peace of mind. So I went to a doctor, and immediately he began examining me, there
was every (3)……………….... that he was worried. He tapped my knee, pressed my stomach,
hit me in the back, everything. I really expected him to (4)…………….. a(n) (5)…………………..
over me like some African witch-doctor. And the questions he asked! He really gave me the
(6)……………………… degree. Then came the diagnosis. Go on a diet, get some exercise, stop
drinking, stop smoking. It's awful being 30.
1. a. omen b. signal c. symbol d. sign
2. a. the weather b. the impression c. pressure d. control
3. a. symbol b. gesture c. token d. indication
4. a. take b. throw c. cast d. get
5. a. shadow b. spell c. light d. eye
6. a. second b. sixth c. third d. seventh
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
Children from 5 to 9 years old still learn mainly from experience. They can slide from fact
to (1)……………… and back again without even realising it, but what they see is real to them.
While this age group often (2)………………... up to teachers at school, it's what the kids
experience in the home that creates the strongest (3)………………… . Even more important
than what parents (4)...................... is what they do. If children see parents drinking and
smoking, they are more likely to follow (5)……………..., particularly if they see you using
alcohol as a (6)………………….... . Young children, who long to please, should not be asked to
fetch cigarettes or help mix a drink.
1.a. fancy b. fantasy c. images d. falsehood
2.a. looks b. measures c. takes d. helps
3.a. mark b. perception c. impression d. recollection
4.a. say b. tell c. inform d. narrate
5. a. cause b. suit c. example d. action
6. a. prop b. supporter c. pin d. pillar

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UNIT 4 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1.They'd prefer him not to leave the company just yet. (rather)
They'd ……………………………………………………………………………………………. the company just yet.
2. She's sorry now that she didn't complete her studies. (wishes)
Now she ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. her studies.
3. You had better leave or you'll miss your bus. (time)
It’s ..………………………………………………………………………………………………... you'll miss your bus.
4. "Repairs to this road are long overdue," said the mayor. (high)
"It's ………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..,” said the mayor.
5. She sounds foreign, but know she isn't. (though)
She speaks …………………………………………………………………………..…………………………….. foreign.
6. Unfortunately, he's not very polite to his relatives. (only)
If …………………………………………………………………………………………….………………..to his relatives.
7. As I didn't want to get into a fight, changed the subject. (rather)
I changed the subject................................................................................................................................... a
fight.
8. I regret giving all my books away. (wish)
I. …………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..all my books away.
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
It is not hard for me to cast my (1)……………………. back to when Danny, Jack and I decided to
climb a mountain together. One warm day three years ago, the three of us set off. There was
every (2)……………. that we would have a good day's climb when, half-way up, Jack slipped
and broke his leg. As you might imagine, this accident cast a (3)……………... over the day,
which began to get rather cool. Jack said that we were under no (4)……………….. to stay with
him. After telling him not to be silly, we cast (5)…………….. to see who would go for help.
This was Danny, so I stayed and lit a smoky signal fire. As we waited, it got colder and
colder and I feared we would be there all night. Then, at the (6)……………..... hour, rescue
came: men from the village who had seen the smoke and met Danny on the way. We were
safe!
1. a.brain b. mind c. thought d. memory
2. a. indication b. token c. gesture d. symbol
3. a. spell b. doubt c. light d. shadow

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4. a. impression b. obligation c. suspicion d. investigation

5. a. doubts b. spells c. lots d. nets
6. a. eleventh b. seventh c. sixth d. first

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. Are you suggesting that can't do this? (doubts)
Are you ………………………………………………….……………………………………………………….. to do this?
2. The director is looking everywhere for a new lead actor. (net)
The director has ………………………………………………………….. in the search for a new lead actor.
3. Grandad doesn't look very well today. (weather)
Grandad ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... today.
4. The Board of Directors is still thinking about the new salary proposals. (under)
The new salary proposals …………………………….……………………………….. the Board of Directors.
5. They allowed him to leave hospital the following morning. (discharged)
He ...................................................................................................................................... the following morning.
6. Adam's been in a state of ecstasy since he got into art school. (nine)
Adam …………………………………………………………………………………….. was accepted at art school.
7. The police questioned the men at length down at the police station. (degree)
The police ………………………………………………………………………………. down at the police station.
8. Don't sell your house until you have considered it carefully. (twice)
You should ……………………………………………………...………………………………… selling your house.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD
1. The information John gave to the police has ……………......new light on this mysterious
death.
I found a strange wooden box that had been………………………….ashore during the storm.
She must have……………….. an instant spell on him because he's behaved like an idiot since
he met her.
2. I left those papers here but there's no……………………of them now.

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I suppose it's a(n)……………….. of the times that everyone has to lock their doors and
windows nowadays.
I'm sure the turning is just ahead so watch for the road ………………., will you?
3. Oh dear! I was…………………the impression that the meeting was tomorrow.
Nobody's seen old Hennessy for years; he could be six feet ……………….. for all I know.
Dogs must be kept……………………….. control in the park.
4. Cast your……………………back to the meeting and tell me his exact words.
I'm afraid it's too late to change your ………………….………now.
She believes in speaking her………………….. whether it's necessary or not.
5. I think he got the job under …………………… pretences because he knows nothing about
insurance.
Although it was a(n)…………………… alarm, the fire brigade made us stand outside while they
checked the building.
He gave a(n)……………… name and address, bought the air ticket with counterfeit money
and disappeared.
6. I told her that if she wanted to be difficult,……………….. can play at that game.
Why don't you kill………………… birds with one stone and drop by on your way to the
station?
Don't do anything silly, ……………… wrongs don't make a right, you know.
7. It's become……………….nature to put the handbrake on before get out of the car.
It's only a copy of the original painting, and a(n)………………rate one at that.
On………………….thoughts, Saturday would be a better day than Friday for the trip.
8. He gave no……………..that he had heard what said.
There is every……………….. that we will make a profit by the end of the year.
Can you give me some………………….. of how much money you want to borrow?

UNIT5 - INFINITIVE FORMS

FULL INFINITIVE
To err is human but to really foul things up requires a computer!
Present: He wants to help.
Present Progressive: The treatment seems to be helping.

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Passive: He needs to be helped.

Perfect: It seems to have helped.
Perfect Progressive: He appears to have been helping.
Passive: He seems to have been helped.
A. PURPOSE:
to, so as (not) to / in order (not) to
e.g. 1. The convict hid in the woods to escape capture
2. He changed seats so as to / in order to get a better view of the stage.
B. SUBJECT & INTRODUCTORY PHRASES
 To invest money wisely is not always easy.
 If I may be honest,... → To be honest,…
 To begin with, we need to raise the necessary funds (To be fair, To sum up, To cut a
long story short...)
C. OBJECT
1. VERB + INFINITIVE (afford, decide, expect, fail, hasten, neglect, pretend, prove, seem,
know better than ,have no choice / alternative but/other than...)
 He offered to help in any way ho could.
 He had no choice but/ other than to sell his house.
2. VERB + OBJECT + FULL INFINITIVE (advise, allow, cause, command, encourage, expect,
forbid, oblige, order, persuade, press, remind, take, tell, tempt ,urge, wam,…)
 I begged her to come with me.
 They asked me to reconsider their offer.
3. VERB + THAT → VERB + FULL INFINITIVE
(agree, arrange, ask, claim, decide, determine,...)
 They agreed that the house should be torn down.
 They agreed to tear down the house.
D. INFINITIVE AFTER:
1. QUESTION WORDS
 They taught us how to use the programme.
 I couldn't decide where to go for my holidays.

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2. TOO …TO / … ENOUGH (…) TO...

 I'm too exhausted to go on.
→ I haven't got enough energy to go on.
→I don't feel energetic enough to go on.
3. NOUNS
 Her decision to leave her old job was a big mistake.
 His attempt to beat the world record was successful.
4. ADJECTIVES
 The plane is due to arrive in ten minutes.
 It was kind of Adam to lend us his car.
 It was impossible (for us) to get through.
E. ERFECT INFINITIVE
a.verb +that+future perfect→ to have....
(claim, expect, hope, promise, guarantee, …)
e.g. We hope that we will have arrived by then.
→We hope to have arrived by then.
b. personal passive structure
e.g. He's believed to have been killed.
BARE INFINITIVE
A. MODALS
 You should see a dentist.
 You could have told me this before.
B. WHY (NOT)...?
 Why take a taxi when you can come with us?
 Why not tell him the truth?
C. LET, MAKE, SEE, HEAR, FEEL, WATCH, NOTICE...
 He didn't let me drive his car. (active)
→I wasn't allowed to drive his car. (passive)
 They made me follow them. (active)

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→I was made to follow them. (passive)

D. AND, OR, EXCEPT, BUT, THAN
 He wants to stay at home and read a good novel.
 Are they going to call first or come straight away.
E. DO EVERYTHING/ANYTHING... BUT/EXCEPT...
 This computer does everything except talk.
 We can't do anything but wait.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
FULL/BARE INFINITIVE (SPECIAL CASES)
A. APPEAR / SEEM TO… HAPPEN/ PRETEND TO...
e.g. 1. There is no evidencehign that he knew.
→He appears not/doesn't seem to have known.
2. I know he's lying.
→ I happen to know he's lying.
B. BE BOUND / SURE TO...
e.g. She is bound/sure to make a mess of it.
→ She has no chance of/doesn't stand a chance of doing it properly.
C. (UN)LIKELY TO...
There is a strong probability… / It’s doubtful
if / whether…/… can’t have…
e.g. It is highly likely that he will lose.
→ He is unlikely to win.
→ He is very likely to lose.
D. THE (FIRST, LAST, ONLY, BEST...)
PERSON/ONE TO...
e.g. 1. I arrived first but I left last.
→ I was the first (one) to arrive but the last to leave .
2. Nobody else knew about the affair but me.

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→ I was the only one to know about the affair.

E. WITH THE VERS "BE"
(for commands, instructions or as a complement)
e.g. 1. You were to call us when you had news.
2. His aim in life is to become a lawyer.
F. (ONLY) TO... / NEVER TO...
(an welcome or surprising result)
e.g. 1. He went to the bank (only) to find it closed.
2. He left home, never to return again.
G. MY JOB / DUTY IS TO... → (be) supposed to...
e.g. He is responsible for the new cadets.
→ His duty/job is to take care of the new cadets.
→ He is supposed to take care of the new cadets.
H. CONSIDER/FIND IT TO BE...
e.g. 1. As far as I'm concerned, golf is boring.
→ I find/consider golf to be boring.
2. In my opinion, golf is a waste of time.
→ I consider/find golf to be a waste of time.
WOULD RATHER/SOONER..., HAD BETTER...
He'd rather speak to you in private.
Rather than just call, I went and visited them.
You'd better persuade her to change her mind.
J. SO MUCH AS...
e.g. He never even said thank you.
→ He didn't so much as say thank you.

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SPECIAL STRUCTURES
"Please don't tell anyone!" he said. → He implored / urged me not to tell anyone.
(reporting verbs)

Tom hardly ever arrives late. → For Tom to arrive late is most unusual. (for +
subject)

Would you be kind enough to help → Would you be so kind as to help me? (so... as to)
me?

It wasn't my intention to cause → I didn't mean/intend to cause any trouble.

any trouble. (mean to)

I was well aware that (spending)... → I knew better than to (spend)... (know better
than to...)

I'm sorry if/that made you wait. → I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. (perfect
infinitive - past)

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
She had the nerve to answer me back! → How dare she answer me back!
They forced him to resign. → They made him resign.
Stress caused him to have a breakdown. → His breakdown resulted from stress.
I don't want there to be any arguments. → I don't want any arguments.
I'll get the plumber to check the taps. → I'll have the plumber check the taps.

ORAL PRACTICE
1. They made us show our passports three times. We...
2. In my opinion, the new law is unfair. I…
3. His plan has little chance of success. His…
4. The captain abandoned the ship last of all. The captain was....
5. They told us to call them when we arrived. We…
6. It's time vou started revising for your exams. You’d…

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UNIT 5
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (Based on Infinitive forms)
1. Finding no fingerprints, the detectives concluded that the thief had worn gloves. (led)
The lack…………………………………………………………………………… that the thief had worn gloves.
2. You've no chance of succeeding if you're going to be so pessimistic. (bound)
You…………………………………………………………………………………….……. going to be so pessimistic.
3. I hadn't expected him to be so easy to talk to. (surprised)
I……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. to talk to.
4. You'll certainly meet lots of people in your new job. (bound)
You ……………………………………………………………………………………………...………… in your new job.
5. It is said that he has been to prison several times. (reputed)
He…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. several times.
6. The only thing I could do was to accept the conditions imposed. (no)
I…………………………………………………………………………………………….……..the conditions imposed.
7. Sarah's brother had great difficulty reading her letter because of her terrible writing.
(made)
Sarah's........................................................................................................................ brother to read her letter.
6. You stand little chance of passing with such low marks. (unlikely)
You………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….. such low marks.
9. How dare he call me incompetent! (nerve)
He………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….incompetent!
10. You could be arrested for not giving a blood sample to the police, you know. (lead)
Refusal to give a blood sample to the police………………………………………………………. you know.

B. DERIVATIVES
EDUCATION
A teacher is simply an (0) …employee..... either of the state or EMPLOY
of a private (1)....................... . He has a job to do, a job for which ORGANISE
he is well (2)......…........., and that is to provide the young QUALIFY
with an (3)…………... . Unfortunately, the importance EDUCATE

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of this is often (4)...………… . Indirectly, the classroom student ESTIMATE

is (5)............... for paying the teacher's salary and it is RESPOND
no one's (6)........................ but his own if he falls to take advantage FAULTY
of the (7)....................... provided. When buying a fish, we go to a fish SERVE
shop, (8)………..…….. tell the assistant what we require, and when POLITE
he has (9)..................... wrapped it for us we take it home. Well, it CARE
would be utterly (10).................... to leave it in the shop, wouldn't it? SENSE

USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
TOOL USERS
Technology is an intrinsic part of modern life. So much so, in fact, that we tend to (0)…
take… all its aspects for granted. (1)………………… is easy to forget that technology had to
start somewhere. (2)……………… recently, it was considered that the (3)………………… to
make and use tools was one of the most important defining characteristics of the human
race. Tool-using was considered an indicator (4)………..….... intelligence, and it was one of
the things that separated human beings from the rest of the animal kingdom. As is so (5)
…………….. the case, however, nature refuses to conform to (6)…………….... a convenient
theory. In recent years, many examples of tool use in the animal world have (7) ………………..
to light, and there are no (8)………………….. others that are still waiting to be discovered.
Animals are (9)……………... strangers to "technology and some of the (10)………………….. in
which they use it are as surprising as they are sophisticated.
Thus, the concept of tool-using is not so straightforward as it (11)……………… . The most
widely-accepted definition of tool use is that it is the use of some external object (12)
………………... an extension of the body to attain an immediate objective. This definition
would exclude a seagull that drops a shell from a height (13)..................... a hard surface. But
it would include an Egyptian vulture that throws a stone (14)………….. an ostrich's egg to
break it (15)…………………. .
0. take / accept/think 5. much/often / truly 11. wants/seems/does
1. That/It/ This 6. which/so/such 12. as/with/for
2. Much/As/Until 7. brought / come / appeared 13. to /on/onto
3. ability / knowing/ 8. doubt/way/question 14. at/over/in
qualification
9. merely / no / barely 15. down/open/off
4. through /of /to
10. systems/schemes/ways

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PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
PLAY
Children learn more, and at greater speed, in their pre-school years than at any other time
in their lives, and they do it mostly (0) …through… play. Play is essential to (1)……………..
child and vital to human development. It may be boisterous or quiet, done with (2)
……………... or alone, (3)................ light-hearted or serious, need equipment or (4)…………………
. It is a phenomenon found mainly (5).............. the young of higher animals.
Children play because it is fun, and without it, they cannot develop fully. (6)………….... they
sit down in a classroom for the first time, they have learned to walk and talk, hold things
and (7)................... sense of the physical properties of the world (8)......................... them. Some
of them (9)…………... the alphabet, some of them have started to read. Some can count, some
can do simple arithmetic. They know the basic things about getting on with other human
beings and the (10)…………….... of ways they can respond to them.
Play (11).......................... at the heart of children's future academic, physical, manual and
social skills. Children who miss the opportunity for a wide (12)......................... of play do not
develop in these areas (13)…………... the same rate as their peers who do have such a
chance. The vast and successful educational material and toys industry is clear proof of
widespread parental recognition of the fact, and (14)................... is a trend towards the
production (15)………………….. even more toys and play materials that make learning fun.

UNIT 5
TAKE EXPRESSIONS
PHRASES - EXPRESSIONS
 exception to  place  credit for
 one's word for  offence at  one's mind off
 leave of one's senses  sides  pity on
 pride in  care of  risks
 notice of  pleasure in  (its) toll
 one’s eyes off
- by surprise: happen without warning and surprise sb
e.g. The announcement took us all by surprise; we had no idea he was intending to run for
president.
- into account: consider ( = make allowance(s) for)

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e.g. Did you take into account the fact that he's very young before you gave him the job?
- to pieces: dismantle, separate sth into its different parts (= take apart)
It's all very well taking it to pieces, but can you put it back together again?
- sb into custody: arrest sb
e.g. She was taken into custody for drug smuggling.
- for a ride: deceive, cheat sb
e.g. He really took me for a ride. He spent all my money and then just disappeared.
- into consideration: consider ( = take into account, make allowance(s) for)
e.g. I hope they will take into consideration that he was very ill on the day of the exam and
not mark him too harshly.
(it / sb) for granted: a. treat sth/sb as unimportant, not appreciate b. assume sth is
true/will happen
e.g. 1. My kids and my husband take me for granted. I never even get a bunch of flowers!
2. I take it for granted that you will be at the meeting.
- sth in one's stride: deal with sth difficult easily
e.g. He's just lost his job, but he's taking the situation in his stride.
- to heart: treat sth seriously (and be upset by it)
e.g. Don't take it to heart! Lots of people fail the first time they try.

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. We had no idea that he had any intention of leaving the country. (took)
His ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………… surprise.
2. I object very strongly to what he said and I'll let him know. (exception)
I ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. and I'll let him know.
3. Don't get upset about it whatever you do. (heart)
Don't ………………………………………………………………………………………….………… whatever you do.
4. You must consider the fact that he knows the country well. (account)
You must. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… the country well.
5. He couldn't stop looking at her all through dinner. (eyes)
He ……………………………………………………………………….……………………….. her all through dinner.

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6. Whatever you ask him to do, he seems to deal with it very well. (stride)
Whatever you ask him to do, …………………………………………………………………… and just does it.
7. Has he gone mad? (leave)
Has ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………............senses?
8. A relaxing holiday in a luxury hotel would stop him thinking about work all the time.
(off)
A relaxing holiday in a luxury hotel........……………………………………….……………………………work.

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
(BE) WITHOUT / WITHIN EXPRESSIONS
A LOST BATTLE
My men had been marching for ten days without a break. The weather was without
precedent. It was snowing heavily and the icy wind made it feel even colder. We had
escaped numerous battles without a scratch, but would we survive this storm? I knew we
should be within sight of the town and therefore within reach of help, but the
temperature was dropping dangerously fast. I knew it was not within my power to do
anything to help my men, and a great depression swept over me. My mind began to drift
and I remembered the days when I had been without a care in the world. Would those
days ever return?
 without a break: without any sort of rest
 without precedent: never happening before
 without a scratch: without injury, harm
 within sight of: able to see
 within reach of: able to reach, get to
 within one's power: able to do sth about
 without a care in the world: without worries or problems

(BE) WITHOUT/WITH IN EXPRESSIONS

 without exception: true in all cases  within the competence of: sth one is
able to do
 within earshot: near enough to hear
 within one's budget: what one can
 within limits/reason: up to a
afford to spend
sensible limit
 within one's rights: what one has a

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 without fail: definitely legal right to

 within firing range: close enough to  without thinking: instinctively, on
shoot at impulse
 without respite: without stopping  without a second thought: do sth
immediately, without thinking
 without a hitch: without any type of
problem  within striking distance (of): near
enough to take action/reach
 without a good reason: not have a
good reason

A. OPEN CLOZE TEST

Evening was approaching and we weren't even within (1)…………….. distance of another
island to my knowledge. We hadn't been within sight (2)………………….. for hours now, and
we had been rowing (3) ………………… respite for what seemned like an eternity. I was
worried. Normally these expeditions go off without (4)………………….... hitch, and (5)
……………..... exception we take a radio with us. Not this time. We shouted, but in vain. There
was no other ship (6)……………... earshot. I told myself that the coastguard would, without
(7).................., send out a search party, but it was getting late. If only it was (8)………….... my
power to find a solution to the dilemma.
COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)

1. distract 1. a. a crisis, a strike, (a) disaster, an accident

2. avert 2. b. a thief, criminals, sb from doing sth
3. disturb 3. c. attention, sb from work
4. deter 4. d. a thief, the peace, sb's concentration

IDIOMS - EXPRESSION
COLOURS
A. IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
 red tape: bureaucracy  a red herring: misleading clue / information
 a black look: a look of  a black sheep: considered a disgrace to the
disapproval family
 a white lie: a harmless untruth  a white-collar worker: sb who works in an
office
 blue blood: royal, aristocratic in
origin  a blue-collar worker: sb who works in a

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 green fingers: good at factory

gardening
 a grey area: a subject about which little is
known

GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)

1. She had a traditional …………………………….. wedding.
Why don't you use …………………..…… spirit to get the paint off your hands?
He told her a ……………..……. lie in order not to upset her.
2. All government troops are on ………………. alert following the hijacking.
I wanted to open a business here, but the amount of …………….…….. tape put me off
That glove was just a ……………… herring. It had nothing to do with the murder case.
3. Poor old Jack is going……………….………. with age.
Solving crosswords may sometimes require the use of a little ………………….. matter.
The study of parapsychology is still very much a .………………. area.
B. IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
 out of the blue: unexpectedly
 once in a blue moon: very rarely
 as white as a sheet / ghost: pale because of fear
 a white elephant: sth large and expensive but useless
 in the black: in credit
 in sb's black books: not in favour with sb
 see red: become very angry
 paint the town red: go out & have a great time
 catch sb red-handed: catch sb in the act of a crime
 be/turn green with envy: be/become very jealous
 be green: be naive/easily deceived
 give sb/sth the green light: give sb permission to do sth
FILL IN (from A & B)
1. He gave me such a …………………….…… when I criticised his work.
2. He only visits us …………………………… .

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3. I've paid back all the money I owed to the bank. At last I'm ….………………….. .
4. After the match we …………………. because our team won.
5. Mary turned ……………………………… when she saw my diamond ring.
6. The robber was ………………………..……. .
7. His boss gave him the ….……………………….. to go ahead with the plan.
8. She can make anything grow in the garden. She has such ……………………………. .
C. MATCH
1. feel off colour 1. a.give special attention to an important visitor
2. turn blue with cold 2. b. be fed up, irritated
3. with flying colours 3. c. not in very good health
4. (like) a red rag to a bull 4. d. sth that makes sb very angry
5. be browned off 5. e. with great success
6. roll/lay out the red carpet 6. f. go away unexpectedly, disappear suddenly
7. vanish/go off into the blue 7. g. feel very cold
8. not as black as sb/it is painted 8. h. say sth is true when it's not
9. swear black is white 9. i. get very angry
10. go/turn purple with rage 10. j. not as bad as people say

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropelstely in all three sentences.
SET A (based on TAKE expressions, WITHIN expressions, COLOURS idioms)
1. I'm surely…within… my rights to request a refund for faulty workmanship.
We live a little way out of town but …within… striking distance of the shops.
These scales are accurate to…within… one-tenth of a gram.
2. They say he has ………………… blood because ho ed to the Tsar of Russia.
We only see Jim once in a …………….. moon, usually when he wants something.
I waited so long for the bus that started to turn …………….. with cold.
3. I was ……………….. and blue all over after falling down the stairs.

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There were so many……………….. marks against his name that he was in danger of being
fired.
He offered to help us move, so I don't think Jimmy is as ……………… as he's painted.
4. He must have ……………….. leave of his senses to buy that old house.
Melanie hasn't ……………….. her eyes off Margaret since she walked through the door.
You've ……………….. it for granted that I'll help you, but I'm afraid won't be available.
5. Barbara turned ….…………….. with envy when she saw our new swimming pool.
The council flats were torn down in order to add land to the ………………….... belt.
Liam was very …..……………… when he first came to Italy.
6. When children have arguments think parents should agree not to ………………… sides.
I'm afraid didn't really ............................. in what Tom was trying to say.
The actress is certain to ………………….. their unfavourable reviews very much to heart.
SET B (guided)
1. For her to ……………. no reference to her previous job is strange. place
She implored him to …………… more of art effort. make
What did you ………………. of the now secretary? I thought she was weird. bring
2. The ……………… for parking here is £3 an hour, sir. cost
They want you to take ………………. of the lighting for the show, George. command
I have to put my phone on …................ every other day. charge
3. No one will ever let him ……………. in peace. stay
I would let the matter……………..... there if were you. be
You can …………….... assured that will pursue the matter. rest
4. This Bible has been handed .................. from father to son. back
His success is ....................... to sheer hard work, and not luck. up
I’m …………… to my last penny so can't go out until pay day. down
5. You were supposed to bring me a ………………. omelette. plain
The ……………… truth is that I saw him stealing the money. medium
She's quite …………... but her sister is very pretty. simple
6. She had to .................... her words when she discovered he was her new boss. cut
Sea water will eventually ..................... away at the wood unless you paint it every year. eat

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When the expense of living in the city began to …………….. into my sayings, wear
I moved to a village.

UNIT 5 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

 PRICE - COST – CHARGE - EXPENSE
 REMAIN - RETAIN - REGAIN - REFRAIN - RESTRAIN
THE PRISONER
The fact remains, your honour, that the prisoner is charged with a number of vicious
murders, and he must be dealt with at all costs. We have gone to great expense to track
him down and bring him to justice. Fortunately, there was a price on his head which led to
one of his treacherous colleagues turning him in . Apparently, he wishes to retain his
lawyer in an attempt to prove his innocence, so he can regain his position in society. I
suggest he be kept under close supervision as he is a violent man who had to be
restrained from attacking one of the witnesses. I shall refrain from further comment at
this stage, but I shall make it quite clear that this man must never be allowed to go free.
Thank you, your honour.
 the fact remains: it is still true that
 be charged with: be publicly accused of (doing) sth
 at all costs: whatever it takes
 go to the/great expense: spend a lot of money
 a price on his head: a reward for his capture
 retain sb: keep sb's services
 regain sth: get sth back
 restrain from: stop from doing sth
 refrain from: deliberately not do sth
COST REGAIN REFRAIN RETAIN
 at cost /the  regain  refrain of a song  retain an
cost of control/power atmosphere
 constant refrain
 count the cost EXPENSE  retain the heat
 cost sb/ sth  joke at someone's RESTRAIN
CHARGE
expense
 to your cost  restrain
 take charge of
 expense account oneself/an
PRICE
 charge it to sb emotion

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 at a price  at the expense of  face charges  restrain growth

 pay the price  at great expense  in charge of REMAIN
 free of charge  it remains to be
seen
 remains of the
meal

MCQ CLOZE TEST

You must take (1)…………………. of the men in the struggle against the government, Manuel.
It will not be an easy task. We all realise our freedom will be won at a(n) (2)…………………. -
I'm afraid even at the (3)……………….. of our lives and families. It (4)………………….. to be seen
whether enough people will support our struggle. I would ask you all to (5)............................
your men at present, difficult though that may be. If we can (6)……………………..control of the
northern towns, I'm sure complete success will follow.
1. a. direction b. charge c. refrain d. cost
2. a. price b. charge c. care d. expense
3. a. charge b. remains c. cost d. damage
4. a. leaves b. retains c. remains d. restrains
5. a. restrain b. refrain c. remain d. charge
6. a.remain b. charge c. restrain d. regain

READING
A. MCQ CLOZE TEST
A NIGHT OUT

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I take no (1)………………….. the following story but last Saturday Matt, an old friend I hadn't
seen in years, knocked on my door and suggested we paint the town (2) …………….. . "OK" I
said to him, "but no football," Matt cannot talk about football without starting a fight. So we
had a couple of beers and talked about old times and it had gone without a (3)………………..
when a distinctly Irish voice was heard to say, "Of course, England are useless." It was well
within Matt's (4)…………………. and that was that. don't know what the (5)…………………. of
the damage was because as soon as the police had (6)………………..... him, I left. By the back
door.
1.a. pride in b. notice of c. care of d. pity on
2.a. green b. black c. blue d. red
3. a. break b. hitch c. scratch d. care
4. a. power b. nights c.earshot d. reach
5. a. cost b. price c. expense d. charge
6. a. regained b. refrained c. retained d. restrained
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
DRIVING IN EUROPE
If you take your car to continental Europe this summer, remember you are (1)………………
required to carry certain items of equipment. The list (2)………………... from one country to
another so, to be on the safe side, you should take the following; a first-aid (3)……………….,
warning triangle, dipped headlight deflectors, fire (4)……………......, GB sticker and an empty
fuel can. It is illegal to transport petrol, other than in the fuel (5)…………………....., across the
Channel and across some borders. Finally, don't forget to carry your driving licence, vehicle
registration and insurance documents and a (6)..................... tax disc.
1.a. legitimately b. legally c. validly d. permissibly
2.a. varies b. alternates c. deviates d. modifies
3. a. container b. holder c. kitd d. outfit
4. a. suppressor b. eradicator c. extinguisher d. terminator
5. a. cistern b. Tank c. boiler d. container
6. a. correct b. Dated c. present d. current

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UNIT 5 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. I didn't mean to interrupt the meeting but had an urgent call. (intention)
It ………………………………………………………………………………………………… but had an urgent call.
2. I didn't work long hours because I was aware of the health risks. (better)
I ……………………………….……………………………………….… because was aware of the health risks.
3. Opening the office doors every morning is your job. (supposed)
You …………………………………………………………………………………. the office doors every morning.
4. This letter is illegible. (impossible)
It ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. this letter.
5. In my opinion he's one of the best actors in Hollywood. (consider)
I ……………………………………………………………………………….. one of the best actors in
Hollywood.
6. I'm sorry that I disturbed you while you were working. (have)
I'm sorry …………………………………………………………………………………… while you were working.
7. We arrived late because it was snowing heavily. (caused)
The ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. late.
8. It would have been inconsiderate if I hadn't invited the neighbours to the wedding.
(have)
Not ………………………………………………………………………….…….. would have been inconsiderate.
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
I was taken (1)………………….... when I saw Sally the other day. She's a nice girl but not very
pretty and had never taken (2)……………….. in her appearance. Yet there she was, looking
like a million dollars. The reason? She was going to marry a man called Jerry James: Well, I
knew Jerry. I also knew that he'd been taken (3)........................ at least three times by the
police. Sally was glowing with happiness so what could I do but congratulate her? Maybe
he's not as (4)………………... as he's painted but it (5)..................... to be seen how things turn
out. At the moment Sally is without a (6).................…… in the world but I think she's heading
for heartbreak.
1.a. to heart b. by surprise c. to pieces d. for granted
2. a. pity b. sides c. pride d. credit
3. a. to pieces b. for a ride c. into account d. into custody

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4. a. black b. blue c. green d. purple

5. a. refrains b. remains c. regains d. restrains
6. a. hitch b. scratch c. care d. break

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. Charles disappeared one day and no one's seen him since. (blue)
Charles …………………………………………………………………… one day and no one's seen him since.
2. Jill became really jealous when I got a place at Oxford. (green)
Jill ……………………………………………………………………………………….. when I got a place at Oxford.
3. She was arrested by the police for shoplifting. (custody)
The police …………………………………………………………………………………...………….... for shoplifting.
4. I can fire anyone in this company. (power)
It …………………………………………………………………………………………. fire anyone in this company.
5. Noel doesn't feel very well today. (colour)
Noel ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… today.
6. It cost us a lot of money to restore this old house. (went)
We …………………………..……………………………………………………………….. to restore this old house.
7. Although our house is out of town, it's easy to get to the shops. (striking)
Our house is out of town but ……………………………………………….…………………………… the shops.
8. I rarely see my sister these days. (blue)
I only see ……………………………………………………………….………………………………………. these days.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES-COMMON WORD
1.Children under five can travel free of …..……….......... on the bus.
They've asked me to take ………..……..…….. of the lighting for the play.
Julie will be in ………………… of the travel arrangements.
2. There was so much ………………….. tape involved in getting the licence that almost gave up.
Grandad saw ……………….. when the children began to pick his prize roses.
We'll have to roll out the ……………….. carpet when the chairman comes.

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3. I'm afraid Vincent has …………………. your clock to pieces, Mum.

Karen was ………………….. for a ride when she bought that out-dated computer.
Why was it …………………. for granted that I would cook the food for the party?
4. I take great ……………….. to your remarks about my work.
Everyone came to the reunion with the ……………….. of Sam.
All electrical appliances without ………………… must be kept away from water.
5. I came home late so I'm in dad's …………………. books again.
I hope I'm still in the …………………… at the bank after buying my new furniture.
Why did Mr Thomas give us such a(n) ………………… look, do you think?
6. I just felt like taking the day off for no ………………… at all.
You may use the phone for private calls within …………………., but long-distance calls are not
allowed.
Why do you refuse to see ………………….. all the time?
7. I found out to my ……………………… that the diamond was a fake.
She buys clothes at …………………. from the manufacturer and sells them at the market.
It will be time to count the …………...... when we see what damage has been done.
8. I am ……………… my rights to demand a refund for faulty goods.
Once we are ………………. sight of the sea, start looking for the sign to the village.
If we don't stay …………………. our budget this year, I'm afraid we'll have to reduce our staff.
UNIT 6 GERUND
A celebrity is someone who works hard all his life to become known and then wears
sunglasses to avoid being recognised!
PRESENT GERUND
ACTIVE: He objected to my telling him to leave.
PASSIVE: He objected to being told to leave.
PERFECT GERUND
ACTIVE: He didn't mind my having kept him waiting.
PASSIVE: He didn't mind having been kept wating.
A. MAIN USES OF GERUND
Subject – Object – After a Preposition

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e.g. 1. Doing the right thing isn't always easy. (subject)

2. He denies taking/having taken the files. (object)
3. He left without saying goodbye (after a preposition)
B. OTHER USES
e.g. 1. He's used to working overtime. (after an expression)
2. The essential thing in the Olympic Games is taking part, not winning. (complement)
3. No swimming allowed. (affer No in prohibitions)
C. VERBS + GERUND
admit, anticipate, avoid, consider, deny, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, mean, miss,
recommend, regret, resent, suggest...
e.g. 1. Her job involved working very long hours.
2. They considered hiring a housekeeper.
D. VERBS / EXPRESSIONS + GERUND
 It's no good/use
 There's no point (in)
e.g. There's no point (in) trying to change her mind.
 It's a waste of time
e.g. It's a waste of time asking Mark to help.
 It's (not) worth
 spend/waste (money/time)
 feel like
 can't help/stand
e.g. I can't stand being lied to.
E. EXPRESSIONS=> PREPOSITIONS+ GERUND

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 have an influence on...  show (no) signs of...  be fed up with…

 see some/any/the point  no chance/hope/way of...  on the verge/point of....
in…
 (hardly any) likelihood  make allowance(s) for...
 There's no/some merit of....
 have difficulty/trouble
in....
 have no/the/every in....
 with a view to/in the intention of....
hope of....
e.g. 1. We had no way of knowing where she was.
2. I'm fed up with being asked the same questions.
E. SUBJECT OF A GERUND
e.g. 1. We insisted on his/John's entering the school competition. (possessive adjective)
2. We insisted on him/John entering the school competition. (object pronoun/noun)
G. PHRASAL VERBS + GERUND
 be for/against  opt for  give up  get out of
 keep on  put off  count on  see about

e.g. 1. Don't put off going to the dentist any longer.

2. Most of the Town Council opted for building a new shopping centre.
H. VERBS + PREPOSITIONS + GERUND
 abstain from  refrain from  approve of
 boast of  find, catch, leave
(sb/sth) + ing
e.g. 1. He abstained from drinking alcohol for six months.
2. I found the nightwatchman sleeping. (present participle)
L. TO + GERUND
 be/get accustomed/used to  limit to  get down/round
 object/have (no/any) objection to  take to  look for
e.g. 1. After his car accident, he took to travelling by bus.
2. I'm not looking forward to painting the house again, but I must get round to doing it
soon.
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

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 Why not take up...  What's wrong with/How about taking up...
 There's no way we can know...  There's no way of knowing...
 Is it all right if I(use)....  Do/Would you mind my (using)...
 Fewer and fewer people smoke  Smoking is becoming less and less common.
nowadays.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
 It's a good idea to (invest)....  It's (well) worth (investing)...
 I don't think it's a good idea to (visit)...  I wouldn't recommend (visting)…
 I'm sorry I have to (leave)....  Please forgive me/ my (leaving)…
 I'm anxious to see…  I look forward to seeing…
 It's impossible to (say) if…  There's no (saying) if…
 It would be in your (best) interest to go...  You would benefit from going...
 What a surprise to see...  Fancy seeing...
 I intend to ask...  I have (every) intention of asking....
 I felt I had been wrong to accept...  I regret accepting...
 He's not likely to phone.  There is no likelihood of him/his
phoning.
The chances of him/his phoning are
slim
GERUND/INFINITIVE (with changes in meaning)
A. regret/ be sorry
 I regret telling them about the party. (be sorry about sth that has already happened)
 We regret to tell you that the tests are positive. (be sorry about sth that you are about to
say)
 I'm sorry for calling at such a late hour. (be sorry about sth that has already happened)
 I'm sorry to inform you that you have failed. (be sorry about sth that you are about to
say)
B. mean/ understand
 My new job means travelling all over the country. (involves)

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 He means to stay on for another week. (intends to)

 I don't understand your wanting to stay in that job. (understand why)
 I understand him to be in Rome. (have the impression/believe)
C. dread/ hate
 I dread visiting Aunt Martha over the holidays. (fear what will happen)
 I dread to think what they'll say. (be afraid to think, say, etc.)
 I hate telling people bad news. (general dislike)
 I hate to tell you this, but I've lost your book (not like what you are about to say)
D. remember/ forget
 Uncle Tom still remembers seeing his first TV programme in the Second World
War. (remember a past event)
 We must remember to take a camera along. (remember what one must/should do)
 I'll never forget performing on stage for the very first time. (forget a past event)
 We almost forgot to lock up afterwards. (forget what one must/should do)
E. stop/ go on
 He stopped talking when the headmaster walked in. (finish, cease)
 He stopped to get something to eat on the way home. (interrupt an action briefly to
do sth else)
 He went on talking even though most people had left (continue)
 He went on to discuss the current situation in his speech. (finish one thing to start
sth else)
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
 It might be a good idea to use....  Why don't you try using...?
 If I accept the job, I'll have to move.  Accepting the job will mean (my) moving.
 I don't remember (seeing)...  I have no memory of (seeing).
 They think it is (risky).  They regard it as being (risky).
 He says he's sorry he couldn't..."  He apologises/sends his apologies for not
being able to...
ORAL PRACTICE
1. To listen is more important than to talk. Listening...
2. If I were you, I wouldn't worry about it. It's not...

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3. It's unlikely that United will win. The chances....

4. I didn't find it easy to convince him. I had....
5. I was just about to call you. I was on....
6. It's impossible for their team to win. There's…
7. We found it very hard to settle down at first. We had...
8. It's impossible to say where he is. There's...

UNIT 6
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Gerund)
1. She is likely to be the next president. (chances)
The ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… quite good.
2. Could you please type these letters before you go to lunch? (mind)
Would …………………………………………………………………………………………………… you go to lunch?
3. I fully intend to find out who is resporisible for the graffiti. (every)
I …………………………………………………………..……………………… who is responsible for the graffiti.
4. It wasn't easy for Christine to get used to living in the country. (trouble)
Christine …………………………………………….…………………………………………… living in the country.
5. You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won't succeed. (point)
There's ………………………………………………………………….…………………………… to lend you his car.
6. Mrs Wilson says she's sorry she didn't attend the meeting yesterday morning (sends)
Mrs Wilson ……………………………………………………………………………………… yesterday morning.
7. The proposal has received unanimous support from the members. (united)
The …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… the proposal.
8. They wouldn't let the former chairman attend the conference. (barred)
The …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………… the conference.
9. There are several categories of people who don't have to pay the new tax. (exempt)
Several ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… the new tax.
10. They decided not to go by boat because they thought they would be seasick. (fear)
Their …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… to go by boat.

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B. DERIVATIVES
ANIMALS
The main (0) characteristic of the Labrador dog is CHARACTER
its (1)............................ to go, find and bring back something ABLE
that is (2)…………...... . That is, retrieve, French "retrouver". I go LOSE
into all this (3)…………………... stuff in order to introduce my dog, EXPLAIN
Fred. Fred and I have enjoyed a long (4) ……………………. PARTNER
Now, he is (5)………………. the liveliest dog in the whole EASY
(6)………………………... and will go after a ball all day if you have NEIGHBOUR
the (7)…………….. . Fred's problem is that his attention wanders. ENERGISE
A passing dog is, of course, an (8)....................... to a quick INVITE
scrap, and cats provide nothing but (9)…………..………...., ENJOY
so the (10) ………………….. of having your ball returned is nil. LIKE

USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
THE FIRST PAINTINGS
That art is truly our birthright can be seen from its ancient beginnings. It does (0)…not…
begin in history but actually in prehistory, thousands of years ago. (1)………………….
palaeolithic ancestors, who lived at that time, were small, hairy and illiterate, and even
archaeology can say very (2)………………… about them with certainty.
One thing, however, is absolutely certain and that is that these Stone Age cave dwellers
were artists, and not (3) …………… artists in the sense that they could (4)…………….. in visual
terms the animals (5)………… which they came (6)………………... daily contact-such art may
be no more (7) ………………… illustration. Cave painting belongs to a very different category
from this; it is art in the grand manner, great art, manifested (8)……………….. works of
subtlety and power that have rarely, (9) ………………. ever, been surpassed.
The paintings on the walls of the Altamira caves in Spain were the first to be discovered in
modern (10)……...., in 1879. The discovery had such fundamental implications for
archaeology that it was at first dismissed (11) ……………….. a forgery. A great bison is
painted on the celing of a long narrow corridor which (12)………… to a subterranean cave in
Altamira. It does not stand alone. A whole (13)……………. surges majestically across the roof,
one animal overlapping (14)……………………. horses, boars, mammoths and other such

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creatures - all of (15)…………………. were the desired quarry of the Stone Age huntsman.
They assert a powerful animal presence, in spite of the confusion.
0. not/hardly/really
1. The/Our/Of 6. with / into/on 11. with/as/being
2. limited / few /little 7. so/than/as 12. finds/leads/brings
3. only /really / being 8. on/in/with 13. set/scene /act
4. make/represent / say 9. though/as/if 14.another/other/itself
5. with/of /that 10. times/ages/years 15. It/which /those

B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
Those who experience problems with language may find it difficult to perform many kinds
of intellectual work. To what (0)........ extent……….. is the capacity to think dependent on the
capacity to use language? This is a question which cannot be answered adequately.
Nevertheless, we can apply (1)…………….... we know about learning to suggest
approximately (2)…………….. ..language works in helping us to think. It is evident that there
is a close link between the capacity to use language and the capacities covered by the verb
"to think". It would (3)………………. that many thinking situations are hardly distinguishable
from the skilful use of language, although there are some others in (4)…………………….
language is not involved. Thought cannot be simply identified (5)………….... the use of
language. It may be the (6) ………………, of course, that the non-linguistic skills involved in
thought can only be acquired and developed (7).................... the learner is able to use and
understand language. Obviously, (8)……………….... able to use language makes for a
considerable development in all one's capacities but it is (9)…………………….. to say precisely
how this comes about (10)………………. the common-sense level it appears that a distinction
often exists (11)……………… thought and the words we employ to communicate with one
(12)…………… .We often have to struggle hard to find words to capture what (13)……………....
thinking has already grasped, and when at (14)…………….. we do find words, we are
sometimes disappointed to note that they (15)………………. to do their job properly.
UNIT 6 SHOW EXPRESSIONS

a feeling or attitude be a sign of something let someone see

SHOW demonstrate, display, demonstrate, reflect, reveal, expose, indicate,
exhibit, reveal, register, imply, mean, suggest, point out, display, mark,
betray point out, illustrate present, parade, produce

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SHOW (NOUN) EXPRESSIONS SHOW IDIOMS

 steal the show: attract the most  show the flag: make a patriotic display
attention and praise unexpectedly
 show (sb) the ropes: show someone
 stop the show: not continue because of how to do something new to them
the applause/attention received by the
 show one's face: appear (often used
audience
negatively)
 for show: only to look at, not for use; for
 show willing: be ready/happy to do
effect
something
 Good show!: Well done!
 show sb a thing or two: teach someone
 a show of hands: raised hands by a a lesson, impress them
group of people in voting
 show one's (true) colours: reveal your
 put up a good show: do well real personality/opinion
 give the show away: give a secret away  show sb a good time: take sh out
somewhere to entertain them
 all over the show: all over the place
 show sb the door: ask someone to leave
 get this show on the road: get
something started  show one's hand/cards: reveal one's
intentions
 on show: able to be seen, on display

SHOW+ NOUN
respect, emotion, affection, devotion, appreciation, interest, (dis)regard, sign, evidence,
grief, consideration, remorse, anger
e.g. 1. He's showing him the ropes.
2. They're stealing the show.
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. It's only to look at. You can't use it, sir. (show)
It's only ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. for use, sir.
2. We have every intention of getting this started right now. (road)
We have every intention of …………………………..………………………………………………….. right now.
3. I told him to leave when he said that. (door)
I ……………………………………………………………………………………...………………….. when he said that.
4. He's always happy to help you out. (shows)
He ..................................................................................………………………………………………….. help you out.

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5. Don't tell him or you'll spoil the surprise. (give)

Don't tell him …………………………………………………….………………………………………………….. away.
6. Al Pacino gave the best performance of all as the bride's father. (show)
Al Pacino ………………………………….............…………………….………………………. as the bride's father.
7. When it came to money, I saw what he was really like. (true)
He ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............. to money.
8. Could you explain everything about the job to the new secretary tomorrow? (ropes)
Do you ……………………………………………………........……………………………………………….. tomorrow?

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
(BE) ON EXPRESSIONS

SETTING UP A BUSINESS
- So, Mum, this time I'm sure I'm on the verge of becoming rich and famous.
- Richard, I've heard all this before and you know how it gets me on edge when you start
talking about your plans.
- But Mum, this time everything will be fine. I've got a couple of books on loan from the
library on how to start up your own business, and I'm on first-name terms with the bank
manager, so I know he'll give me a loan.
- Well, I don't want to sound pessimistic but I think you are on course for another financial
disaster - and don't ask your father to help you this time.
- No, this time I'm doing it all on my own, so you don't have to worry.
- That's all very well, but you know it will be constantly on my mind now.
- on the verge of sth/doing sth: at or close to the point where sth new begins or takes place
- on edge: nervous, excited or bad-tempered
- on loan: being borrowed, as a book is from a library
- on first-name terms: call sb by their first name as a sign of a friendly, informal
relationship
- on course for/to do sth:
a. likely to achieve sth because you have already had some success
b. going in the intended direction

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- (all) on one's own:

a. alone
b. without being helped or supervised
- on one's mind: in one's thoughts (causing worry or concem)

(BE) ON EXPRESSIONS

 on the brink of (doing) sth: at the point  on the run: trying to avoid being
or state very close to sth unknown, captured
dangerous or exciting
 on the go: active and moving about
 on speaking terms: have a friendly
 on the point of (doing) sth: just about
relationship
to do sth
 on the tip of my tongue: on the point of
 on the edge of one's seat: very excited
recalling or remembering sth but not able
and giving one's full attention to sth
to say it
A. OPEN CLOZE TEST
I have always thought that director Sven Svenborg was on the (1)…………..... of producing a
great film. Well, now I think he has done it. I was on the (2)………………….. of my seat
throughout "Wrong Woman," his latest. Mary Kramer, who plays the lead role, is surely on
(3)……………….... for her first Oscar. This film is about a woman on the (4)……………… for a
murder she didn't commit. She's (5)………………. the point of being caught when she runs
into her ex-husband, whom she hasn't been on speaking (6)........................ with for years. He
hides her, and admits that since their divorce she has always been on his (7)…………….. . I
won't give away any secrets and reveal the ending instead I urge you to go and see it. But
don't go on your (8)………… - it's pretty frightening.
B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. petty a. mind, officials, offence 1. vivid a. television, monitor
2. trivial b. injury, offence, mistake 2. living b. light, future, child
3. minor c. altempt, salary 3. bright c. memory, proof
4. trifling d. matter, sumn 4. colour d. imagination, detail, account
5. paltry e. matter, mistake, injury

UNIT 6 TOPIC VOCABULARY

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THEATRE TALK
If you go to the theatre to see a play or musical, it may be because critics gave it a good
review in the arts end entertainment section of a newspaper or a guide to what’s on in the
city. You may book your seats in advance at the box office, or turn up on the night and hope
that the play has not been a self-out. In most theatres, you have the option of sitting in the
stalls, ie. ground level in front of the stage, or up in the circle, where seats tend to be
cheaper. If you take a box, however, you’ll pay more. The usher shows you to your seats.
The audience take their seats, the lights dim/go down and the curtain goes up. The actors,
who are members of the cast, or company, take their place on stage and play their parts. It
may be a play in three or five acts, during which there is usually an interval of 15 minutes
for refreshments. The actors may be playing to a full house, meaning that the theatre is full.
If the play was a hit, naturally the audience applaud. If it was especially good we can say it
brought the house down and the cast may take any number of curtain calls at the end. If it is
a musical or opera, the orchestra sits in the orchestra pit and the conductor, with his baton,
takes them through the music. The lead tenor (male) or soprano (female) may receive a
standing ovation and the audience may call for an encore. Of course, the production may
also be a success for its sets, costumes or score (music and lyrics). If critics do not like it,
they may slam or slate it and say it is a flop (failure).

IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
 take centre stage: become the centre of  be in the spotlight: be the centre of
attraction attention
 stage an event: hold, put on an event  get in on the act: take advantage of sth
started by sb else
 usher in (a new era): introduce, cause to
start  get one's act together: organise one's
life so as to achieve sth
 upstage sb: draw attention away from sb
else  make a song and dance about sth:
make trouble, cause fuss about sth
 the show must go on: we must continue
despite all difficulties  there wasn't a dry eye in the house:
everybody was crying
 clean up one's act: start to behave more
responsibly

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A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. Is it necessary to make such a fuss about my being late? (song)
Do you have ……………………………………………………………...…………………….. about my being late?
2. Unless you organise yourself, we'll never be able to work as a team. (get)
Only when …………………………………………………………………………….. be able to work as a team.
3. Becoming the centre of attraction was all he wanted. (stage)
Taking …………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..... wanted.
4. Don't forget that whatever happens we mustn't give up, Robin. (show)
Don't forget ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Robin.
5. Living constantly in public view was annoying her. (spotlight)
Being ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. was annoying her.
6. He wants to take advantage of this situation before it's too late. (in)
He wants ……………………………………………………...…………………………………….. before it's too late.
7. Starting to behave in a more responsible way should be his first priority. (act)
Cleaning …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. priority.
8. I don't wish to appear more important than you, but I have this to say. (upstage)
I don't ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. I have this to say.

IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
B. OPEN CLOZE TEST
STARLIGHT EXPRESS
Starlight Express is the second-longest running musical (0)….in… British theatre history,
having had over 4000 performances. However, (1)……………….. the composer Sir Andrew
Lloyd Webber first announced he was going to write a musical (2)...................... trains from
different countries, many people wondered (3)…………..… he had gone crazy. But, as with
everything Lloyd Webber touches, (4) ……………….. vision has been proved correct and the
spectacular show, where young people on rollor skates excitedly rush around the
auditorium, high (5).............................. theatre-goers' heads, has become a runaway success.
(6)…………….. but five of the thirty-three people in the company were unknowns: one actor
was a carpenter and (7)............................... was a receptionist at an advertising agency. "All we
had to do was find people who (8)………………. sing, dance, act and skate and preferably all
at the same time,” Lloyd Webber pointed (9)………………….. . The idea (10)...................... the
show came from a book that Lloyd Webber had liked (11)…………………….. a child. He and

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colleagues worked together to produce the songs. “There is (12)……………... certain romance
about trains, which have a natural rhythm which suggests music," said the composer. In
order to put (13)................... the show, the inside of a theatre in London was rebuilt (14)
…………… installing skating tracks around the theatre. The show has taken more than $100
million and has been seen by well (15)....................... five million people.
C. GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. I agree that all the actors gave a wonderful …………………………
That car won an award for its safety standards and ………………….…..
The bureaucracy there is amazing. What a ………..……….. we had just to get a visa!
2. I'm going to take ………………............. in a protest march on Saturday.
They've only found a ………………….. of the money that was stolen.
Paying no income tax played a large …………….………….. in Al Capone's downfall.
3. The latest ……..……………. of "Othello" in the West End has been given a good review by
the critics.
I'm afraid you're only allowed in on ..………………….. of a valid ticket, sir.
The …………………. of microchips for computers has increased by 10% so far this year.
4. Walking out of your job without another to go to is the .................. of a fool, in my opinion.
Don't you think it's time you got your …………………. together and found a job?
The hero of the play died in the last…………………..., much to my surprise.
5. We played to a full ………………….. all that week, which made the producer happy.
What really brought the ........................ down was Sophie dressing up as Uncle George and
pretending to be drunk.
Everyone stopped talking as the …………………. lights went down.
6. Forgetting their words when on ….……………….... is a constant nightmare for actors.
At this …………………. it's impossible to know for sure if we'll finish the project on time.
The Prime Minister's assassination set the ………………. for a radical change of government.

UNIT 6 IDIOMS – EXPRESSIONS

WEATHER/NATURAL ELEMENTS (Ia
A. NOUNS
 a storm in a teacup: fuss about  a cloud on the horizon: a small problem in
nothing sight

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 a stone's throw away: very near  a fair-weather friend: a friend only when
things are fine
 the wind of change: a new
trend/factor  on the air: being broadcast/transmitted
 cast a cloud over sth: partially spoil  put on airs and graces: have pretentious
sth behaviour
 the tip of the iceberg: small part of  a guiding/leading light: sb who leads or sets
sth an example
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. Pam has been on ……………………… nine since she got engaged.
Everything is fine. There isn't a ……………………… on the horizon.
When Joe broke his leg, it cast a ……………………… over the whole holiday.
2. When Janet loses her temper it's usually no more than a ……………………… in a teacup.
During the ……………………… the old tree was struck by lightning.
When the council decided to pull down all the old cottages, there was a ……………………… of
protest.
3. I wish I could remember the title of this song. It's on the ……………………… of my tongue.
There's a lot more you don't know. It's just the ……………………… of the iceberg.
You'll find a useful. ……………………… on how to prune roses in that magazine.
B. VERBS
 water sth down: weaken, dilute sth  storm in(to)/out of a place: come or
leave quickly and angrily
 cloud one's brain/judgement: make less
clear  stream in/out of a place: move in a
continuous flow
 fire sb's imagination: arouse sb's
imagination  weather the storm: overcome difficulties
 moon over: think/daydream about one's  fire the first shot: start an argument or
love incident
 tide sb over: help sb through a difficult  air one's views/opinions/grievances:
period make known
NOUNS & VERBS - Fill in
1. He doesn't live far away. His house is only …………………………. from here.
2. Her personal problems ……………………………….. at work.
3. The manager ………………………………………… on the new project, for all to hear.

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4. Big changes are happening in China. The …………………………………. is blowing there.

5. The description of life on a South Pacific Island …………………………. Jane's …………………… .
6. He was in such a bad mood that he …………………………………. the room.
7. The workers ……………………………………… the building at the end of the day.
8. We managed to ……………………….. despite the economic recession.
C. MATCH
1. brave the bad weather/storm 1. a. a tiny part (of what is needed)
2. on the crest of a wave 2. b. be in a dangerous situation
3. be in a fog 3. c. support or oppose what everyone else is
doing/thinking
d. (have) great success in a place
4. skate on thin ice 4.
e. (have) hopes that are unlikely to happen
5. a drop in the ocean 5.
f. make a promise which can't be kept
6. turn the tide 6.
g. face, deal with courageously
7. take (sb/sth) by storm 7.
h. at a very successful point or stage
8. swim with/against the tide 8.
i. make drastic opposite change in a situation
9. promise sb the earth/moon 9.
j. be confused; not really know the facts
10. (build) castles in the air 10.

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on SHOW expressions, (BE) ON expressions, WEATHER/ NATURAL ELEMENTS
idioms)
1. I'm afraid the wedding cake in the window is only for ……….show….. - it's made of plastic.
Mike put up a good …show…. at the meeting, considering he only had a couple of hours to
prepare.
Right, men, it's time for a …show…. of force to get these people moving.
2. Mobile phones took the world by ………………….. in the nineties.
I regret arguing with Lisa. It was just a ………………….. in a teacup.
A ………………….. of applause shook the opera house as the leading lady finished the aria.

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3. I thought she was following me but she seemed to have vanished into thin …………………..
Castles in the ………………….. are all very well, but sooner or later you have to pay the rent.
You'll be on the ………….………….. as soon as you see the red light.
4. The government is being criticised ………………….. all sides for its educational policy.
Speaking ………………….. Mr Pitt's behalf, I'd like to thank all of you.
He looks as if he's ………………….. the point of crying.
5. If it's true that every ………………….. has a silver lining, then some really good fortune is
coming my way.
The fight between Bill and lan cast a ………………….. over the party and everyone started to
drift away.
A rare, perfect spring day and the only ………………….. on the horizon was the fact that had to
go to work!
6. We were only in London for the weekend but he really ………………….. us a good time.
You ………………….. such complete disregard for everyone's feelings that it's hardly
surprising no one is talking to you today.
Well, he certainly ………………….. you a thing or two about playing the piano, didn't he?
SET B (guided)
1. Putting flowers in the room was a nice ………………….. on the part of the hotel. start
I'm not feeling well today. I think I've got a ………………….. of flu. feeling
At that restaurant they always remember your name and I like that personal ............... touch
2. The groom's speech at the ……………… was absolutely hilarious. reception
We've had very good………………… since we bought that new aerial. meeting
The visiting diplomats were given a very warm …………….. by the president. contact
3. To such a .................... was he insulted by the remark that he would not reply. grade
It's one ……………… warmer today than yesterday. mark
My sister is studying for her post-graduate ………………… at Manchester University? degree
4. They were able to ……………………. the operation despite the blackout. make
I can't promise to ………………. miracles, but I'll do the best I can. perform
She's due to ………………. the part for the twentieth time tonight. execute
5. I don't want to go alone. Will you come to keep me ……………..? contact
Paul and his wife aren't getting on. They've decided to part ……………… society

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Sam has been working for the same insurance ………………. since 1992. company
6. I'd go to Italy like a …………………. If somebody asked me. shot
I'll have a ………………… at fixing the radio if you like. try
Saying "Cuba" was just a ……………….... in the dark, but it turned out to be the correct
answer. light

UNIT 6 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

 DIM  FAINT  FEEBLE  ROUGH  VAGUE  PALE  HAZY

FOLLOW YOUR HEART

If you want to get on in the world, it's all too easy to get bogged down in a job you don't
like. You put up with a heavy schedule every day in the faint hope that one day you'll be
boss or win the lottery. I take a dim view of this attitude - in fact I think it's utter
nonsense! Life is too short. Some people make a feeble attempt to do something about it,
but don't really get to grips with the problem. They have a vague idea of what they want
to do, but as time goes by the wild plans of their youth become but hazy recollections.
They live their lives on someone else's terms in the firm belief that they are being sensible
and responsible. Only when they retire and their bones are creaking do they get down to
business and decide to travel and do something exciting, like climbing in the Himalayas or
sleeping rough on a Greek beach. It is then their comfortable lives and adequate bank
balances pale into insignificance when they realise what could have been.
 In the faint hope: with very little hope
 take a dim view of: disapprove of, have no respect for
 make a feeble attempt: make a weak effort
 have a vague idea: not have an exact idea
 hazy recollection: unclear memory
 sleeping rough: sleeping outside, without a bed
 pale into insignificance: become completely unimportant
DIM FEEBLE VAGUE
 in the dim and distant past  feeble-minded  vague promises/
rumours/ notions/
 dim shape/outline/figure  old and feeble
instructions/plans
 dim recollection/memory  a feeble joke/excuse
 be vague about
 dimly-lit ROUGH
 have a vague
 dim-wit/dim-willed  rough and ready recollection of

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FAINT  take the rough with the  vaguely remember

smooth sth/doing sth
 not have the faintest (idea)
 roughly the same PALE
 see sth as a faint blur
 rough guess/  pale beside/in
 faint chance/ feeling/ noise
calculation/ comparison with sth
 faint-hearted estimate/indication/
 pale with fear
idea
 feel faint
HAZY
 roughly speaking
 faint from/with hunger/the
 hazy memory/
heat
idea/recollection

MCQ CLOZE TEST

In the (1) ……………… and distant past before the fighting, things seemed to be, if not perfect,
at least better. I have a (2)…………………. recollection of my mother going out to collect water
from the well, and fresh milk from the cows. Then the war came, and our previous
discomforts (3)……………...... in comparison to what we suffered then. I remember sleeping
(4)…………………...., as our house had been destroyed, and walking 6 kilometres every
morning to the nearest town in the (5)…………….. hope that there would be some food to
buy. I remember my sister (6) ………….….. with hunger and my grandmother crying herself
to sleep at night. Thank God those terrible days are over.
1. a.faint b.pale c. dim d. feeble
2. a.pale b. hazy c.rough d. ready
3. a.dimmed b. fainted c. paled d. softened
4. a.rough b. feeble c. dim d. vague
5. a.pale b. hazy c. rough d. faint
6. a.faint b. vague c. dim d. rough

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RELATED WORDS
LIGHT

 shine  glow  gleam  shining example  glow with pride

 twinkle  glitter  dazzle  rise and shine  burning
desire/hatred/issue
 flicker  shimmer  glare  rain or shine
 sparkling
 flare  burn  glisten  filcker/spark of
wine/conversation
interest
 flash  sparkle  glint
 gleam of white teeth
 in a flash/flash in
the pan  glimmer/ray of hope

MCQ CLOZE TEST

Farmer Smith watched anxiously as clouds began to gather in the sky. A (1) ………….. sun
(2)....................... with a fierce heat, but as the heat became difficult to bear, thunder could be
heard rolling round the hills, and light-ning (3)……………... in the distance against the
darkening sky. Thin (4) …………….. of sunshine pierced the dark underbellies of the clouds
and then, as lightning (5). …………..... overhead, large drops of rain began to fall, and Farmer
Smith felt a (6)…………….. of happiness deep within.
1. a.flaring b. gleaming c. glittering d. dazzling
2. a.glinted b. shone c. flashed d. flickered
3. a.shone b. dazzled c. flickered d. burned
4. a.rays b. flashes c. flares d. twinkles
5. a.gleamed b. flashed c. burned d. shimmered
6. a.flash b. gleam c. sparkle d. glow

UNIT 6
BREAD, GLORIOUS BREAD
Extract 1
The 20th century is the age of mechanisation, mass production, electrification and
automation. More women go out to work and less baking is done at home. For many, the
factory loaf provides a convenient answer to today's needs as it is wrapped and sliced
ready to use. However, although one would not really wish to bring back the so-called
"good old days", it would be satisfying to bring back the good things associated with times
gone by, such as the slower pace of life, fresh flavoursome food and home baking.
Breadmaking is one of the basics and also one of the most rewarding aspects of home

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baking. Do not be inhibited by the aura surrounding it; once mastered, breadmaking is
simple.
Extract 2
Today, over 80% of the bread sold in Britain is produced in factories. It's soft and white and
handily wrapped. All but about 5% of the rest is made with the same characterless flour,
supplied by the milling monopolies which control our bread industry. So wherever it comes
from, it all tastes much the same. A revolt against this dismal standardisation is now
gathering momentum. All over the country people are again making their own bread.
Indeed, the author has been doing so for about fifteen years.
Extract 3
EAT MORE BREAD- It's cheap. It's nourishing! Nowhere in the great wheat-producing
countries of the world can you buy good, fresh, wholesome bread as cheaply as you can in
Britain. It is baked in spotlessly clean bakeries by skilled bakers who know how to make
bread light, delicious and nourishing. Eat more white or brown bread; it is all highly
nutritious and recommended by the best medical authorities.
Extract 4
I determined to have a try at baking. My cookery book was discouraging, making it seem
that to cook a loaf of bread was like carrying out some chemical experiment. With
beginner's luck, I produced some lovely rolls. These were placed on the table within reach
of Arthur at dinner.
"Good roll, this," he said, trying one. "Where did you get them? A new baker?"
"Yes," I said, as casually as my bursting pride would allow me, "I made them myself." "Do
you mean to tell me," he exclaimed, "that this thing is only flour and water?" Holding it up
in amazement, he added, "Then what on earth do they do to the bread in the shops?"
ANALYSIS
IDIOMS - EXPRESSIONS
 good old days: when times were better  beginner's luck: accidentally correct or
(often in memory only) lucky even though by a beginner
 gather momentum: move faster and  spotlessly clean: very clean
faster
 mass production: produced in large
 times gone by: old days, in the past quantities

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A. MATCH
1. flavoursome 1. a. large flour companies
2. inhibited 2. b. sad
3. aura 3. c. making the same
4. milling monopolies 4. d. not feeling confident enough
5. dismal 5. e. makes you strong and healthy
6. standardisation 6. f. likely to make you healthy
7. nourishing 7. g. full of taste
8. wholesome 8. h. full of health substances
9. nutritious 9. i.quality that surrounds sth

READING
B. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and underline the parts
of the text which give you the answer.
1. Some aspects of the "good old days wore not so good.
2. Women bake less because they have less time.
3. The writer of extract 3 is encouraging you to make your own bread.
4. The writer of extract 4 was wary of making bread at first.
5. The writer of extract 4 was insulted when her husband tried her home-baked rolls.
6. People buy factory loaves because they tasto botter, according to extract 1.
C. What evidence in the extracts is there for the following statements?
1. Women haven't got the time to bake bread any more.
2. Breadmaking is not as complicated as you may imagine.
3. People are not satisfied with characterless factory bread.
4. Bread is a good buy from every point of view.
5. Buying bread from a bakery or shop is convenient.
6. Extract 2 and extract 3 take very differing points of view.
7. Extracts 1 and 2 have a very similar point to make.
D. Choose the correct answer.

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1. Extracts 1 and 2 differ on the subject of

A. the convenience of commercial bread. B. the quality of home-baked bread.
C. the present trend in home baking. D. the origins of most modern bread.
2. Extract 3 contradicts the first two extracts by stating that commercial bread is
A. cheap. B. light. C. delicious. D. nutritious.
3. The first three extracts all agree that bread should be
A. convenient. B. nourishing. C. fresh. D. tasty
4. The writer of extract 4
A. agrees with extract 3.
B. supports the criticism of commercial bread.
C. emphasises the health value of home-baked bread.
D. shows that home bakers are proud people.
5. Extracts 1, 2 and 4 share the opinion that
A. breadmaking is not as difficult as people think.
B. only the best ingredients should be used in breadmaking.
C. home baking can be a fascinating hobby.
D. the mystery surrounding breadmaking should be respected.

UNIT 6 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. It's a good idea to get someone to check the car before you buy it. (worth)
It’s ………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… before you buy it.
2. It would be in your best interest to take out holiday insurance. (benefit)
You ………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… holiday insurance.
3. Joe's not likely to volunteer for the extra work. (likelihood)
There's ……………………………………………………………………………………………… for the extra work.
4. I don't intend to pay all the expenses. (intention)
I ………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… all the expenses.
5. Are you sorry you didn't come with me? (coming)

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Do ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… with me?

6. I don't see why we can't ask the shop for a refund. (wrong)
What's …………………………………………………………………………….………… the shop for a refund?
7. Alice found it hard to settle down to a new life in France. (difficulty)
Alice .............................................................................................................................. to a new life in France.
8. It's John's responsibility to order office supplies. (responsible)
John ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… office supplies.
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
Three days of camping with my cousin Jack was enough for me. He had hardly shown (1)
……………… when there was work to be done, preferring to lie under a tree and watch the
hippos in the river. I had to do the packing, of course, but just as we were on the (2)
…………….. of leaving, disaster struck. A lion appeared from nowhere and padded towards
me. It was then that Jack showed his true (3)............... He walked towards the lion banging a
tin with a stick. The startled lion stopped, and then slipped away. The lion was old and (4)
………..... and probably looking for an easy meal. Nevertheless, Jack's bravery really
(5)............................... my imagination and there wasn't a dry eye in the (6)………….. when I told
the story to the family.
1. a.his cards b. his face c. the flag d. the ropes
2. a.edge b. tip c. verge d. course
3. a.face b. cards c. flag d. colours
4. a.feeble b. vague c. dim d. hazy
5. a.stormed b. clouded c. fired d. watered
6. a.event b. house c. stage d. act

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. I'm afraid I'm just about to leave for work. (point)
I'm afraid I'm …………………………………………………………………………………………….……… for work.
2. Billy started the argument and then everyone else joined in. (fired)
Billy ……………………………………………………………………………… and then everyone else joined in.
3. I really don't know what you are talking about. (faintest)
I …………………………………………………………………………………………... what you are talking about.

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4. The shops are near our house. (throw)

The shops ……………………………………………………………………………………………… from our house.
5. She's making a fuss about nothing. (dance)
She's ………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………… nothing.
6. Why don't you get started instead of just talking about it? (show)
Why don't you ………………………………………………………………… instead of just talking about it?
7. Why did you have to cause so much trouble over something so unimportant? (dance)
Why did you have to ………………………………………….………………… something so unimportant?
8. That child wants to be the centre of attention all the time. (spotlight)
That child wants …………………………………………………………………………………………… all the time.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD
1.I'm not on first-name ……………….. with Mrs Brown although I've known her for several
years.
According to the ……………………….. of the contract, we have to do our own repairs.
They're not on speaking ……………………… since the divorce.
2. Agnes always seems to have a(n)………………. of sadness about her.
Let's go out for a walk and get some fresh ………………… .
It's time you stopped building castles in the ………………. .
3. At the concert, the vicar stole the …………………… when he sang "My Way".
All his photographs are on ………………….. at the Town Hall.
It's a pity Jimmy gave the …………………… away and spoilt the surprise.
4. Jenny has had a(n)………………….. idea for the next edition of the magazine.
He's a very ……………………..... child but incredibly lazy.
The sunlight was so ………………. it hurt my eyes.
5. Fred wants to get in on the ………………….. now that we've done all the hard work.
It was an amazing ……………… of bravery, considering how young he is.
The exams are in three weeks so it's time you got your ……………………. together.
6. What a(n) …………………… in a teacup because I forgot to phone you!
The new Lloyd Webber musical took New York by ………………. when it opened on
Broadway.

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We've got enough in the bank to weather the ……………. as long as we keep our expenditure
to a minimum.
7. A(n) ……………. of lightning split the sky and then the rain came down.
His one hit record was just a(n) ………………. in the pan, I think.
I can fix some sandwiches in a(n) …………………… and then we can be on our way.
8. I'm afraid dad will ................... a dim view of your new boyfriend.
Sometimes you have to ………………..... a chance if you want to make money.
You have to ………………. the rough with the smooth if you choose to live in a tiny village.

UNIT 7 - PASSIVE VOICE

Justice should not only be done, but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done.
A. SIMPLE/PROGRESSIVE TENSES & INFINITIVES
- They redecorated his office during the weekend.
 be+ past participle => His office was redecorated during the weekend.
 be+ being + part participle - They were holding a live concert when the fire broke
out.
 (to) be/have been + past
participle => A live concert was being held when the fire broke out.
It appears that he was shot.
=> He appears to have been shot.
B. IMPERATIVES
 MUST/SHOULD - Don't leave the lights on when you leave.
 IS TO BE…/ ARE TO BE... => The lights mustn't/shouldn't be left on when you
leave.
 IMPERATIVE (with phrasal
verbs) require, need => The lights are not to be left on when you leave.
- Look into this matter at once.
=> This matter must/should be looked into at once.
=> This matter requires/needs to be looked /looking
into at once.

C. TWO OBJECTS
promise, award, offer, refuse, - They offered the sales manager's job to Paul.

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give, send, show,…

=> Paul was offered the sales manager's job.
=> The sales manager's job was offered to Paul.

D. NEGATIVE WORDS
 They didn't ask any questions.
=> No questions were asked.
 They couldn't locate the missing plane anywhere.
=> The missing plane was nowhere to be found.
=> Nowhere could the missing plane be located.
E. PASSIVE GERUND
 I hate people lying to me. =>I hate being lied to.
 He was sentenced to life imprisonment after they had found him guilty of
murder.
=> He was sentenced to life imprisonment after having been found guilty of
murder.
F. INFINITIVE/GERUND → that + should
agree, be anxious, arrange, - They decided to sell their business.
be determined, demand,... => They decided that their business should be sold.
- He recommended using lead-free petrol.
=> He recommended that lead-free petrol should be used

G. ACTIVE BARE INFINITIVE => passive full infinitive

 They saw him steal the money.
=> He was seen to steal the money.
 They made us wait an hour.
=> We were made to wait an hour.

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SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
* They prefer... => Preference/Priority is given...
* They tried again... => Another attempt was made...
* He became President. => He was made President.
* They allowed us to.... => We were given permission/allowed to...
* They asked... => A request was made....
* The fence needs to be fixed. => The fence wants/needs fixing.
* Stress led to his heart attack. => His heart attack was caused/brought on by stress.
* She applied but was rejected. => Her application was turned down.
* They've booked (a room/a => A reservation/booking has been made....
table)...
* The article criticised...
=> Criticism of the... was contained/made in the article.
* The deadline for applications
=> Applications must be received/sent in/handed in by....
is...

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
H. PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
believe, know, report,  People say he sells arms. (PRESENT)
suppose, hope, allege,
=> It is said that he sells / is selling arms. (CLAUSE)
presume, expect,
assume,understand, consider, => He is said to sell/ be selling arms. (INFINITIVE)
…
=> Arms are said to be sold by him PASSIVE INFINITIVE -
less common)
 They claim he promised/was promising people jobs. (PAST)
=> It is claimed that he promised/was promising people jobs. (CLAUSE)
=> He is claimed to have promised/have been promising people jobs. (PERFECT INITIVE)
=> Jobs are claimed to have been promised by him. (PASSE PERFECT INFINITIVE-less
common)

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
 It consists of eight people. => It is composed of /made up of eight people.

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=>
 The town stands on a hill. => The town is located/situated on a hill.
 The city is famous for.... => The city is renowned for...
 There's a rumour /Rumour has She's said/reputed/rumoured to be…
it that she's...

CAUSATIVE FORM
AUXILIARY PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH HAVE/GET
A. CAUSATIVE FORM HAVE/GET STH DONE
 simple tenses  Someone will install our central heating tomorrow.
 progressive tenses => We'll have our central heating installed tomorrow.
 imperative  They get a professional gardener to look after their
garden.
=> They have their garden looked after by a
professional gardener.

 The gardener is planting new trees.  Make two photocopies, please.

=> We are having new trees planted. => Have two photocopies made, please.
 David's hair is being cut right now.  My car needs washing.
=> David is having his hair cut right now. => Get/Have my car washed.
B. ACCIDENT/MISFORTUNE (or something which has not been arranged)
 Someone has repaired Tony's camera.
=> Tony has had his camera repaired. ( FOR HIM) (CAUSATIVE)
 Someone has stolen Tony's camera.
=> Tony has had his camera stolen. ( NOT FOR HIM) (AUXILIARY PASSIVE)
 The roof had is tiles blown off by/in the wind. (accident)
 I had my front tooth broken in a fight. (misfortune)
 I had this Information given to me by a friend. (not arranged)
C. GET SB TO DO... (full Inf.)
=> HAVE SB DO... (bare Inf.)

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 He got his dad to paint the front door.

 He had his dad paint the front door.
D. HAVE SB DOING
 I'll teach you how to ski in no time.
=> I’ll have you skiing in no time.
Be quiet or he will shout at us.
=> Be quiet or you'll have him shouting at us.
ORAL PRACTICE
1. The Philippines consists of thousands of islands. The Philippines...
2. The rescue team will try again to find the missing seamen tomorrow. Another…
3. Our dog needs vaccinating. We'll...
4. Rumour has it that he's a millionaire. He's...
5. The deadline for competition entries is 3rd May. Competition...
6. They surprised him with an award. He...
7. People claim that the immigrants were hiding in the warehouse. The immigrants...
8. They think your nephew stole the money. Your...
UNIT 7
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Passive Voice & Causative Form)
1. Erica has asked for a transfer but there's little chance that it'll be granted. (stands)
Erica's request for a transfer ………………………………………………...……………………………..
granted.
2. We will have to leave this decision until the next meeting. (deferred)
This decision ………………………………………………………….…………………………….. the next meeting.
3. This report is highly critical of current transport policy. (levelled)
Severe …………………………………………………………………………………………….. policy in this report.
4. People who are seriously ill are seen before other patients. (to)
Priority ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….. seriously ill.
5. It is said that he has been to prison several times. (reputed)
He ……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….. several times.
6. The kidnappers let all the hostages go yesterday. (released)

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All ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. yesterday.

7. According to the newspapers, the hurricane took the roof off the Town Hall. (blown)
It was reported that ……………………………..……………………………………………….. by the hurricane.
8. Some people say that Tsiolkovsky invented the space rocket. (credited)
Tsiolkovsky ………………………………………….……………………………………………….. the space rocket.
9. Only final year students are allowed to use the main college car park. (restricted)
Use of ……………………………………………………………………………………….. final year students only.
10. Twelve people lost their jobs in the company's reorganisation. (redundant)
Twelve people ……………………………………………………………………….. company's reorganisation.

B. DERIVATIVES
AT THE THEATRE
Well, I had the (0) ……option… either of sitting in the stalls OPT
or in the circle, where tickets have a (1)……………. to be less TEND
(2) …………….. . So, circle it was. I had been invited to a theatre EXPEND
production, actually a (3)…………….... version of a book I'd frankly DRAMA
never read, and the (4)………………. had given it a rave review. CRITICISE
In fact they went as far as to say it was a most (5)………………… REMARK
piece of theatre. At least it wasn't a ghastly (6)................, which MUSIC
hate, but a good old "whodunnit." The (7)………….. were not ACT
(8) …………… and I didn't expect a great deal from them, but FAME
they were extremely (9)............... and I thoroughly enjoyed COMPETE
the (10)............................. .The butler did it, of course. Who else? PERFORM

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USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
ELECTRONIC DUSTBINS
The local council of Mosman Park, Western Australia, is issuing its 7,500 residents with
"electronic dustbins". These will (0)… enable… it to charge each household (1)…………... the
weight of rubbish it takes away. Waste that is suitable for recycling, which is put in a
different bin, will (2)………………. to be collected free, as has always been the case.
The new dustbin may look ordinary but it has a tiny electronic circuit moulded into (3)
………….. side.When the bin is being emptied, this circuit is activated (4)…………….. that the
computer in the rubbish truck can work (5)……………….. which house the bin (6)……………..
to. This computer is lodged in the arm that swings the bin upside (7)…………... to empty it. It
also measures (8) ……………. much rubbish comes out. (9).................. the council gets round to
making full (10)……………. of the system, those households that throw away more than
their allowance could find themselves paying 15 cents for every kilogram of waste they
produce.
Similar systems have been used successfully for industrial waste, but the council is not
aware of anywhere else in the world using (11)………………... type of technology for domestic
rubbish. The circuit (12)…………….. about ten per cent to the cost of a large dustbin.
However, because the circuit is activated by a signal from the rubbish truck, it can do (13)
……………… its own power supply and has(14)…................ batteries that would (15)…………..
……. replacing.
0. enable/let/make
1. as/for/to 6. belongs /is/comes 11. this/which/one
2. continue/stay /persist 7. over/up/down 12. adds/makes/puts
3. a/their/its 8. which/how/that 13. with/without / for
4. which/such/so 9. When/That/Soon 14. any /some/ no
5. up/out/over 10. time/use/employment 15. take /be/need

PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one sultable word.
LEARNING TO GET ON WITH PEOPLE
In order to get on with other children, children must have a standard of give and take. To
(0)…some… extent they can learn this from their parents, but they must also learn that
they cannot be friends with (1)………….... and that some personal characteristics are more
appealing than (2)…………...... . There will be children and adults with (3)…………... they

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cannot get along, so they must learn to deal with them (4)……..……… excessive friction. They
must also learn how (5)…………….... they should be willing to compromise in order to make
(6)………….…... acceptable to others, so they need to know when to draw the line and say, (7)
………….……. far, but no further. They must also recognise that they have the choice of (8)
……………. along with the majority or standing (9)…………. without rancour or bitterness.
In learning these social skills children acquire civilised (10)……………… and the ability to
live in a community in which everyone is (11)...................... to a large extent on everyone else.
They (12)………….... encounter others who are not quite so civilised, and they must be
prepared to meet them (13)…………... understanding and resolution. In each case they must
rely on their own course of behaviour, according to the particular circumstances. They
must realise that there is a time to stand (14) …………….. ground, a time to compromise, and
even a time when it is better to run (15)...................... .

UNIT 7 PHRASES - EXPRESSIONS

HAVE
 a (good) grasp of: know sth well
 a (good) mind to : seriously think about doing th
 a bet on: gamble (on horses, etc.)
 not a clue about: know nothing about
 a lot going for: have a lot in one's favour
 a brush with sb: have an argument/unpleasant encounter with sb
 an/no inkling (of sth/that...): have some/ no knowledge of sth secret or not
previously known
 one's wits about one: be/remain alert and ready to act
 a head start: have an advantage over others
 one's eye on sth: want sth vary much
 sth on the go: be involved in sth
 money to burn: have so much money that one can spend it freely
 the gall to/cheek to/nerve to/ effrontery to/audacity to: have bold or rude
behaviour without any feeling of shame
 (no) recollection of: (not) remember
 my way: get what you want
 it in for sb: have sth against sb

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 a (good) laugh (about): find amusing

 one's say: a chance to state one's opinion
 (sth) to say for oneself: be ready to talk, give one's views or justify what one has
done
 a go/crack/shot/stab/try at: try sth
 a go at sb: criticise sb
 it both ways: benefit from two opposing opinions/ actions
 sth/it coming to one: deserve sth bad
 (too) many irons in the fire: have (too) many interests, jobs or work to do at the
same time
 the best of both worlds/all possible worlds: the benefits of widely differing
situations enjoyed at the same time
 (a good) command (of): be able to use or control
 a nest egg: have a sum of money saved for future
 one's work cut out: face a difficult task
 other fish to fry: have more important business to attend to

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. He's so wealthy he doesn't even know what to do with his money. (has)
He's so wealthy …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. burn.
2. I have other, more important things to do, you know. (fish)
I ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….. , you know.
3. That city's worth visiting- it's got just about everything. (going)
That city's worth visiting ……............................................................................................................................ it.
4. They have quite a lot of money saved for their retirement. (nest)
They ……………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. their retirement.
5. I think he's trying to do too many things at the same time. (irons)
I think .…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. fire.
6.You are going to have a difficult time finishing by six o'clock. (cut)
You are going …………………………………………………………………………………………….. by six o'clock.

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7. I had an argument with Jane about her timekeeping. (brush)

I ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. about her timekeeping.
8. He speaks the English language well. (command)
He ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….. language.

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
(BE) IN EXPRESSIONS (III)

WELL DONE!
- In the light of your excellent work record, Mr Pierce, we have decided to promote you. In
contrast to the majority of our other workers you have always been entirely dependable.
In addition to your reliability you have also shown initiative and the willingness to accept
responsibility. In recognition of your efforts in the Wimpy deal, I'm going to give you a
bonus which, in the view of the board, is well deserved.
- Thank you very much sir, but could you tell me in terms of money what my promotion
means? I'm not convinced I want to accept it, as I'm not a good administrator and in the
event of a major problem, may not be up to dealing with it.
 in the light of: in view of sth; considering sth
 in contrast to: being opposite, different
 in addition to (sb'sth): as an extra person, thing, circumstance
 in recognition of : giving a reward to show gratitude
 in the view of: in the opinion of
 in terms of: considering
 in the event of: if sth specified happens or is done

IN (THE) …. OF EXPRESSIONS IN EXPRESSIONS

 in defence of : defending  in bulk: in large amounts
 in advance (of): before, ahead of time  in common: sharing similar qualities
 in pursuit of: looking for or trying to  in a flash: very quickly
find sb/sth; following or chasing sb/sth
 in connection with: with reference to
so as to catch them/it
sh/sth
 in view of: considering; taking into
 in preparation for: the action of

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consideration preparing
 in the context of: circumstances in  in line with: similar to, in agreement
which sth happens or in which sth is to with
be considered
 in answer to: saying, writing or doing
 in the absence of: a. being away sth as a response to deal with a question
b. lacking; not existing or not being  in conjunction with: acting /planning
available together

A. OPEN CLOZE TEST

All right, men. Tomorrow you'll be in (1) …………………. of the enemy. In (2)…………….. of the
possible danger I want you to take all precautions. In the event (3) …………………. our getting
separated,head for the capital by sundown. In (4) …………….. to being quite close, there are
also plenty of places to hide in the inner city. (5) ……………….. the absence of any
communication from me, rendezvous at the sports stadium on Thursday evening. In the (6)
………….. of the present political climate, try not to be taken prisoner. In preparation (7)
……………….. tomorrow I'd like you all to get an early night and don't forget we'll be working
in (8) ………….with some French troops. Good luck!
B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. restore 1. a. information, a lost item
2. revive 2. b. one's steps
3. retrieve 3. c. a person, an interest
4. retrace 4. d. buildings, confidence, health, diplomatic links

1. recover 1. a. a meeting, duties, one's seat

2. resume 2. b. a book, evidence, a case
3. review 3. c. a book, interest, a licence
4. renew 4. d. health, economy, a lost item, confidence

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UNIT 7 TOPIC VOCABULARY

MEANS OF TRANSPORT
Transport is crucial in both urban and rural areas. Everyone has to get around, or get from
A to B. Transport basically falls into two categories, public and private. Public transport
consists of a network of bus, train and underground networks, connecting one place with
another. Public transport is at its busiest during the rush hour, or peak hours, when
commuters are on their way to or from work. The hub of the network is the centre, for
example a mainline train station, bus terminal or airport. Depending on the country,
public transport can be expensive, especially if it is not subsidised by the government,
because of rising fuel and staffing/manning costs. Problems can include congestion in
inner-city areas, cancellations or delays to timetables because of maintenance work or
signal failures and overcrowding. Environmentalists and urban planners advocate public
transport over private because it is more cost-efficient, because of fuel consumption.
Private transport, eg. your own car, can be more comfortable and convenient, but it has its
disadvantages. Apart from the initial outlay to buy the car (if you don't buy it on
instalments), maintenance/running costs can be high and the current trend towards
pedestrian precincts poses parking problems, which means you can get a ticket or be
towed away. A bicycle, of course, is the most environmentally-friendly means, as you
travel under your own steam, and can weave in and out of traffic easily, but you are at
the mercy of the elements.

IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
 set the wheels in motion: begin sth  take a wrong turning: make a mistake
(with bad consequences)
 take a back seat: leave sb else in charge
 go off the rails: go wrong/do sth
 end of the line: point at which one can
wrong/ lose control
go no further
 be streets ahead (of): be much better/
 get into gear: prepare oneself to do sth
more advanced than
 do a U-turn: reverse one's position/
 life in the fast lane: lifestyle devoted to
opinion completely
getting ahead
 go/be back to where one started:
return to one's starting point

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A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. The Lancia performs much better than other cars in its class. (streets)
The Lancia's …………………………………………...………………………………………………………. in its class.
2. Why don't you let them build it by themselves? (take)
Why don't you ………………………………………………….…………………. let them build it themselves?
3. I think we're going round in circles, Robert. (back)
I think …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………. , Robert.
4. Jim made a big mistake when he went into business with that crook. (wrong)
Jim …………………………………………………………….… when he went into business with that crook.
5. I can help you get things going, if you like. (wheels)
I can help you ………………………………………………………………………….………………………. if you like.
6. When his wife died he seemed to lose control of his life. (go)
He seemed …………………………………………….………………………………………………. his wife's death.
7. He completely changed his opinion on the subject of tax reform. (did)
He ……………………………………………………………..………………………………………………. of tax reform.
8. We'd better prepare ourselves right away. They've arrived. (get)
We’d …………………………………………………………..………………………………………….. They've arrived.

IDIOMS/ EXPRESSIONS
B. OPEN CLOZE TEST
RAILWAYS
Land travel is the most common (0)…means/form… of transport. It all began with walking.
Two thousand years ago, the Romans built a network of superb roads over (1)…………..
people travelled on (2)……………. or by horse- drawn cart. It was only in the 1800s that
steam power took the (3) ………………… of horse power. When the first railways were built,
many people said they were the most wonderful of all inventions (4)…………….. said the
snorting, smoking steam engines were like beasts (5) …………….. hell. Trains and railways
certainly changed our (6)………………… . Not (7) ………….. did embankments and cuttings
alter the landscape, but (8)………………….., for the first (9) …………………, people and goods
could be (10)…………….... long distances in great quantities and at undreamed-of speeds.
Railways also allowed cities to grow more than ever (11)……………… . Today, large
networks of railways stretch through many (12) …………….. Trains are an efficient means of
transport. They use (13)…………….. fuel and produce less pollution than cars and trucks

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because they carry large cargoes in a single journey. Because (14)……………….. the damage
road vehicles do to our (15)……………….., many people believe trains are the best form of
transport for the future.
C. GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD)
1. I couldn't believe that we managed to drive up the hill in third ……………………
I've got an enormous amount of work to do but it's hard to get into …................ after a long
weekend.
The accident happened because the plane's landing ………………… was damaged.
2. What you need is a good ……………..… relations officer to speak to the press.
It's quicker to walk round the city than use ........................ transport.
His business did so well it became a ...................... company offering shares on the stock
exchange.
3. I worked on the budget all day but ran out of ……………........ around midnight and went to
bed.
I can get there under my own ………………., so don't wait for me.
All our preparations have been made for the new offices, so it's full ...................... ahead on
Monday morning.
4. I think Danny is in …………………… for promotion when Mr Jenkins retires.
I'm an undercover policeman, so visit many bars and clubs in the ....................... of duty.
It was the end of the ………………. for Tommy when the boss saw him at the races during
working hours.
5. There's a funny noise coming from one of the ……………… Arthur.
Politeness costs nothing and oils the ………………….... of society.
Once we set the ……………….. in motion there will be no way of stopping the process.
6. You can arrange your working hours as you like; there are no hard and .............................
rules here.
He pulled a ……….. one on me; he borrowed £2000 from me and left the country.
Life in the………………. lane is all very well but never seem to have a moment to myself.

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UNIT 7 IDIOMS - EXPRESSIONS

WEATHER/NATURAL ELEMENTS
A. IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
AIR
 up in the air: not decided
 vanish into thin air: disappear without trace
 a breath of fresh air: sth/sb new and refreshing
 clear the air: resolve an unpleasant situation
 give oneself airs: give the impression of being important
WATER
 hold water: withstand testing
 pour cold water on a plan: spoil or stop a plan
 be like water off a duck's back: have little/no effect
FIRE
 spread like wild fire: become known very quickly
 add fuel to the flames: make a bad situation worse

GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD)

1. Come on, Martha, you're always pouring cold …………….. on my ideas.
The police knew his alibi wouldn't hold ………………. they were proved right.
Driving without a licence could land you in deep ……………….. with the police.
2. Hurry up, John! The programme is on the ………………. now.
She's a breath of fresh ………………. in this office. Everyone else is so boring.
I'd left my bag here but when I turned round it had vanished into thin ………………… .
3. He has too many irons in the ……………….. to concentrate on any one thing for long.
The news about the political scandal spread like wild …………… among the media.
He ordered his soldiers to hold their …………….. until he gave the order.

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B. IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
WIND
 like the wind: very fast
 get wind of sth: hear about sth
 sail close to the wind: take risks
 put the wind up sb: make sb afraid/nervous
 a windfall: a sudden piece of good luck or money
 get one's second wind: get back energy/enthusiasm
 sth is in the wind: there's a sign of sth going to happen
EARTH
 cost/pay the earth: cost/pay a lot
 come down to earth: face reality
 move heaven and earth: use all one's power
* FILL IN (from A & B)
1. It is still entirely ……………….. whether we join you in London or not.
2. We were prepared to ……………….. to ban a new airport here.
3. The boss threatened to sack some employees just to …………………… them.
4. He ………………. the future staff reductions and quickly changed his job.
5. The sum of money his great aunt left him was an unexpected ….……………. .
6. It makes me nervous the way he ………............ with his business deals.
C. MATCH
1. break fresh ground 1. a. there's no limit
2. cut no ice 2. b. if the weather is good
3. see the light 3. c. in unpleasant circumstances
4. the sky's the limit 4. d. discover or try sth new
5. the calm before the storm 5. e. sth is so obvious you can't see it
6. be a shadow of one's former self 6. f. make a job more difficult than it really is
7. weather permitting 7. g. a quiet time before trouble/action
8. make heavy weather of sth 8. h. not be impressed by

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9. under a cloud 9. i. realise what is right

10. not able to see the wood for the 10. j.not so strong/successful as one once was
treas

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on (BE) IN expressions, TOPIC Vocabulary, WEATHER/NATURAL
ELEMENTS idioms)
1.I'm not on good …..terms….. with Peter since he insulted my girlfriend.
After the accident, it took Joanna a long time to come to… terms … with being unable to
walk.
We're ready for the party in … terms… of food, but somebody will have to organise some
more beer.
2. His successful book on Italy was just a ………………… in the pan because his later books are
terrible.
The photos are a bit dark because the…………………. didn't work properly.
The burglars must have been in and out of the house in a …………………. .
3. The train was late, so we missed our …………………. to Scotland and had to sleep in the
railway station.
The toaster wouldn't work because there was a loose …………………… in the plug.
I'm writing to you in ………………… with my son's school report.
4. He's always lived beyond his ……….......... and as a consequence he's totally broke.
It's true that trains are an efficient …………..…… of transport.
By no …………….. is the outcome of this certain.
5. Philip can run like the ………………….. when he wants to.
Seeing the police car outside his gate really put the ……………….. up Gerry.
We were going to sleep on the beach but dad got ..……………. of the plan so that was that.
6. He was acquitted of the murder in the ……………….. of new evidence put forward by his
defence lawyer.
It only came to ……………….. after the old man's death that he was a millionaire.

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He'd been in and out of prison for years but he saw the …………… when he fell in love with
Tonya.
SET B (guided)
1.She seemed to be anious and on ………………. from the first moment she arrived. top
There's so much suspense in that film I was on the ……………. of my seat all the time. edge
His rude behaviour took the …………… off my enjoyment of the evening. point
2. Never point a(n)……………….. at someone unless you're sure they're guilty. finger
He didn't lift a(n) ……………….. to help me when mum was in hospital. hand
I'm sure he wouldn't dare lay a(n) …………………. on her, would he? arm
3. "Stormy Skies" is the ……………… favourite for the 3.30 race so I'm going to have a bet on
him. warm
Uncle Bert gets ………………. under the collar if you start talking about politics. hot
She blows …………….. and cold all the time so I don't know whether she likes me or not.
strong
4. These plants are …………… dry so it's no wonder most of them are dead. spot
The West Bank of the River Jordan is a ………………. of contention between Palestine and
Israel. bone
Mum's got a …………... to pick with you about the state of your room. point
5. Professor White has put his …………… down about handing in our essays late. leg
Well, you must just put your best ………………. forward and get it finished before Saturday.
thumb
I work for an oil company and my wife protests about environmental damage, so we've
got a …………… in both camps, really. foot
6. There were no buses, so we were left …………………... and dry in the middle of nowhere.
high
That's ……………. praise, you know, because he hardly ever pays anyone a compliment.
weak
We went through hell and ………………. water to get these theatre tickets and now she says
she doesn't want to go. tall

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UNIT 7 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

SHARE PORTION PROPORTION FRACTION ELEMENT SECTION
ASPECT SEGMENT

ON THE BRINK OF CIVIL WAR

I share the president's opinion that we are on the brink of civil war. Luckily, the riots in
the capital were confined to a small portion of the old city, but worse is to come. One
major problem is the ratio of rich to poor in this country, something like 1 to 100,000, and
a high percentage of the population can neither read nor write. The largest section of the
population lives in abject poverty. The picture may have taken on a new aspect, however.
There is an element of truth in the belief that the privileged classes want to help the poor,
but in reality only a smal proportion of the rich are making any sort of effort. It is true
that the government is selling houses to the poor at a fraction of the cost on previous
years, but we must face the fact that a large segment of the population shows little interest
in improving the lot of their fellow countrymen. History is slow to change.
 share sb's/an opinion: have the same idea/opinion as
 a small portion of: small part of
 ratio of... to: relationship expressed in numbers showing how one is greater than
the other
 percentage of: fraction expressing a 100th of
 section of: part of
 take on a new aspect: have a new appearance/quality
 an element of truth: a certain amount of truth
 a small proportion of: small part of
 at a fraction of the cost: much cheaper
 segment of: part/section of
SHARE PROPORTION ELEMENT SECTION
 do your share  in proportion to  element of truth  cross-section
 share out  out of all  element of  section off
proportion society
 the lion's share
 sense of  exposed to the
 power-sharing
proportion elements

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PORTION FRACTION ASPECT SEGMENT

 generous/extra  fraction of a  aspect of our  segment of fruit
portions second lives
 segment of
 fraction of a  south-west circle
number aspect
MCQ CLOZE TEST
This problem has been blown out of all (1)……………...., and I can tell you that a certain (2)
…………….... of society wants to disrupt the upcoming peace talks. We must all do our
(3)..................... to make sure this doesn't happen. The talks have recently taken on a new (4)
……………….., in that the opposing side has agreed to a number of concessions. This is good
news, and I'm happy to say a sizeable (5)....................... of our population is dead set on peace.
We must face the fact that (6)……………….. -sharing is our only hope for the future.
1. a.proportion b. percentage c. aspect d. traction
2. a.ratio b. aspect c. share d. element
3. a.portion b. segment c. share d. proportion
4. a.aspect b. share c. element d. section
5. a.fraction b. section c. ratio d. aspect
6. a.ratio b. portion c. power d. element

RELATED WORDS
A. WAYS OF CUTTING
 grate  peel  dice  chop  slice  spread
 snip  crush  beat  carve  mince  grind
MCQ CLOZE TEST
To make a curry, pour roughly half a cup of olive oil into a pot. (1)………………….. your meat-
goat, by the way, makes a good curry-into small pieces and place them in the oil with a few
(2)………………... onions and tomatoes. (3)………………... a clove or two of garlic, (4)
………………...., and add to the mixture. If you wish, you may (5)……………. a couple of carrots
and add these with some (6)……………….. ginger. Finally, stir in your curry powder and cook
for two hours, adding water as necessary.
1. a. Chop b. Grind c. Heat d. Peel
2. a. spread b. carved c. sliced d. snipped
3. a. Snip b. Peel c. Beat d. Carve

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4. a. heat b. snip c. spread d. crush

5. a. snip b. dice c. carve d. beat
6. a. spread b. snipped c. grated d. carved
B. WAYS OF PULLING/ PUSHING
pull lug drag tug tow
wrench draw jerk haul pluck
1. We …………… the wardrobe all the way upstairs.
a. drew b. lugged c. tugged d. towed
2. She suddenly …………… the dagger out of his hand.
a. wrenched b. towed c. drew d. lugged
3. They …………………. down the enemy flag after the victorious battle.
a. lugged b. drew c. hauled d. plucked
4. They managed to ………….. the concrete block across the street.
a. draw b. wrench c. pluck d. drag
5. He carefully …………………. the sword out of his belt.
a. drew b. hauled c. lugged d. plucked
6. I broke down again, so I had to have the car …………….. home.
a, hauled b. towed c. dragged d. pulled

UNIT 7
ADMISSIONS OF A COPYIST
I am a painter. I paint portraits and townscapes-views of the inner city, of shabby streets,
small, dusty parks, crumbling tenements. That is my art, my reason for living. Unhappily, it
is not productive in the crude sense, In spite of kindly reviews of my occasional exhibitions
and the loyal response of old friends who attend the private viewings, drink the mock
champagne and buy the smaller paintings, my work only brings in a pittance. The trade that
I live by, that pays the rates and the mortgage, the bill for my wile's athletic activities, her
health club, her yoga classes, that sends my mother the necessary allowance to keep her in
reasonable comfort in hor own small house, is that of a copyist.
I am (I must make this clear) an honest craftsman; not a cheat. I am no forger, ageing a
picture with a spoonful of instant coffee, spraying on fly specks with a mixture of asphalt
and turpentine, pretending to have come upon an unknown Old Master in a junk shop or
attic. I paint copies of famous paintings, sometimes for private persons or institutions but

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mostly for the directors of companies who want an impressive decoration to hang in their
board rooms. Deception of an innocent kind is their intention; asked if the picture is
genuine, few of them, I imagine, would lie. Nor would they be wise to. Whether they know it
or not (and in some cases I am sure they do know, collaborating with me in a further, minor
deception out of pleasure in their treasured British sense of humour) my copies are never
exact.
That is where vanity comes in. One wants to leave one's mark on the world. Like many
other craftsmen, like an apprentice stone cutter carving a gargoyle on a cathedral, I want to
make my individual contribution to the grand design. I copy the painting with all the skill at
my disposal, all the tricks; squaring up, measuring with callipers, using photographs, a
projector, a light-box for transparencies to get as near as I can to the true colour. I try to
match the pigments used by the artist, grinding my own Naples yellow, or buying it in a
tube from Budapest, where it is still possible to obtain it ready-made with lead and
antimony. But instead of adding my signature, I change some insignificant feature. I alter
the expression of a man in a crowd, add a tiny animal face in a dim corner, a mouse or a
weasel, replace the diamond on a woman's hand with a ruby. How many casual observers
notice? Or care if they do? Most people chortle to see experts confounded.

ANALYSIS
 IDIOMS EXPRESSIONS
 bring in a pittance: earn a small amount of money
 keep sb in comfort: provide money to support sb in comfort
 a spoonful of: amount that a spoon will hold
 come upon: find
 leave one's mark: leave sth that will always be noticed
 make one's contribution: give sth in order to help/have an effect on
A. MATCH
1. crude 1. a. instrument for measuring the diameter of sth
2. pittance 2. b. not refined
3. copyist 3. c. excessive pride
4. forger 4. d. small amount of money
5. Old Master 5. e. trick
6. deception 6. f. laugh in amusement
7. vanity 7. g. sb who copies an original in order to cheat

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8. squaring up 8. h. person who copies pictures or books

9. callipers 9. i. dividing up to make copying easier
10. chortle 10. j. famous old painting

READING
B. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and underline the parts
of the text which give you the answer.
1. The writer lives by painting portraits and townscapes.
2. He only paints small paintings.
3. He has at least two other people to provide for.
4. He suggests forgers are basically dishonest.
5.People who buy his paintings don't always know they are copies.
6. His customers would not normally admit that they own copies.
7. He thinks some of his customers know his copies are not exact.
8.He often makes noticeable changes to paintings.
C. What evidence in the passage is there for the following statements?
1. He would rather paint his own paintings than copy others.
2. His own paintings earn him little money.
3. Other copyists may not be as honest as he is.
4. He gets satisfaction out of not doing exact copies.
5. He does his work with painstaking accuracy.
6. He doesn't take the whole business too seriously.
D. Choose the correct answer.
1. What does the writer tell us about his original work?
A. It does not depict popular subjects.
B. It is of secondary importance to him.
C. It does not pay well.
D. It attracts frequent criticism.
2. The writer sees copying a painting as
A. an unsatisfying pursuit.

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B. an inferior form of work.

C. more straightforward thin original work.
D. a less frustrating way of spending his time.
3. The writer is keen to point out that
A. he does not deceive his customers.
B. he is technically proficient
C. he has a varied clientele.
D. he has useful business connections.
4. How does the writer view most of his customers?
A. They are ignorant about art.
B. They are not amused by the inaccuracy of his work.
C. They respond badly to the alterations ho makes.
D. They are likely to admit their paintings are copies.
5. When copying a painting, the writer does his best to
A use materials of a type similar to the original.
B. emphasise the atmosphere of the original
C. work in the same manner as the original artist.
D. demonstrate the excellence of his technique.

UNIT 7 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. It seems that the island has been uninhabited for many years. (have)
The island seems ………….…………………………………………………………………………. for many years.
2. They always ask me to do the donkey work and I'm fed up with it (asked)
I'm fed up …………………………………………………………………………. the donkey work all the time.
3. We couldn't find the car keys anywhere. (nowhere)
The car keys ………………………………………………………………………………………………...………. found.
4. Indifference on the part of the management led to the strike. (caused)
The strike ........ ………………………………………………………………. on the part of the management.

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5. This liquid consists of several dangerous chemicals. (composed)

This liquid …………………………………………………………………………. several dangerous chemicals.
6. They are building a little summerhouse for us in the back garden. (built)
We …………………………………………………………………………………………….………. in the back garden.
7. The flood has ruined all of Maggie's carpets. (had)
Maggie ……………………………………………....………………………………………………………… by the flood.
8. They think he was supplying arms to a terrorist organisation. (thought)
He ………………………………………………………………………………………….. to a terrorist organisation.
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
Everyone laughed at Charlie. With his head out of all (1)……………….... to his bony little body,
he looked odd. He wasn't clever or good at sports and I suppose you could say he didn't
have (2) ……………. for him. In (3)……………... of Charlie, though, I must say he was very kind.
This didn't help him find a job, however, and he got very depressed. When he finally got a
job looking after horses, something magical happened; he seemed to have something in (4)
………………. with horses they communicated. Well, this (5)………………...... his confidence in
himself and he never looked back. The sky's the (6)…………... for him these days and he's a
successful trainer of racehorses. Who would have thought it?
1. a. portion b. proportion c. section d. fraction
2. a. his wits b. a lot going c. a brush d. his work cut out
3. a. connection b. defence c. pursuit d. recognition
4. a. line b. conjunction c. common d. bulk
5. a. restored b. resumed c. retrieved d. retraced
6. a. portion b. earth c. limit d. share

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. These toys are much cheaper at Hamley's. (fraction)
You can buy ……………………………………………………………….…………………………….. at Hamley's.
2. The boss wasn't impressed by Bill's budget proposals. (ice)
Bill's budget proposals …………………………………………………………….…………………….. the boss.
3. Once you face reality, you'll realise that living alone isn't easy. (earth)
Once you …………………………………………………………... you'll realise that living alone isn't easy.

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4. Jimmy's knowledge of French is much better than mine. (streets)

Jimmy's knowledge of French ……………………………………………………………………………….. mine.
5. While the boss is away, I'll be in charge. (absence)
I’ll be in charge ……………………………………………………..………………………………………….. the boss.
6. John and have had an argument over the poor sales figures. (brush)
I ……………………………………………………………...…………………………….. over the poor sales figures.
7. Why don't you try building a fountain in the garden? (stab)
Why don't you …………………………………………,……………………………….. a fountain in the garden?
8. If we don't start soon, we'll never finish before Christmas. (motion)
Unless we ......................... ………………………….............................. we'll never finish before Christmas.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES-COMMON WORD
1.Why did you make ………………… of her situation when you could see she was upset?
He saw the …………………. when his brother was sent to prison, and decided to get an honest
job.
In the ………………….. of this new information, my lord, it is clear that my client is innocent.
2. We should wait for the economy to ………………….. before opening a new business.
She took a long time to ………………… her confidence after falling off a horse.
A holiday in the sun will help you to ……………….. your health.
3. Your theory doesn't hold ……………... now that we have examined it more closely.
We had a lot of disagreements in the past, but that's ………….…… under the bridge now.
Why don't you think of something instead of pouring cold ……………….. on all my ideas?
4. Dad must have something on his ……………...; he hasn't said a word all day.
I've a good ……………….. to buy that dress even though it's expensive.
The smell of wood smoke puts me in …………………… of my childhood in the country.
5. I've too many things on the …………………. to take on any more work at the moment.
I'll have a(n) …………….. at painting the walls but I'm not much good at it.
It's been all …………………. at work today and l'hardly had time to sit down.
6. His car ran out of petrol and he ……………….. the effrontery to say it was my fault.
He was fired but he was so lazy he …………………… it coming to him.
Luckily, Joe ………………… his wits about him and caught the child before it fell.

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7. After a slow start, she ran like the ……………………. and won the gold medal.
He put the …………………… up me when he appeared silently in the doorway.
The police got ………………….. of the robbery and were watching the bank.
8. Your pension increases in ……………….. to your years of service.
Only a small …………………. of the workers wanted to continue the strike.
His severe punishment was out of all …………………….. to his crime.

UNIT 8 - REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH
My doctor told me that my problem was that everything I enjoyed in life was either fattening,
illegal or immoral!
A. STATEMENTS: BASIC TENSE CHANGES
a. present → past
e.g. "We are creating 200 new jobs."
=> The chairman said (that) they were creating 200 new jobs.
b. present perfect/past → past perfect
e.g. "The bar has had its licence taken away”.
=> He told me that the bar had had its licence taken away.
c. future (will, can, may) → would, could, might
e.g. "Talks will not be resumed," said the minister.
=>The minister stated that talks would not be resumed.
B. QUESTIONS
(asked, inquired, invited, offered, wanted to know, wondered if/whether..
e.g. 1. "What are you doing at the weekend?"
=> He wanted to know what I was doing at the weekend.
2. "Would you like me to help you?" she said.
=> She offered to help me.
C. COMMANDS /REQUESTS/ADVICE + OBJECT+ INFINITIVE
(ask, advise, order, invite, warn,…)
e.g. "You'd better not trust him."

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=> She advised/warned me not to trust him.

OR Her advice was not to trust him.
D. NO CHANGES IN VERB TENSE
a. introductory verbs in the present simple, present perfect, future
e.g. "Hello, it's Gary, I'll be late."
=>Gary is on the phone and says (that) he'll be late.
b. 2nd and 3rd conditionals
e.g. "If I'd had time, I would have looked her up."
=> He said that he had had time, he would have looked her up.
c. the subjunctive (unreal past): wish, if only, would rather/sooner, it's time, had
better
e.g. "I wish I were free." =>He said he wished he were free.
d. past tenses in time clauses
e.g. "I was having a shower when you called."
=>She said she was having a shower when I called.
e. a general truth/fact
e.g. "Greece has a warm climate." =>He told us that Greece has a warm climate.

INTRODUCTORY VERBS
E. TO... (threaten, refuse, claim...)
e.g. "I’ll pick up the kids on my way home."
=> He agreed /promised/offered to pick up the kids on his way home.
F. SOMEBODY... TO… (advise, forbid, command, implore, warn, order, urge, encourage, plead
with,…)
e.g. 1. "Don't forget to feed the dog before you go out," my mother said.
=> My mother reminded me to feed the dog before I went out.
2. "Whatever you do, please don't tell my father."
=> He begged me/pleaded with me not to tell his father.
G. THAT...
(complain, claim, deny, exclaim, notice, observe, protest , promise, suggest, threaten,..)

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e.g. 1. "I left the keys on the table."

=> He explained (that) he had left the keys on the table.
2. "I can speak three languages!"
=> She boasted (that) she could speak three languages.
H. FUNCTIONAL REPORTING VERBS
(advise, agree, complain, threaten, suggest, invite, persuade, request, remind, warn,…)
e.g. "Yes, I see your point now." => He admitted that I was right.
I. VERBS REPORTING ACTIONS
(accept, congratulate, decide, greet, introduce...)
e.g. "Sorry, can I show you something?" => She interrupted us to show me something.

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
J. GERUNDS IN REPORTING
 admit, avoid, regret , recommend, suggest …
 decide on, insist on, object to, apologise for…
 accuse (sb) of, complain (to sb) about, thank (sb) for, scold/reprimand (sb) for,
forgive (sb) for…
e.g. 1. “I don't know anything about it." => She denied knowing anything about it.
2. "I'm terribly sorry that I couldn't stay." => Mike apologised for not being/having been able
to stay.
3. "It was your fault, Tony. You lost the tickets!" => Sue blamed Tony for losing/having lost
the tickets.
K. SHALL
e.g. 1. "I shall be late." (future/giving information) => He said he would be late.
2. "Shall I ever see her again?" (speculation) => He wondered if he would ever see her again.
3. "Shall I do the shopping?" (offer) => He offered to do the shopping.
4. "Shall we hire a car?" (suggestion) => He suggested (their) hiring a car.
5. "Shall we post it to you?" (request) => He asked if/whether they should/were to post it to
us. He asked whether to post it to us.
L. MUST
e.g. 1. "They must be at home." (logical assumption) => He said they must be at home.

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2. "You must park at the back." (obligation) => He said we must/had to/were to park at the
back.
3. "You mustn't smoke." (prohibition) => He told us that we mustn't/were not to/couldn't
smoke. He told us not to smoke.
M. LET(‘S)
e.g. 1. "Let her decide." (obligation/command) => He said that she should/ought to decide.
2. "Let's go swimming." (suggestion) => Tony suggested (our) going swimming.

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
 "Thank goodness it's over."  He breathed/gave a sigh of relief that it was over.
 "That's a nice hat."  He complimented her on her hat.
 "What a great party!"  He exclaimed that it was a great party.
 "Wow! That's a beautiful  He gave an exclamation of delight when he saw
present!" the present.
 "I should be grateful if...”  I said (that) I should/would be grateful if...
 "Will I have time?" she said.  She wondered if/whether she would have time.
 "There's no need to pay..."  He said (that) I needn't/didn't have to/wouldn't
have to pay....
 "I could pick it up on the way  She said (that) she could/would be able to...
home." (ability)
 "I couldn't smoke when I was in  He said he couldn't/wasn't allowed to smoke...
hospital." (permission)

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SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
 She said she was grateful for...  She expressed her gratitude for...
 We said we were not satisfied...  We expressed our dissatisfaction...
 They said they were not in favour  They expressed their disapproval of...
of...
 "I'd rather go to the theatre."  She expressed a/her preference for the theatre.
 "I'm sorry but we can't..."  They expressed their regret that...
 "I thought it would be a better  She expressed her disappointment with the
film." film.
 My goodness! That's expensive."  He expressed his surprise at the cost.

ORAL PRACTICE
1. "If I were you, I'd invest your money." He...
2. "Let's play tennis, shall we?" Shella...
3. "I'm sorry. I didn't look it up." He...
4. "That's a beautiful outfit you're wearing." She...
5. "Whatever you do, visit the Trevi Fountain." Tim…
6. "Thank you very much for attending." He...
7. "Oh! What a gorgeous diamond ring." Jane..
8. "I think I'll stay in this job for the time being." She...

UNIT 8
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Reported Speech)
1. "I would plead guilty if I were in your position," said my lawyer. (advice)
My …………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………. guilty.
2. "Please don't drive so fast!" Ann begged her boyfriend. (with)
Ann ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. so fast.
3. John said he would like me to have dinner with them. (invited)
John …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………. with them.

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4. They said he needn't attend the meeting. (from)

They ……………………………………………………………………………...……………………………. the meeting.
5. "I'm very much against you seeing my daughter." (objected)
He …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. daughter.
6. "Whatever you do, don't invest your money with them." (against)
She ……………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………. with them.
7. "I'd take a tax if I were you," said Peter. (suggested)"
Peter ……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………. a taxi.
8. He said he was anxious about the plight of the homeless. (concern)
He ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………. of the
homeless.
9. Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (voiced)
Local residents …………………………………………………………………………………………. traffic scheme.
10. "You don't have to give him any money until the end of next week." (need)
She said there …………………………………………. any money until the end of the following week.
B. DERIVATIVES
A TIP FOR EXPLORERS
Captain Scott's expedition to the South Pole was mainly (0).......scientific ... SCIENCE
not (1)………………….., and the photographer Herbert Ponting pointed EXPLORE
out in his book many of the (2)………………... of working there, DIFFICULT
including his first lesson in the (3).......................... dangers of EXPECT
this (4).................. region. His camera was a large model with KNOW
glass plates that had to be (5).......................... between exposures. REPLACE
As he was not as yet (6)…………….. to the intense cold and its USE
(7) ........................ on metal, he undid the brass screws that held EFFECTIVE
the plates in place and put them in his mouth for (8)................ . SAFE
On removing them, he took with them lumps of (9) .................. lip. SWELL
It was the first of many (10)……………….…... experiences. FORTUNE

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USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST- FILL IN
WHAT GRAMMAR IS
For many years British educational theorists discouraged the teaching of grammar in
English schools. The idea (0)…was… that since infants learned to talk (1)………….. being
taught any grammar, schoolchildren didn't need any either. Indeed, some teachers said it
was more of a hindrance than a (2)………….. since it demoralised less able children. It also
(3)………….. them reluctant to express themselves (4)……….……. fear they might lose marks
for (5).................... the grammar wrong. These teachers were over-reacting (6)………………. an
earlier misunderstanding about what grammar is. Grammarians are not (7)...................... in
telling us how language ought to work, any (8) ……………….. than the vast majority of
botanists, (9)……………. business is the knowledge of plants, find it necessary to say which
flowers they think are prettier than others. But teachers had (10)……………….... of grammar
as a set of unalterable rules which, just like school rules, had to be obeyed, and had been
using them as a stick (11)……………….. which to beat their pupils.
That was foolish. But how much grammar should children be (12)…………….….. ? To change
the analogy, we don't all need to become anatomists but (13).......................... we do need to
know is something about how the body works (14).......................... we are to keep healthy,
and to name its parts (15) ……………. as to explain to a doctor what we think is the matter
with us.
0. was said / had 6. for/to/from 11. for/with/as
1. with/without/beside 7. interested/concerned/ 12. exposed/taught/presented
worried
2. support/help/ hurdle 13. that/which/what
8. one/such/more
3. caused/made / forced 14. if/when/as
9. their/whose/us
4. for /in/having 15. therefore /for/so
10. treated/regarded/thought
5. getting/placing/doing

PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
FOOD ADDITIVES AND BEHAVIOUR
It is difficult to exaggerate the scale of the neglect by some parents of the proper
upbringing of their children. (0) …That/Whether… children need stability, discipline, care
and attention is (1)………….... of which many British parents seem totally and blissfully
(2).................. . Time and (3)………….... one is told that they have brought up their children
well because they have bought them goods such as computer games and expensive
trainers. Often they (4)………………... the social services or teachers for not (5)………………..
effected a change in their children's behaviour. How often has one heard the lament, "I

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never got (6)……………… help from them," as if the "authorities” were primarily (7)
……………….... for the care of children.
In such a climate of opinion it is scarcely surprising that the most extravagant ideas about
the harmful (8)…………... of eating certain foods and additives can flourish. How
(9).......................... more comforting it is to attribute our children's misconduct to the food
they eat than to our own stupidity or fecklessness. And how easy (10)………………….
comparison seems the solution: it is (11)........................... to the government to take action
(12)………………….. food additives, after which we can safely (13) ……………….. neglecting our
children.
How long will it be, (14) …………………. wonders, before a mugger claims in court that he
would not have robbed his victim if he hadn't eaten a packet of cheese and onion crisps and
a bar of chocolate shortly (15)…………….…..?
UNIT 8 PUT EXPRESSIONS
 put in an appearance: attend a social function for a short time because one feels an
obligation to do so
e.g. When Brad Pitt put in an appearance at the new club, all the girls started to scream.
 put it differently/another way: describe, express, explain sth in a different way
e.g. The economic situation is not improving but the Prime Minister put it differently.
 put paid to: stop, ruin, spoil
e.g. Her bad health put paid to her career.
 not to put too fine a point on it: speaking plainly and honestly
e.g. Not to put too fine a point on it, I think she's an idiot.
 put into force/effect: cause (sth such as a law) to be active, have to bo obeyed
e.g. When will the new controls be put into force?
 put it mildly: used when describing sth less forcefully than one could do
e.g. What you did was not very clever, to put it mildly.

PUT SOMEBODY /SOMETHING.

 put sth/sb right/straight: correct an error/unsatisfactory situation/correct sb's
mistake or misunderstanding
e.g. You know, it's never too late to apologise and put things right.
 put sb in their (proper) place: correct or criticise sb who has become overconfident
e.g. When Mark started boasting about his achievements, Susan put him in his place.

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 put sb under great/a lot of stress: give sb a lot of anxiety

e.g. I hate it when I'm put under great stress at work for no reason at all.
 put sb at their ease: make sb feel comfortable
e.g. It's hard to put him at his ease.
 put sb on their guard: warn sb about an attack, a surprise or a mistake
e.g. I phoned him to put him on his guard when I heard they were looking for him.
 put sth/sb first: give priority to sth/sb
e.g. He always puts his family first, never work.
 put sb/sth to shame: be superior to sb/sth
e.g. My mother really puts me to shame when it comes to cleaning the house.
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. I tried to make her feel comfortable but in vain. (at)
I tried ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. but in vain.
2. His accident ruined any hopes of an international career. (paid)
His accident ……………………………………………………………………………….. an international career.
3. Speaking plainly and honestly, I wouldn't dream of hiring him. (point)
Not …………………………………………….………………………………….. I wouldn't dream of hiring him.
4. I'm going to correct that misunderstanding as soon as I see her. (put)
I'm going to ……………………………………………………………………….…….……….. as soon as I see her.
5. It's impossible to express it in another way, Mr Dean. (put)
It's impossible ………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. Mr Dean.
6. I think at least the minister should attend the meeting for a short time. (an)
I think at least the minister ……………………………….………………………………………….. the meeting.
7. The authorities will apply the new rules on vehicle registration next April. (into)
The new rules on …………………………………….………………………….. by the authorities next April.
8. Susan knows how to correct her overconfident students when she needs to. (their)
Susan knows how to ................……………………………………………........................... when she needs to.

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VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
ON EXPRESSIONS

MEETING AT MIDNIGHT
- So, Olga, you will meet Nikita at midnight near the Hungarian embassy. He'll give you the
parcel on the understanding that you deliver it immediately to Stephan. Understood?
-Yes, Chief .Do you want me to take a gun on the off-chance that the secret police move in
on me?
-No, you must not be caught with a firearm on penalty of death. I'm sorry but this mission
has to be on my terms, Olga.
- I understand, Chief. I'd like to have someone with me in case all goes wrong
- I'd thought of that but on further reflection I decided you'd better go on your own.
More than one person wousld arouse suspicion. Now, you must leave. Good luck, Olga
 on the understanding that: on condition that
 on the off-chance of/that: with a slight possibility
 on/under penalty/pain of: with the threat of a specified punishment if sb does not obey
 on sb's terms: with conditions that sb decides
 on (further) reflection: after long and careful consideration

ON EXPRESSIONS
 on the grounds that: for the reason that
 on the part of sb/on sb's part: made/done by sb
 on/upon receipt of: when you've received sth
 on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf: as a representative of sb; in the interests of sb
 on one's own initiative: without being told what to do
 on second thoughts: change of opinion after considering sth again

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A. OPEN CLOZE TEST

Dear Sir,
Thank you for your letter on (1)…………………….. of Mr Sorensen. I am sorry he was not able
to write it himself. On further (2)………………... I have decided to take up your job offer, on
the (3) ……………… that I receive the salary I requested, of course. I should like to work (4)
…………….. my own and on my own (5) ……………………. as well as on my (6)………………....
initiative, as this has always been my way of doing things. I hope you have no objection to
this. On the off- (7)………………. that I can start next week, I should like to come to your
office to discuss the matter. Would you please be kind enough to suggest a convenient date
on (8) ……………………. of this letter?
Yours faithfully,
Julle Poppins

B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. overall 1. a. media, production
2. total 2. b, coverage, damage
3. unanimous 3. c. attention, loyalty
4. undivided 4. d. disregard, proceeds
5. mass 5. e. control, idea, picture
6, extensive 6. f. decision, verdict, vote

1. practical 1. a. opposition, failure

2. indelible 2. b. issues, desire, hatred
3. continued 3. c. solution, tips
4. heated 4. d. ink, pencil
5. burning 5. e. argument, discussion, debate

UNIT 8 TOPIC VOCABULARY

CRIME & PUNISHMENT

An accused criminal in democratic countries is entided to a lawyer and a fair trial. If found
guilty, he is sentenced by the judge in accordance with the penalties fixed by law for his

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particular crime. For most crimes, the judge, or sometimes the jury, is allowed a choice of
several penalties. Justice is administered in a court. Criminal cases begin when the police
suspect somebody of a crime have placed him under arrest and taken him into custody for
questioning. If they have enough evidence, they will charge him with the crime and he will
be put on trial or stand trial for the crime. When the accused person is brought to trial he is
the defendant and after he has taken up his position in the dock he may plead guilty or not
guilty. The prosecution's job is to prove that the accused has committed the crime while the
defence lawyer tries to prove that his/her client is innocent. They both provide evidence to
support their cases, and such evidence may consist of documents, exhibits such as a
murder weapon testimony of experts such as fingerprint experts or the testimony of
witnesses. The jury listens to all the evidence, and then retires to the jury room to decide
whether the accused is guilty or not. If the jury has any reasonable doubt as to his guilt, it
must acquit him. If the jury returns a verdict of guilty he is convicted of the crime and may
be sentenced to time in prison, from where he may appeal the verdict. If the accused is
acquitted, he will be released.
IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
 put the finger on: accuse sb
 make off (with): steal and hurry away (with)
 get away with sth: go unpunished for sth
 make one's getaway: escape safely (after a crime)
 plead one's case: present one's side of the story
 have a guilty conscience: be troubled by guilty feelings
 sit in judgement on/of sb: judge sb's behaviour (when one has no right to)
 try sb in their absence: judge sb who isn't there to defend himself
 tip the scales: be the deciding factor for/against sth
 the jury's still out (on): a final decision has yet to be made (on)

A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. Stella said nothing because she knows she caused the accident. (gulity)
Stella said nothing ………………………………….……………………………………….. about the accident.
2. You should wait until Mike is here to defend himself, Sharon. (try)
You ………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… Sharon.
3. The thieves escaped in a stolen car. (made)

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The thieves ………………………………………………………..…………………………………….

……………………….. stolen car.
4. You must let her tell her side of the story before you judge her. (plead)
You must …………………………………………………………..……………………………. before you judge her.
5. How dare you judge my driving when yours is worse! (sit)
Don't .....................………………………………………..…………………………………….. when yours is worse!
6. It was his fingerprints on the knife which decided the case against him. (scales)
His ………………………………………...………………………………………..……………………………………….. him.
7. Jacky Jones was accused of the robbery by a police informer. (put)
A ………………………………………………………………………..………………………………....... for the robbery.
8. Nobody has decided yet whether the new computer system is useful or not. (still)
The …………………………………………………...…………….. the new computer system is useful or not.

IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
B. OPEN CLOZE TEST
CRIME & PUNISHMENT
A crime is a public wrong, against society, punished by the state after a criminal (0)....trial…
Police are needed to detect and (1)................. criminals and to protect citizens (2)
…………………... robbery and violence. For an act to be a (3)......................., however, a person
must have intended to (4)......................... a wrongful act, which is why a mentally defective
person cannot usually be convicted. There have been (5)..................... theories as to why
people (6)........................ criminals, and criminologists - those people who study crime believe
that the (7) …………………… common reasons are poverty, poor and overcrowded housing,
families broken by separation and (8).............. and parents who neglect their (9)………………. .
But how should criminals be treated? (10)........................... idea is that a criminal is a wicked
person, (11)………………… is why we have the death (12)………………... . Another is that
punishment of criminals will (13)........................ others from committing crimes. Yet another
believes that the first priority is to protect society 14) …………………….. withdrawing
criminals from its midst. A modern idea is that the purpose of prison should be to reform
the criminal so (15)............................... he can be returned to society.
C. GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. He couldn't be ……………..... to trial because of lack of evidence.
New facts were …………………… to light which led to his acquittal.
He said that one day they would be .............................. to book for what they had done.

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2. Is there anyone who can …………………. evidence on your behalf?

Could you ............................. with extra soap and towels, please?
The insurance policy will ………………….... for your family should anything happen to you.
3. He killed his first two wives for their money and thought he could ………………. away with
it a third time.
I love my sister but I don't ……………….. along with her husband very well.
Everyone was invited to the picnic but didn't ....................... to hear about it in time.
4. Every criminal is ………………. to a defence lawyer whether he can afford one or not.
I work hard all week so I'm …………………... to a rest on Sundays.
The book was ………………… "Song of the South" but it wasn't about music.
5. The police thought they'd caught their man, but it was a ……………………..of mistaken
identity.
She eyed the enormous diamond in the display……………….. enviously.
I believe the ……………... comes up for trial at the end of the month.
6. That young scoundrel will …………………… off with anything he can get into his pocket.
I'm afraid that just saying sorry doesn't …………………. up for the trouble you caused.
He shouted to warn them but he couldn't …………………….. himself heard.

UNIT 8 IDIOMS- EXPRESSION!

TIME
A. IDIONS EXPRESSIONS
 bide one's time: wait
 be pressed for time: be short of time
 play for time: try to gain extra time
 make time: arrange/find free time
 time drages/flies: time passes slowly/quickly
 kill time: try to pass one's time quickly
 have an easy time of it: lead a comfortable life
 only time will tell : we'll find out in the future
 it’s a sign of the times: it shows the values of a period

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 keep up/move with the times: keep up with modern idea

GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. He won't give me the …………………. of day since our row.
We really had the …………………… our life at the zoo yesterday.
They didn't have an easy …………………….. of it when they were young
2. We were watching a fight in the street but the police told us to …………….. along.
That video will …………………. mum to tears so don't show it until she's gone.
I suppose old Bob was fired because he refused to ………………… with the times.
3. I hope Ben doesn't come because he always ………………. along his horrible brother.
Brian nearly always …………………. his feet, although the rest of the class finishes quickly.
She can't leave the house because of her broken leg, so I'm sure time …………………. very
slowly for her.
B. PREPOSITIONS + "TIME"
 at times: sometimes  before my time: before a time I remember/I
arrived
 at the time: during that period
 for some time: for a fairly long time
 at one time: in the past
 for the time being: for a short period from now
 in no time: very quickly
 it's about time: sth should have already
 in my time: when I was younger
happened
 from time to time: sometimes, but not regularly
FILL IN (from A & B)
1. I was interested ……………………. in my life, but now I am not at all.
2. He's grouchy …………………….. , but he's really a kind person.
3. read the paper to ……………………. until my flight was called.
4. I'm extremely ………………….. so you'll have to be quick.
5. He's convinced the future isn't rosy, but only …………………… if he's right.
6. I've known about it …………………… but nobody else suspects anything.
7. I'm just ……………………. until the right moment comes along.
8. Stewart and Rosemary may get married, but ……………………..

C. MATCH

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1. every now and then 1. a. a time without work/money

2. up-to-the-minute 2. b. eventually
3. a lean period 3. c. quickly, without any waming
4. early/ late in the season 4. d. on impulse, without thinking
5. at the turn of the century 5. e. from time to time
6. in the long term/run 6. f.as one hundred-year period ends and a new one
begins
7. on the spur of the moment 7.
g. not in high season
8. at a moment's notice 8.
h. most modern or recent
9. call it a day/night 9.
i. a night of celebration
10. a night on the town 10.
j. stop work

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on PUT expresalons, ON expressions, TOPIC vocabulary, TIME idioms)
1. I'll come in and work on Sunday if you pay me …. time… and a half.
They seem happy now but only ... time… will tell if they are really suited to each other.
This job will suit me for the …time…. being because I want to save some money.
2. Come on! If you don't ……………....... your backs into it, we'll never finish.
The whole school began to laugh and I didn't know where to ………………… my face.
Mike will ………………….. in an appearance at the office party but won't stay long.
3. They ………………….. off the rock concert after local residents complained.
Everybody noticed my absence because you …………………… attention to it.
We worked solidly from eight in the morning and only…………………… it a day at midnight.
4. They said that his suggestion is a valid one, especially in ………………….. of finance.
The academic year in most countries consists of three …………………….. .
We'll do it on your ........................... if you like, but you'll take the blame if things go wrong.
5. He was ………………….. about with the radio so I told him to put it back together.
He's ………………………. down his part in the rescue, but he was really very brave.

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You are just …………………..... for time by pretending not to hear what I said.
6. He must …………………. trial for his part in the murder.
I believe he's going to ………………. for parliament at the next election.
I don't think I can ………………… the sound of that man's voice for much longer.
SET B (guided)
1. I've cleaned your office, Mr Jones, but I didn't ………....... anything on your desk. annoy
If you continue to ………………… the peace like this, we'll have to take you to the police
station. confuse
How can I work when you do nothing but ……………….. me every five minutes! disturb
2. Experts thought it was an original, but ………………… inspection showed it to be a copy.
near
He's very ill so only ………………. relatives are allowed in to see him. close
The election is a very …………………. race between the Liberals and the Socialists. next
3. I went to the exhibition but there was nothing much to .............. of there. talk
I'm going to ………………….. my mind and tell him he's wrong. speak
Why don't you just tell him that actions .......................... louder than words? tell
4. You'll have to ………………. the initiative rather than wait for instructions if you want to go
on. put
I'd rather you didn't ……………….. sides with her against me every time we have an
argument. take
You'd better not ………………. on so much extra work, Bill; you're tired enough. bring
5. I can see your…………………… but still don't agree with your decision. point
At no …………… were we informed of the changes to the designs. reason
What's the ……………….. of asking for a loan when you know we can't pay it back? purpose
6. He gave an amusing ………………… of his journey to Tibet. tale
On no ………………. must the opposition know of our plans. score
She said that money as well as time must be taken into ……………….. before deciding.
Account

UNIT 8 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

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DISLIKE- SCORN - CONTEMPT - DENIAL - ANIMOSITY- OPPOSITION -DISGUST -

OBJECTION -DERISION
REFUGEES
I dislike nothing more than to be witness to the denial of basic human rights, and I find it
difficult to hide my scorn for so-called caring politicians who are guilty of this. When I
lodged my objection to the treatment of refugees, it was treated with contempt on the part
of the government, due to a deep-rooted animosity which has always existed. I couldn't
hide my disgust at their attitude and vowed to express my opposition at every available
opportunity. As long as there is a glimmer of hope for the refugees I will, to put it mildly,
make a nuisance of myself, even if it means becoming an object of derision.
 dislike: hate, not like
 denial of: refusal of, not allowing sb to have
 hide one's scorn for: hide one's strong disrespect
 lodge one's/an objection/complaint: make an official objection/complaint
 treat with contempt: regard with lack of respect
 deep-rooted animosity: deep hatred, dislike
 hide one's disgust: not show one's strong feeling of dislike
 express one's opposition: say what one is against
 object of derision: sb/sth other people laugh at/make fun of
DISLIKE (n/v) DENIAL (n) (of) OBJECTION (n) (to)
(of/for/to)
 repeated denial of sth  raise an objection
 take an instant dislike
 the denial of basic human  have no objection to
to
rights
 raise one objection after
 have an intense/
ANIMOSITY (n) another
strong dislike for/of
(for/between)
DERISION (n)
 we all have our likes
 deep-rooted animosity
and dislikes  be met/greeted with
towards
derision
 SCORN (n/v) (for)
 disguise one's personal
 conceal one's scorn animosity
for
OPPOSITION (n) (to)
 dismiss a suggestion
 in opposition to
with scorn
 meet with opposition
 scorn sb's invitation/
advice/offer  voice one's opposition

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 pour scorn on DISGUST (n/v)

(at/for/with)
CONTEMPT (n)
(for/of)  in disgust
 have nothing but  be filled with disgust
contempt for
 show contempt for
 beneath contempt
 contempt of court
MCQ CLOZE TEST
I took an instant (5).................... to him. I have no special (2).............. to successful young
businessmen, but he seemed to treat everyone as if they were beneath (3)………………...
Anyone who dared voice their (4)…………..... to his ideas was greeted with (5)..................... and
made to feel small and unimportant. He seemed to take delight in (6).......................... scorn on
everyone else's ideas and opinions. He's going to be a difficult person to work with.
1. a. animosity b. dislike c. disgust d. scorn
2. a. objection b. animosity c. contempt d. dislike
3.a. scorn b. contempt c. objection d. animosity
4. a. denial b. disgust c. derision d. opposition
5.a. objection b. denial c. derision d. liking
6. a. pouring b. hiding c. treating d. lodging
RELATED WORDS
WAYS OF WALKING

 creep  crawl  totter  make one's flesh  skip (a

creep/crawl meal/beat)
 tiptoe  stagger  stroll
 keep up the pace  get into one's
 trudge  shuffle  skip
stride
 set one's own pace
 plod  limp  stride
 take sth in one's
 crawl at a snail's pace
 pace  hobble  stumble stride
 a staggering amount of
 stumble
money
through/upon

MCQ CLOZE TEST

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Most people can take having a baby in their (1)..................., but when I first saw my little
Sarah, my heart (2)………………… a beat. I felt ten feet high. She was fast asleep, so I couldn't
see the colour of her eyes, but Helen told me they were blue. When I eventually
(3)..................... from the room, I set off at a fast (4)…………... in the direction of the local pub,
and in the process (5)........................ upon a couple of good friends. Needless to say, I drank far
too much and three hours later scarcely managed to (6)………………… home.
1. a. pace b. skip c. stride d. stroll
2. a. crept b. skipped c. stumbled d. tottered
3. a. hobbled b. limped c. trudged d.tiptoed
4. a. pace b. stagger c. crawl d. shuffle
5. a. strolled b. stumbled c. crept d. staggered
6.a. pace b.tiptoe c. skip d. stagger

UNIT 8
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION
Earthquake prediction research has proved to be a depressing business. No one has yet
been able to devise a method of predicting even a small proportion of the world's seismic
events. It has been impossible to find a way of anticipating a minority of the earthquakes
occurring along the simplest of the three distinct types of boundary between the earth's
lithospheric plates Worse still, there is no known means of forecasting shocks within a
single well-studied local seismic zone.
Yet American seismologists (earthquake scientists) are confidently asserting that a
moderate earthquake will occur near the California town of Parkfield, about midway
between San Francisco and Los Angeles, sometime between now and 2018, most probably
in 2014. What's more, they claim to be able to specify the magnitude and location of the
impending event with remarkable precision
The obvious way of trying to discover a viable prediction technique is to monitor
phenomena likely to change in the period leading up to a quake. Ground level and tilt, tide
and well-water levels, local magnetic fields, and the elastic properties of nearby rocks are
just a few of the things that have been observed to change before earthquakes. The
problem is that such effects do not always occur, and even when they do, they seldom fall
into a pattern regular enough to enable the time of the subsequent event to be pinpointed.
There have, of course, been a few isolated exceptions. In 1966 the Japanese managed to
predict the peaks of activity in a long series of earthquake swarms at Matsushiro, and in a
much more spectacular way the Chinese were able to anticipate the Haicheng shock of
1975. But these were unusual achievements aided by the rare beneficence of nature. In
each case there happened to be many different precursors and an adequate system to
monitor them. Despite more than 10 years of concentrated research in the United States,

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the USSR, Japan and China, no one has managed to extend these odd successes into a widely
applicable technique.
So in recent years the Americans have retreated to a cruder, but possibly more effective,
approach based on earthquake recurrence intervals. The idea is simple, so simple in fact
that it might hardly be expected to work. It is well known that there are many places at
which shocks occur time and time again. If the earth quakes at such sites were to occur at
random times, this tendency to repeat would have no predictive value at all, except
perhaps to identify potential danger zones. But what if the shocks were to recur at regular
intervals? Prediction might then be possible.
ANALYSIS
IDIOMS EXPRESSIONS
 prove to be: show itself to be  time and time again: repeatedly
 devise a method: think of/invent a  at random times: not at regular times
method
 at regular intervals: repeated regularly
 no known means: no way that anyone
knows
 lead up to: come before and result in sth

A. VOCABULARY
1. tilt 1. a. able to know what's coming
2. lithospheric plates 2. b. masses
3. magnitude 3. c. about to happen
4. impending 4. d. watch closely
5. viable 5. e. something that comes before
6. monitor 6. f. slant/slope
7. pinpoint 7. g. solid parts of the earth
8. swarms 8. h. greatness/size
9. precursor 9. i. find exactly
10. predictive 10. j. able to succeed

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READING
B. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and underline the parts
of the text which give you the answer.
1. It's easier to predict larger quakes than smaller ones.
2. It's easier to predict quakes in well-studied seismic areas.
3. The American scientists claim they couldn't be exact in their Parkfield prediction.
4. Some phenomena are recognised as leading to earthquakes.
5. The Chinese and Japanese disasters helped to reveal a pattern.
6. The American approach has yet to be proved.
C. What evidence in the passage is there for the following statements?
1. Predicting earthquakes is a depressing business.
2. Some scientists claim to be able to predict earthquakes with accuracy.
3. Studying phenomena likely to lead up to earthquakes is of little use.
4. Chinese and Japanese scientists were helped a lot by natural phenomena.
5. There might be a way of anticipating earthquakes.
D. Choose the correct answer.
1. In the author's opinion, which of these factors demonstrates most convincingly that
earthquake research is a "depressing business (line 1)?
A. Only small earthquakes can be predicted.
B. Earthquakes in three types of area cannot be predicted.
C. Earthquakes in even one specific area cannot be predicted.
D. Most earthquakes cannot be predicted.
2. What is remarkable about the forecasts of the American seismologists mentioned in the
second paragraph?
A. They predict only a minor earthquake.
B. They are very detailed.
C. They cover a long period of time.
D. They are restricted to California.
3. To what is the success of the Chinese and Japanese scientists attributed?
A. the isolated nature of earthquakes there

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B. the length of time the earthquakes last

C. the events leading up to the earthquakes
D. the use of long-established techniques
4. What is noteworthy about the new methods employed by American scientists?
A. They are more effective than previous methods.
B. They incorporate ideas from the USSR. of the
C. The scientists work at the site of the earthquakes.
D. The ideas behind them are straightforward.
5. Which of the following developments would most help seismologists?
A. closer international co-operation
B. the discovery of regular patterns of earthquake activity
C. better scientific equipment
D. the restriction of experiments to a smaller number of places
UNIT 8 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. "I'm sorry but we can't make it to your graduation," they told her. (expressed)
They ……………………………………………………………………………………….. make it to her graduation.
2. "I've never seen these jewels before in my life!" the suspect said. (seeing)
The suspect ..........…………………………………………………………………………………..……………… before.
3. "Tell anybody about this, Vic, and I'll never speak to you again," Kate said. (threatened)
Kate …………………………………………………………………….……….............. he told anybody about that.
4. "You two-put up your hands!" shouted the policeman. (ordered)
The policeman …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... hands.
5. "Let's talk it over before we make a decision." Paula said. (talking)
Paula …………………………………………………………….................................................................... a decision.
6. What a good essay you have written, Jimmy." said the teacher. (on)
The teacher………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… written.
7. "Will they ever get over that awful accident?" she said. (whether)
She ………………………………………………………………………………,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,…........... that awful accident.

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8. "It's not necessary for you to pay a delivery charge." the manager said. (need)
The manager explained …………………………………………………………………........ a delivery charge.
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
I was looking forward to a (1)……………….. on the town with two friends: dinner, a trip to the
theatre followed by our first visit to a nightclub. I knew I had to bide my (2).........................
until dad was in a good mood. Nevertheless, my request met with (3)...................... when I
asked him. I had to plead my case with promises of good behaviour and he finally agreed
could go on the (4)……………... that I was home by midnight. That meant no nightclub! At
(5)........................ time I thought he was being unfair but I know better now. There are many
dangers in the city at night and it's a parent's duty to put his children on their (6)
………………….. against them.
1.a. day b. night c. period d. season
2.a. time b. times c. minute d. moment
3.a. denial b. dislike c. opposition d. objection
4.a. grounds b. off-chance c. initiative d. understanding
5.a. no b. the c. my d. any
6.a. case b. shame c. guard d. place

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. Why don't we shop work now and go home? (day)
Let's …………………………………………………………………………………………. and go home, shall we?
2. You'll have to wait and see whether the now girl can do the job or not. (tell)
Only …………………………………………………………….. whether the new girl can do the job or not.
3. He wasn't punished for it because there was no evidence against him. (away)
He ……………………………………………………………….. because there was no evidence against him.
4. He said he felt ill so he went home early. (grounds)
He went home early …………………………………………………………………………………………………..... ill.
5. I never liked Billy from the moment I met him. (instant)
I…………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………….. Billy.
6. From time to time I go to the Lake District to visit my brother. (then)

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I go to the Lake District ………………….………………………………………………….. to visit my brother.

7. Don't judge me because I know you made the same mistake. (sit)
Don't ........…………………………………………………....... because I know you made the same mistake.
3. I wamed Jimmy that the police were coming. (guard)
I ……………………………………………………………………………………….. when I saw the police corning.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD
1. He was fined £100 for…………………... of court.
I have nothing but ……………….... for the way you treat your wife.
What you did is beneath ………………….. and I shall sentence you to ten years in prison.
2. He took a(n)……………….. towards me and I stepped back in sudden fear.
There was a terrific traffic jam and we crawled at a snail's …………………. for miles.
If you can't keep up the ……………………., we'll have to leave you behind.
3. Failing his final exams ............................ paid to John's dream of studying medicine.
A police informer …………………... the finger on Tommy Atkins and they arrested him.
Grandad ……………………… young Jimmy in his place, didn't he?
4. I had a little ……………………. on my hands so I made you a cake.
When I'm less pressed for ……………………., I'll come and see you.
We'll have to make do with our old car for the ..................................... being.
5. I could ……………………….. you for spoiling the surprise.
We played cards on the ship to ………………………….. time.
Can you get a spray so we can ……………………… all these files?
6. Why do you pour ……………………… on his efforts when he is doing the best he can?
He dismissed all my ideas with……………………. and told me to start from scratch.
I could hardly conceal my…………………… for the ridiculous things he said.
7. It's shocking to see so many homeless people in this ......................... and age.
I'm going to call it a(n)………………… when I've typed this page.
You'll eventually get over this tragedy but you must take it one …………………... at a time.
8. He had such a(n)…………………… desire to win, he didn't care what he did.
Pollution and global warming are the ……………………… issues these days.

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He looked at me with such ................................ hatred began to feel uneasy.

UNIT 9 - COMPARISONS
A woman must work telee as hard as a man to be thought half as good!
A. COMPARISON OF EQUALITY
 as... as  Is your new job as interesting as the old one?
 not as so... as  It was not as/so complicated as we thought it would be.
 (not) as/so + adj. + a/an  He's not as/so good a student as most people think.
+ noun + as
 the same as
 This coffee tastes the same as the last brand we bought.

B. COMPARISON OF QUANTITY
 as many... as  There aren't as many people here today as yesterday,
 as much... as  We've got just as much money as they have.
 half as... as  You should practice as much as you can.
 twice as... as  He isn't half as clever as she is.
 three times as... as  Their cottage is twice as big as yours.
 She puts three times as much sugar in her coffee as I
do/me.
C. SUPERLATIVES (ABSOLUTES)
 the most/maximum  Thirty days is the most/maximum you can have for holidays.
 the least/minimum  Two hours a day is the least/minimum you can hire a worker.
 At least...  At least ten people called to ask about the new book.
 No fewer/less than... No fewer than ten people called to ask about the new book.
 At least £100 is required as a deposit.
 No less than £100 is required as a deposit.

D. SUPERLATIVES + PREPOSITIONS
OF (my, your, his..., (them) all, all of you/them, plural noun)
IN/ON (for places, countries, cities, teams)

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 He's the best writer of them all.

 The tallest of the boys carried the flag.
 His new painting is the least interesting of all his works.
 It's the most expensive diamond in the world.
 He's the most efficient worker on the staff.

MUCH - FAR - VERY - MOST

much/far + comparative
 He's much/far more educated than I am.
very+adj
 He's very energetic.
most+adj/adv (= very)
 The film was most boring.
most+ (adj+) noun (= the majority; the largest part of)
 Most people believe in God.
most of + determiner/pronoun + noun
 Most of the players in the team/them are over thirty.
(the) most
 What he fears (the) most is being without a job.
by far
 He's by far the nicest person I've ever met.
further (= more)
 I need further details to complete the report.

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SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
It was cheaper than I thought.  I hadn't expected it to be so cheap.
Two weeks is the most we can take off.  We can't take more than two weeks off.
The maximum you'll pay is £50.  You won't pay more than £50.
This cost half/twice as much last year.  This has doubled/halved in price in the last
year.
I've never (seen) such a (good film).  I've yet to (see) a (better film).
What I hate most is (waiting).  There's nothing I hate more than (waiting).

GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
SPECIAL CASES
E. GRADUAL INCREASE/DECREASE
(comparative+and+comparative)
 Finding a good job nowadays is getting harder and harder
 The programme is becoming less and less interesting.
 The plot is getting more and more complicated.
F. PARALLEL INCREASE/DECREASE
(the+comparative+ the comparative)
 The sooner we set off, the sooner we'll get to the seaside.
 The more pressure there is, the better I work.
 The warmer it gets, the more I want to go on holiday.
G. THE COMPARATIVE OF...
 the+comparative + of
e.g. 1. I think Judy in the nicer of the two girls.
2. Of the two cars, the Mercodes is the faster.
 comparative + than that of
e.g. His salary is higher than that of the average worker.
H. LESS MORE OF A(N)...
 not such a/an..as…  not a/an… as… as…

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e.g. I've never seen such a good picture as that.

→ I've never seen a picture as good as that.
 not so much (of) a/an... as…  more (of) a/an... than...
e.g. It's not so much a pie as a cake.
→ It's more (of) a cake than a pie.
 less of a/an… than... →not so much (of) a(n)... as…
e.g. It will be less of a formal speech than a friendly talk.
→ It will not be so much (of) a formal speech as a friendly talk.
I. PREFERENCE
 prefer... to  They prefer camping to staying in hotels
 would prefer...  We'd prefer to eat at home tonight rather than go out.
 would rather/sooner  He'd rather/sooner play football than watch it.
 would (just) as soon...  I'd (just) as soon discuss this now as later.
as

J. WHEREAS - WHILE – BUT - ON AVERAGE - DIFFERENT FROM/TO

 She can read very well, whereas/while/but her handwriting is illegible.
 Temperatures in Siberia are, on average, colder than anywhere in Europe.
 It's based on different evidence from/to mine.
K. LIKE, UNLIKE
 The camera he's got is just/ rather like yours.
 Unlike Mar, Carl works overtime.
 It's unlike/not like Bill to be so aggressive.
 He works like a slave. (in the same way as)
BUT: She works as a computer programmer. (role, job)

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SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
 I sleep well when I don't eat a lot. => The less I eat, the better I sleep.
 As Christmas gets closer, she gets => The closer Christmas gets, the more she gets.
excited
 This is the only one of its kind.
=> You'll never find one like this anywhere.
 I cannot tell you any more than
=> More than that I cannot tell you.
that.
 She didn't stay at the same hotel as
me. => She stayed at a different hotel to me.
 Its amazing how similar/alike the => The twins are amazingly alike.
twins look.

ORAL PRACTICE
1. Our flat is double the size of yours. Your ...
2. I don't mind if I have coffee or tea. I would as…
3. You can't stay longer than a week here. A…
4. I didn't expect him to be as tall as that. He's...
5. It was more of a report than a narrative. It wasn't...
6. He became nervous as he waited. The longer …
7. He did not have the same ideas as the other students. He had…
8. No fewer than ten people must travel to get a discount on the trip. We need....
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Comparisons)
1. It was easier to get a ticket than had expected. (as)
It wasn't ……………………………………………..…………………………………………………….…… get a ticket.
2. You must reduce your speed when going through town. (drive)
You ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………… town.
3. They say that anxiety is not as harmful as stress. (suffer)
They say that ………………………………………………………………………………………………. than anxiety.
4. It was not so much a discussion as an argument. (of)

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It ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… a discussion.
5. The northwest of Britain has more rain each year than the southeast. (rainfall)
The annual …………………………………………………………............................. than that of the southeast.
6. My brother-in-law is the most exasperating person I've ever met. (yet)
I ………………………………………………………………………………………………… than my brother-in-law.
7. A year ago these goods cost half as much as they do now. (doubled)
These goods ................................... …………………………………….............................................. the last year.
8. Running those last ten miles in the marathon was really hard. (strenuous)
The …………………………………………………………………………………………… was those last ten miles.
9. I had underestimated the changes I would find in my home town. (extent)
My home town …………………………………………………………………………………………… had expected.
10. What Anna hates most about these school reunions is posing for photographs. (more)
There's ………………………………………………………………..……………… than posing for photographs.
B. DERIVATIVES
A PEASANT'S DIET
During their research, historians made the (0)..discovery…that DISCOVER
in 14th-century England, the ordinary peasant enjoyed a (1).............. VARY
diet. He kept poultry and grew vegetables on land (2).........…… SURROUND
his cottage where he also kept an (3)……….. pig. Bread OCCASION
and ale were, of course, staple (4)……………... meat and REQUIRE
cheese were a (5)…………….... addition, and bacon was not REGULATE
a(n) (6)…………….. visitor to the table. Apart from domestic FREQUENT
sources of food, the fields and woodlands were (7)................. LIFE
with game and, although deer enjoyed the (8)……………. of PROTECT
stern laws, poaching was common, despite the (9)………….. RISKY
of discovery by strict and (10)...................... gamekeepers. WATCH

USE OF ENGLISH

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A. QUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN

LEFT-HANDERS
My research into the phenomenon of why some people are left-handed and the effects of
left-handedness in a right-handed world has been something (0)… of… a personal
adventure. The idea came as one of those twilight flashes of inspiration that arrive, quite
unexpectedly, (1)…………….... in a half-awake, half- asleep state. I have no idea (2)…………….
provoked it as I had never been particularly aware of my left-handedness, other (3)
…………… when people had noticed me writing and remarked (4)………………. it. It was my
research that sparked off a host of long-forgotten memories of discrimination at school and
at home, (5)……………….significance of which had passed unnoticed at the (6)………………… .
It also served to dispense (7)………………… several time-worn complexes, the origins of
which I had never confronted (8)………………… I began to dig them up.
I had been labelled clumsy, thrown (9)…………………. of the kitchen at an early (10)…………….,
then criticised for not helping with the chores. Now I was discovering that my complexes
were due to society's blinkered attitude towards left-handers, (11)…………………….. attitude
that tends to persist(12)……………... in these enlightened times.
The project produced an extra bonus. Letters came in from all (13)……………… the country
from for left-handed or parents of left-handed children who were crying (14)……………….
for left-handed scissors, can-openers and other items. Having found out (15)…………………....
to obtain them, I launched a mail-order service called Lefties, which is now a flourishing
business.

0. of /as/similar 6. time/present/occasion 11. this /an/which

1. that/ being/whilst 7. away/ with /to 12. even/although / despite
2. what /how/ that 8. until/although /when 13. parts /in/around
3. apart/than/as 9. out/in/down 14. loud/always/out
4. of /on/at 10. start/childhood/age 15. where /as/way
5. a/the/though

PAPER 3
B. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
EMPLOYEE SELECTION
The process of selecting employees by interview is as old as employment itself. Faced
(0)..with… the task of picking the best from a band of strangers, employers can use records
and recommendations from other people in a(n) (1)............. to infer future behaviour
(2).................. this second-hand knowledge of the candidate's past. However, (3)………………. is
the face-to-face interview that will cement their decisions. The fact is that the interview has
(4)…………………. the principal tool of selection for (5)..................... long that it is often

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continued even though there may be no clearly defined objective indicating (6)……………….
the process is to accomplish. It is largely (7)………….. to this unquestioning belief in
interviewing as a tradition that relatively few employers give any consideration to the vital
necessity for training (8)……………… the technique. (9)……………... a volume of evidence over
many years showing that interview judgements are often inadequate, biased and always
highly subjective, there has been (10)………………….. or nothing in the way of tangible
pressure on employers to justify a (11)………………...in this happily complacent attitude. But
that was yesterday.
Now the provisions of employment law in many countries, (12)………………….. give
employees the right not to be unfairly dismissed by their employer, strike directly (13)
……………….. the heart of the employer's selection procedures. The message is dire and
simple: bad selection can cost a great deal of money. It behoves employers, (14)
……………….... than ever before, to take a fresh (15)……………... at the way they select their
employees.
UNIT 9 COME - EXPRESSIONS
COME
 come true: actually happen
 come as a shock/blow: be a shock
 come as no surprise: be expected
 come loose: become detached from
 come and go: exist or be present for a short, time and then stop
 come of age: reach an age when one is considered by law responsible for oneself,
reach a stage of importance or value
 come out in sympathy with: show approval, support for a cause; strike
 come out in support of: declare one's support for sth; strike
 come into force: cause a law/rule to become effective
COME TO
 come to the crunch: arrive at a time for action or decision
 come to a halt: reach the point where sth stops or is interrupted
 come to a standstill: condition in which there is no movement or activity
 come to one's senses: regain consciousness, behave sensibly
 come to power: rule, gain political control
 come to the/sb's rescue: save sb/sth
 come to the boil: reach an urgent state

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 come to a dead end: stop advancing/reach a point where you cannot continue
 come to the realisation: become aware of sth, begin to understand
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. I knew he would get into trouble again. (surprise)
It ………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. got into trouble again.
2. The technical staff went on strike in sympathy with the pilots. (support)
The technical staff ……………………………………………..…………………………………………….. the pilots.
3. We can't go any further this way, so we must find an alternative route. (end)
We ………………………………………………………….............................. we must find an alternative
route.
4. One of these days she'll forget him and start behaving sensibly again. (her)
One of these days …………………………………………………………………………………….. and forget him.
5. I began to understand that he was only interested in his own career. (came)
I ……………………………………………………………………….. he was only interested in his own career.
6. You're on your own! I'm not going to save you this time. (your)
You're on your own! I'm ………………………………………………..………………………………….. this time.
7. She married Tom although she loved Henry as well. (crunch)
She loved both Tom and Henry …………………………………………………………….. she married Tom.
8. You believe fantastic things will happen when you're very young. (true)
You believe ……………………………………………………………………………….. when you're very young.

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
BY EXPRESSIONS

LOUIS ARMOTRONG
By and large, I'm not a great jazz fan, but by no means would I pass up the chance of
seeing some of the all time "greats". So when by luck I got hold of two tickets to see Louis
Armstrong, who by any standards was one of the world's great performers, I couldn't wait
to go. By all accounts, his tour up to then had been a smash success, and had attracted by
far the biggest crowds ever seen at our local stadium.
 by and large: in general; generally speaking

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 by no means: not at all

 by luck: luckily
 by any standards: from every aspect, in anyone's opinion
 by/from all accounts: according to what has been said or reported
 by far: by a great amount
BY EXPRESSIONS
 by request: asked for  by profession: according to
one's paid employment
 by sight: to look at
 by coincidence: happening by
 by virtue of: on account of
chance at the same time
 by dint of: by means of
 by hook or by crook: in
 by all means: of course, certainly whatever way one can do sth
 by means of: by using, with the help of  by trial and error: solving a
problem after trying various
 by design: intentionally, as planned
methods and learning from
 by any chance: perhaps, possibly, I wonder failures

A. OPEN CLOZE TEST

Claire was in the supermarket one day when, quite by (1)…………………..., she saw a fellow
that she knew by (2)………………………., and on the spur of the moment decided to ask him a
favour. "Excuse me for being so rude," she said, leaning against the meat counter, "but I
know that by (3)……………………... you are a Maths teacher and I was wondering if you could
help me study for my exams." "By all (4)……………. ,” he replied. She found the work (5)
………………... and large quite difficult but she had decided that by (6)……………. or by crook
she would make it to university, and sure enough, by (7)………………………. of hard work, she
did. She eventually married her Maths teacher, by the way, but she swears she never met
him by (8)……………. .

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B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. utmost 1. a. failure, fool, nonsense
2. heavy 2. b. grip, decision, belief
3. ultimate 3. c. importance, respect
4.strong/firm 4. d. level, time, sales
5. utter 5. e. cold, heart, schedule
6. record 6. f. aim, responsibility

1. small 1. a. interest
2. briel/short 2. b. agreement, support
3. tacit 3. c. outline, visit
4. common 4. d. talk, print, hours
5. vested 5. e. cold, sense, interest

UNIT 9 TOPIC VOCABULARY

EDUCATION
The school systems of the world generally have three levels of Institutions: elementary or
primary, secondary and higher. In most countries, secondary education is provided in a
variety of schools academic, technical and vocational. Admission into such schools may
sometimes depend on examinations and other tests given at the end of the primary school
course. In Britain, education is compulsory from the age of five to sixteen. Children up to
the age of eleven attend a primary school, where they are taught the three R's reading,
writing and arithmetic-which are considered the basis of all education. From primary
school they go to comprehensive schools, where they are taught in mixed-ability classes
and prepare for the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations in
various subjects at the age of sixteen. Through the years schools have taken on many new
subjects such as building electronic models, ballet, or learning to play a musical instrument
and some people believe that the curriculum has become overloaded. After taking the GCSE
exams students may either leave school or stay on to take "A" Level (Advanced Level)
examinations in a number of subjects of their own choice. Success at "A" Level enables a
student to go to a university and take a degree. They may choose to study subjects from the
Arts, or Humanities-literature, history, philosophy, etc. - or from the Fine Arts - painting
and sculpture-languages or law. From science subjects there is the option of pure science
such as physics, or applied science such as engineering and medicine.

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IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
 (be) in a class of its own: (be) unique  learn the hard way: learn sth
through bad experiences
 it's a textbook case: it's a typical case
 learn a lesson/a thing or two:
 go by the book: act according to the rules
learn sth useful
 read sb like a book: know sb very well, not be
 teach sb a lesson: punish sb for
fooled by sb
what they have done
 take a leaf out of sb's book: behave in the
 teach sb a thing or two: inform sb
same (good/successful) way as sb else
who needs to be informed
 throw the book at sb: punish sb to the
 You can't teach an old dog new
maximum
tricks: It's difficult to change sb
 a school of thought on sth: a body of opinion who's set in their ways.
on sth

A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. You can't persuade Roger to deviate from the rules, can you? (book)
Roger always ………………………………………………….…………………………………………….., doesn't he?
2. In my opinion, there's nothing else in the world to compare with the Parthenon. (class)
The Parthenon ………………………………………………………………………………………….. in my opinion.
3. I think he knows what good manners are after your little speech today. (thing)
I think you ……………………………………………………………………………. about good manners today.
4. I know Liam so well that I always know what he's thinking. (like)
I can …………………………………………………………………………………………………., I know him so well.
5. Perhaps I'll do what you did and learn Spanish. (leaf)
Perhaps I'll …………………………………………………………………………………………. and learn Spanish.
6. There are widely differing opinions on the morality of cloning humans. (school)
There ...……….……………………….…………………………………...... on the morality of cloning humans.
7. You'll get the maximum punishment when they find out what you've done. (throw)
They'll ……………………………………………………………………………. they find out what you've done.
8. I tried to show Jim a faster way of working but he's too set in his ways, isn't he? (tricks)

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I tried to show Jim a faster way of working but you ..............................................................., can you?

IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
B. OPEN CLOZE TEST
EDUCATION
Education, in its broad (0)… sense…, is everything that is learned and acquired in a lifetine
and people become educated (1)…………………. only by (2)……………... schools but also from
their experiences of lile. They (3).….….….….. from parents and friends, from (4)………………...
institutions as libraries, recreation clubs and from the media and films. Education is
important (5)…………....... to the individual and to the society of (6)……………….... he is a
member. Education, both in and out of school, can help him develop a sounder (7)……………..
and body. Through education he can develop (8)...….…...….….. a more understanding,
humane person, a better citizen, a (9)………………..... efficient worker. Every group, no (10)
……………. how primitive, makes at (11)....…………. some effort to train its youth in its (12)
…………. of life (13)................... a society becomes more complex, education becomes (14)
…………………….. important. Schools and similar institutions (15)............................ a vital role in
preserving and extending a nation's cultural heritage.
C. GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. There used to be a ………………….. of thought that believed the earth was flat.
We swam down to the seabed through a ……………........... of bright blue fish.
The whole …………………….. knows what happened in our chemistry lesson this morning.
2. The judge had no choice but to ……………... out the case for lack of evidence.
This is the third time he's been arrested for burglary, so they'll ………………… the book at him
now.
If you know anything that will ……………. light on this crime, sir, you'd better tell us now.
3. Which musical ……………………. do you play, Mr Schiller?
It's quite obvious she was murdered with a blunt ………………….., inspector.
The head of the radio station turned out to be an ………………… of the government.
4. The symbol of Canada is a red maple …………………. on a white background.
I'd take a ……………......... out of his book if I were you and revise for the exams.
He's promised to turn over a new .......................... and try as hard as possible.
5. As a king, your duty is to your ……………………. .
Which ...................... will you be taken next term?

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Two goverment ministers are now .................. of an official inquiry.

6. She's not only beautiful, she has a lot of ………………. .
Success can depend on which .................................. of society you are born in.
Nobody in the……………………was able to answer the question.

UNIT 9 IDIOMS - EXPRESSIONS

THE HOUSEHOLD - FOOD - CLOTHING
A. THE HOUSEHOLD
 lift the lid on: expose
 go down the drain: be wasted
 look/feel washed out: look/feel exhausted
 chair a/the meeting/discussion: be in charge of
 iron out the difficulties: solve the problems
 be a wet blanket: be sb who spoils all the fun
 hand sth to sb on a plate: give sth to sb very easily
 take sth with a pinch of salt: not believe sth entirely
 it all boils down to: the basic/most important factor is
 wipe the floor with sb: defeat sb in an argument/a game
GAPPED GENTENCES (with common word)
1.The following morning the whole village lay under a ………………….. of snow.
Turn the electric ……………………….. on about an hour before you go to bed.
She's such a wet ………………. that we never have any fun when she comes.
2. Running three cars is becoming a ………………….. on my resources.
The ……………………. must be blocked because there's water all over the path.
My life savings went down the …………………… when my business folded.
3. This ring has been ………………... down through our family for generations.
We have …………………. out an information pack to each new student.
What do you know about hard work when everything has been ………………… to you on a
plate.
B. FOOD

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 in a nutshell: briefly
 a piece of cake: sth very easy
 the cream of society: top of society
 food for thought: sth to think about
 haven't a bean: have no money
 the salt of the earth: honest, reliable person/people
 icing on the cake: extra welcome feature
 it's sour grapes: pretend no interest because of jealousy
 bite off more than you can a: try to do more than you can
THE HOUSEHOLD & FOOD - FILL IN
1. He exaggerates. Take what he says ………………… .
2. After all that work and stress I feel ………………….. .
3. That speech certainly gave us ……………………….. .
4. Don't ask him for money. He ………………….. .
5. The press ……………… on the scandal.
6. That, ………………….. is all have to say.
7. His problems all ……………….. money.
8. They mix with royalty. They are …………………… .
9. He couldn't prove me wrong. I …………………… him.
10. No problem at all! It was a real …………………. .
11. He says he doesn't like her car but ………………….. .
12. I think it will be OK once we ………………….. .
G. CLOTHING - MATCH
1. keep it under one's hat 1. a. spontaneous; without preparation
2. give sb the boot 2. b. stop spending a lot of money
3. tighten one's belt 3. c. make up with somebody
4. at the drop of a hat 4. d. not tell anybody
5. patch up a quarrel 5. e. have sth in reserve
6. pull one's socks up 6. f. sack someone

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7. have sth up one's sleeve 7. g. on top of everything else

8. off the cuff 8. h. make more of an effort
9. to cap it all 9. i. become conceited
10. be/grow too big for one's boots 10. j. prepared to do sth without any prior
warning

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on COME expressions, BY expressions, TOPIC vocabulary, IDIOMS)
1. I think he's taken leave of his …senses… to sell everything and go and live in Alaska.
Sight is the most important of all the …senses…, in my opinion.
He took such a hard blow to the head that he only came to his …senses… an hour later.
2.The RSPCA is a ……………. devoted to the protection of animals.
Materialiem goes hand in hand with living in a consumer ………………. .
The cream of…………………..was at their wedding, including top film stars and journalists.
3. Well, Doctor, I've got no energy and feel ………………. out all the time.
Three fishermen were ………………… overboard in last night's storm.
We like to walk along the beach and see what has …………………. up on the shore.
4. Anyone worth his ……………….. can teach himself to use a computer.
I'd take what Norman tells you with a pinch of ………………. if I were you.
Workers like Derek are the ………………. of the earth; he'll never let you down .
5. I didn't do French to an advanced …………………… so don't speak it very well.
Do you think he was on the ………………….. when he said he found that watch?
The water ………………… has risen considerably in this heavy rain.
6. She was out of ………………… by the time reached the corner.
I know him by ……………….. but I don't know his name, I'm afraid.
We mustn't lose ……………….. of our main objective, which is to ease traffic congestion in the
town centre.
SET B (guided)

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1. It's a stroke of …………………….. you're here as I've got some news for you. chance
His building company went bankrupt and he's really down on his ……………. these days. luck
I hoped to find him at home but was out of ……………… . fortune
2. You are not ………………. wrong when you say he's useless. well
He is, as ……………… as know, an honest and reliable person. long
She paid ……………… more than she should have to get her car serviced. far
3. Old Thompson is beginning to lose his …………………. on the company, think. grasp
Take a firm ……………….. on the handle and pull it sharply downwards. grip
Stop crying and get a ………………. on yourself before Jim gets back. clutch
4. We made mistakes all along the ………………. and now we have to pay for them. way
I meet a lot of people in the …………….. of duty but I don't remember their names. course
I expect everyone who works here to toe the ………………… and comply with the rules. line
5. My blood ………………. when see cruelty to animals. fries
Milk ………………….. over very quickly if you don't watch it. steams
When the kettle ………………., can you make the tea, please? boils
6. Dad went for a check-up at the hospital and was given a clean …………. of health. chance
"Destiny's Child" is top of the …………….. at the Victoria Palace Theatre next Saturday. bill
I don't know who is going to foot the ………………. for this meal but hope it isn't me! account

UNIT 9 CONFUSING/RELATED WORDS

RANGE - EXTENT - SCOPE - NUMBER- SELECTION - LIMIT - SPAN - VARIETY -
STRETCH
A NEW TREND IN HOLIDAYSP
Could it be that the days of the sun, sand and sea holidays are numbers? When people
simply wanted to lie around and pick up a glamorous tan on a golden stretch of beach, and
not tax their intellectual capacities at all? Nowadays, there is such a variety of holidays on
offer that people are broadening their scope and looking for something different, especially
if they have children whose attention span is somewhat limited. There are, for example, a
wide range of special interest holidays, and the sky seems to be the limit as to how much
people will spend to find their ideal vacation. There is a wide selection of destinations
which people can fly to quickly, a big plus in this age, to the extent that remote islands are
hastily building airports to attract the crowds.

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 be numbered: cannot live or continue much longer

 a stretch of: an area or extent of
 a variety of: a choice of
 broaden one's scope: look for a bigger choice
 attention span: length of time one can pay attention
 a wide range of: a large choice of
 the sky's the limit: there's no limit
 a wide selection of: a big choice of
 to the extent that: to the point that , to the degree that
RANGE (v/n) NUMBER (v/n) SPAN (v/n)
 range over a number of  a (great) number of  life span
topics
 (his) days are  span a river
 out of range numbered
 span 10 years
 age range SELECTION
VARIETY
EXTENT  natural selection
 new variety of
 to a certain/great extent  a selection of goods
 to what extent LIMIT
STRETCH (v/n)
SCOPE  age limit
 by any/no stretch
 a lot of scope for  off limits of the imagination
 a wide scope  over the limit  stretch a point
 within limits  stretch one's legs
MCQ CLOZE TEST
Alberto Costello's days are (1)………………... . The drug baron decided to broaden his (2)
………….. and go into arms smuggling, but this was his big mistake. His grip on the drug
trade has (3)………………. two generations, and to a great (4)……………… he's been able to get
away with murder in his area. Now that he's moved into Pedro Villamil's territory, which
was always off (5) ………………. in the past he won't find things so easy. By no (6)
………………… of the imagination will Villamil allow him to operate on the same scale he has
been used to.
1.a. delivered b. told c. counted d. numbered
2.a. scope b. span c. extent d. limit
3. a. stretched b. spanned c. ranged d. extended

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4.a. extent b. span c. limit d. variety

5.a. span b. range c. scope d. limits
6.a. limit b. extent c. stretch d. scope

RELATED WORDS
SOUNDS
pop – clink - creak - rustle - blare – slam - pop the question - squeaky clean
patter – snap - squeak – crackle – buzz – tick - patter of little feet - sizzling heat
clatter - bang – tap - sizzle - knock - rattle - snap decision - buzz of conversation
MCQ CLOZE TEST
It hadn't been a (1)…………..... decision, but Roy knew he'd (2) ………………. the question
someday, and now he stood, with his best man, at the front of the church amid a (3)
……………..……… of conversation from the congregation. You could say he was nervous,
though "terrified" would be a better word, as time (4)………….. by and no sign of Lucy. Then
the organ began to play, people rose to their feet, and the (5)................... of Lucy's wedding
dress told him she had arrived. "How long," thought Roy, "before I'll be hearing the (6)
……….... of little feet?"
1. a. tap b. slam c. pop d. snap
2. a. bang b. squeak c. pop d. tap
3. a. patter b. clatter c. crackle d. buzz
4.a.ticked b. knocked c. rattled d. buzzed
5. a. sizzle b. rustle c.squeak d. crackle
6. a. patter b. clatter c. rattle d. rustle

UNIT 9
THE REAL VALUE OF PETS
The ownership of pets brings a variety of benefits that the uninitiated would never believe,
For every tale of shredded cushions, flattened plants and chewed slippers, there is another
testimonial of inteligence, sympathy and undying devotion. Now the growing body of
research into the medical and social advantages of pet ownership has confirmed what pet
owners have always intuitively known: that pets are not just loving companions but
actually do us good. Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and
reassuring humans, particularly when ill, lonely or in distress. Perhaps the unquestioning

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love and approval pets give us is something we don't always get from our human nearest
and dearest.
Our makeshift understanding of psychology leads many of us to view very close
relationships with pets with suspicion. Childless couples in particular give rise to
speculation, but a consultant in animal behaviour says, "There is no evidence that a pet is a
direct substitute for a child." And while many adults feel foolish if caught talking to their
pets, they have no need to. The experts say you cannot have a close relationship with a pet
without treating it as a person and that talking to a pet is not unhealthy - simply a way of
establishing rapport.
The wobbling helplessness of a young puppy or a fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts
deep within us and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the hope of
instilling a sence of responsibility and caring and acceptance of the facts of life and death.
But animals don't have to be soft and cuddly to bring out the best in us. A social worker
encouraged aggressive boys to handle ferrets-"If handled correctly, they respond with
friendship; if incorrectly, they bite."
There seems to be no doubt that emotionally and physically, our pets do us good - but there
is a price to be paid. When a loved animal dies, it is often a traumatic event - and then
where do we turn for comfort?

ANALYSIS
IDIOMS EXPRESSIONS
 growing body of research: increasing amount of research  bring out the best in:
produce the most
 do us good: are good for us
positive qualities
 makeshift understanding: poor understanding
 a price to be paid:
 leads us to view: causes us to believe consequences;
suffering to go through
 give rise to: cause
 turn (to sb) for
 stirs protective instincts: brings out protective instincts
comfort: go to (sb) for
 in the hope of: hoping to comfort

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A. VOCABULARY
1. uninitiated 1. a. without end
2. shredded 2. b. small, fierce animal
3. chewed 3. c. cut into strands, pieces
4. undying 4. d. soft, long-haired
5. intuitively 5. e.cause to acquire gradually
6. soothing 6. f. without being told/from instinct
7. speculation 7. g. not steady
8. rapport 8. h. without special knowledge
9. wobbling 9. i. guessing
10. fluffy 10. j. making calm
11. instilling 11. k. half-eaten
12. ferret 12. l. relationship

READING
B. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and underline the parts
of the text which give you the answer.
1. Pet owners can expect some problems.
2. Pets are particularly useful to keep us physically fit.
3. Lonely people can benefit from having a pet
4. Pets don't let us down, as humans sometimes do
5. Research indicates pets are a substitute for children.
6. Experts say it's a waste of time to talk to a pet.
7. Pets are valuable to children because they need looking after.
8. Only a small, soft fluffy animal will bring out a protective instinct.
C. What evidence In the passage is there for the following statements?
1. There are advantages and disadvantages to owning a pet.
2 Pets have a good effect on us.
3. Sometimes pets give us less trouble than relatives.
4. Some people believe that some couples use pets as a substitute for children.

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5. Talking to a pet can have positive results.

6. Pets help children cope with and understand more about life.
D. Choose the correct answer.
1. Pets are sometimes criticised because they
A. lack intelligence. B. need considerable care.
C. are destructive. D. demand affection.
2. The idea that animals are a substitute for children is
A. supported by research. B. encouraged by psychologists.
C. an argument for keeping a pet. D. a common prejudice.
3. Talking to animals is
A. silly. B. beneficial. C. suspicious. D. stimulating.
4. When choosing a pet you should remember that
A. a young animal is best for everyone.
B. the animal need not be attractive.
C. certain animals can be dangerous.
D. a ferret makes a good pet.
5. The writer believes that pets are valuable to children because they
A. return affection. B. need looking after.
C. are comforting. D. are protective.

UNIT 9 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. A taxi will get there in a third of the time it takes the bus. (three)
The bus ……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….. as a taxi.
2. The Riverside Lodge is more of a guest house than a hotel. (much)
The Riverside Lodge ………………………………………………….………………………………. a guest house.
3. The most the bank will lend you is £500. (more)
You can't ………………………………………………………………………….………………………. from the bank.
4. They arrested at least thirty people at the demonstration. (than)

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No …………………………………………………………………………………………………. at the demonstration.

5. It's less crowded here than I expected. (many)
There …………………………………………………………………………..…………………...................... I expected.
6. It makes no difference to me whether we go to France or Spain. (soon)
I'd just ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………. Spain.
7. I've never met such a vain person as Sally. (far)
Sally is ……………………………………………………………….……………………………………………..……… met.
8. What I enjoyed most was the dolphin display. (more)
There was ...……………………………………………..……………………………………….. the dolphin display.
B. MCQ CLOZE TEST
My nephew, George, owed a lot of money and wanted me to come to (1)………………… and
lend him £2000. George was a mechanic by (2)...…………. but by no (3)……………….. of the
imagination could he be called a hard-working man. Now, I am by (4)……………….. a wealthy
man and had already lent him more than I could afford. When I refused he grew angry and
stormed out, (5)……………..... the door behind him. A minute later I heard him driving away
in my car. Enough was enough! I decided to (6).............................. the book at him this time and
phoned the police to report a stolen car.
1. a. the boil b. the rescue c. the crunch d. my senses
2. a. coincidence b. design c. profession d. request
3. a. stretch b. extent c. range d. span
4. a. far b. any chance c. luck d. no means
5. a. snapping b. knocking c. slamming d. popping
6. a.read b. throw c. take d. go
TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. If I were you, I wouldn't believe everything he says. (pinch)
I would take ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. if I were you.
2. I'm not inviting Tessa because she spoils the fun so much. (blanket)
Tessa ………………………………………………………..……………………………….. that I'm not inviting her.
3. Experience has taught me not to trust people too much. (hard)
I …………………………………………………………………………………………. not to trust people too much.

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4. The boss told him to make more of an effort and finish the work. (socks)
The boss told him ……………………………………………….…………………………….. and finish the work.
5. All the machines stopped at twelve o'clock. (standstill)
All the machines …………………………………..……………………………………………….. at twelve o'clock.
6. The Taj Mahal is unique for its eastern beauty. (class)
The Taj Mahal ……………………………………………………………………………….. for its eastern beauty.
7. The basic problem is lack of money. (boils)
What ………………………………………………………….………………………………………….. is lack of money.
8. You won't tell anyone about it, will you? (hat)
You ……………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. won't you?
D. GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD
1. I think I heard a(n)…………………… on the window.
Turn off the ……………….. and don't waste water.
Isn't it illegal to put a phone ………………… on suspected criminals?
2. I must finish this before Saturday ……………. hell or high water.
The tent-ropes shouldn't …………………… loose if you tie them tightly.
Once I .................. of age, I'm going to join the navy.
3. She talked such …………………….. nonsense that I stopped listening.
He made a complete and …………………… fool of himself so they'll never ask him back again.
His bankruptcy followed by the ....................... failure of his marriage drove him to drink.
4. The road we were following came to a(n)…………………. end so we had to come back.
You were………………… lucky to escape without a scratch.
There was .......................... silence for a moment when he finished speaking.
5. The children were already out of …………………. by the time I got to the gate.
I know everyone by………………. but I don't know all their names.
There was no one in …………………. so I quietly slipped into his study.
6. I enjoyed my visit to a certain ………………. but her children are very noisy.
He worked night and day to the ………………….. that he ruined his health.
The vast ……………….. of the Roman empire covered most of the known world.

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7. We crossed the river by ……………….. of a footbridge.

We must look for the best ………………… of increasing our sales next year.
I am by no ……………... an expert but I can see that you've done this wrong.
8. The good …………….. says we should be kind to our neighbours.
At least if we go by the .................... we shouldn't make any mistakes.
I can read you like a(n)…………….. so I know you're telling me lies.

UNIT 1O . CLAUSES (I)

My sister is a greta housekepper. No matter how often she gets divorced, she always gets to
keep the house!
CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
A. ALTHOUGH - THOUGH - EVEN THOUGH/IF (+ clause)
As conjunctions, although and though mean the same.
Though can also be used as an adverb to mean but, however, or yet and usually comes at
the end of its clause.
Though is used mostly in informal speech.
e.g. 1. He works full time, although/though/ even though/even if he is over sixty.
 Although/Though/Even though/if he is over sixty, he still works full time."
2. He's seventy-five years old; he's full of energy, though. (adverb)
DESPITE/IN SPITE OF
*(+ noun (clause) gerund /the fact that + clause) (Despite is more formal than In spite of)
e.g. Although it was raining heavily, we managed to get there in time.
 Despite/In spite of the heavy rain, we managed to get there in time.

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Although/Though/Even though he is ill, he will join the team.

NOUN => Despite his illness... ↔ In spite of his illness...
GERUND => Despite (his) being ill,..... ↔ In spite of (his) being ill,...
CLAUSE => Despite the fact (that) he is ill… ↔ In spite of the fact (that) he is ill…...
also: Regardless of.../Notwithstanding...

C. HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, (AND) YET, (BUT) STILL

(= In spite of that/By contrast/On the other hand) As adverbs, these words frequently
begin sentences or follow a semi colon (;) and are usually separated from the rest of the
sentence by a comma.
 She is never short of money. However, she's always complaining about her financial
situation.
 I can't stand my neighbours, as you know; nevertheles; I've no wish to do them any
harm.
 We lived on the same floor for three years, and yet we hardly said a word to each other
in all that time.
 We explained it to him; but still, he couldn't understand.
D. EVEN IF + SHOULD
(to show that the result does not change)
 Even If he should leave immediately, he still won't catch the plane.
 Even if she should apologise, it won't make any difference to me.
E. HOWEVER - NO MATTER HOW + adj/adv + subject + (may+) verb
However as a conjunction means
It doesn't matter how, which can be inverted to No matter how.
 However hard I tried, I couldn't get the car started.
 No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't get the car started.
 However risky it is, I still think we should do it.
 However risky it may be, I still think we should do it.
F. NO MATTER WHAT/WHICH/WHO... + CLAUSE

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The same structure can be used with: Whatever, Whichever, Whoever, Whenever,
Wherever
Whatever people say, I still belleve him.
 No matter what people say, I still believe him.
 Wherever he is, I'll find him.
 No matter where he is, I'll find him.
GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
G. ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + THOUGH+ subject+ (may) verb
 Although she's intelligent, I don't agree with her ideas.
=> Intelligent though she is, I don't agree with her ideas.
=> Intelligent though she may be, I don't agree with her ideas.
H. ADJECTIVE+ AS/THOUGH
MUCH+ AS/THOUGH
 He offered to take her home, though he was tired.
 Tired as /though he was, he offered to take her home.
 Athough enjoy riding horses, I wouldn't want to own one.
 Much as/ though I enjoy riding horses, I wouldn't want to own one.

CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

Despite her experience.... => Experienced though she is,…
Even though applied/asked... => Despite my application/request,…
Although we disapproved/objected,.. => In spite of our disapproval/objection,...
Although she tried/failed/succeeded,... => Despite her attempt/failure/success,…
Even though they were disabled,... => In spite of their disability,...
Even though it smelt/tasted horrible,... => In spite of its horrible smell/taste,…
Despite the fact that she strongly belleved,… => Regardless of her strong belief,…
Much as I'm fond of.. => Despite my fondness for...
Athough it was big/far/strong heavy/old,… => Despite its size/distance/strength/
weight/age,…
Regardless of the expense/cost..

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No matter how expensive... => In spite of his clear explanation,…

Even though he explained clearly,... =>

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Although there was a lot of traffic,... => Despite the amount of traffic,…
Although there were a lot of people,… => Despite the number of people,...
Despite all her money,… => For all her money,…
It may seem simple, but... => However simple it may seem,...
However hard I try/tried,... => Try as I might,…
The weather notwithstanding,.... => In spite of the weather,...
It doesn't matter how much/many... => However much/many...
I don't care what the consequences are,... => Whatever the cost/consequences,...
Although he was not guilty,.... => Despite his innocence,....
Although they were (given).... => In spite of being (given)...
Despite having no money.... => In spite of the lack/shortage of money...
Although he broke his leg.... => In spite of his broken leg/His broken leg
notwithstanding.

ORAL PRACTICE
1. Despite his objections, the meeting went ahead. Although…
2. For all his faults, I still think he's a kind person at heart. Even if…
3. Andy tried hard, but he still couldn't get a pass mark. Try…
4. You can say what you like, but I still don't agree with you. No matter...
5. Although he knew a lot about the subject he couldn't answer our question. In...
6. I would very much like to help you out, but I'm afraid I can't. Much…
7. They built the new road even though the local residents protested. Regardless...
8. Although the police searched the flat thoroughly. no evidence turned up. Despite...
9. The truck was heavy but they managed to push it to the end of the road. Heavy..
10. Despite doing all the donkey work, they receive very meagre wages. Although...
UNIT 10 CLAUSES (II)

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My grandfather was such a good missionary that he taught the cannibals to say before they
ate him!
CLAUSES OF RESULT
A. SUCH… THAT, SO... THAT
 such+ (a/an+) (adj +) noun+ (that +) clause
e.g. 1. He's such a liar that no one believes a word he says.
2. They talk such nonsense that I wouldn’t take any notice of what they say.
 so+adj/adv+that+ clause
e.g. 1. He became so aggressive that I couldn't belleve it was the same person.
2. They've planned the politician's visit so carefully that nothing can go wrong.
 adverbs of result :therefore, so, consequently
e.g. 1. He had sprained his ankle, so he found walking painful.
2. My uncle was diagnosed with asthma. He was, therefore, forced give up his job in the
bakery.
B. SO +ADJ+ A/AN+ NOUN
e.g. The atmosphere was so tense that you could cut the air with a knife.
=> It was so tense an atmosphere that you could cut the air with a knife.
TOO+ INFINITIVE
+ much of a/an + noun
+adj+a/an+noun+ for
e.g. 1. He's too much of a miser to spend a penny on entertaining.
2. It's too difficult a subject for a child to understand.
 ENOUGH+ INFINITIVE
e.g. 1. Tom wasn't man(ly) enough to stand up to his boss.
2. He's a smart enough businessman not to take stupid risks.
3. He's too smart a businessman to take stupid risks.

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SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

There was so much snow.... => There was such a lot of snow...
There were so many problems.... => There were such a lot of problems...
It took us so long to.... => It look us such a long time to...
We drove so far.... => We drove such a long way/such a great distance…
He speaks so well... => He makes such good speeches...
She wears such fashionable clothes.. => So fashionably does she dress….
For a writer as good as he.... => For such a good writer...
That word does not exist in English. => There's no such word in English.
The car was so badly damaged... => Such was the extent of the damage to the car..

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
A. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
are introduced by :
a) full infinitive/so as (not) to/ in order (not) to
b) so that/in order that + clause
e.g. 1. I shouted loudly to/so as to/ in order to warn them of the danger.
2. I'm leaving now so as not to/in order not to miss the play.
3. I write everything down so that/ in order that I don't/won't forget.
4. So that/ in order that they might/would not be late, they took a taxi.
B. SPECIAL CASES
IN CASE (OF) + - should/might
- present/past
- noun
e.g. 1. Take a jacket in case it turns/should turn cold.
2. I set the alarm clock in case I overslept.
3. We'd better leave now in case of heavy traffic.

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FOR FEAR + of +... gerund

that + (might/would)
e.g. 1. I didn't turn on the TV for fear of waking the baby.
2. She put some sun oil on her back for fear (that) she might/would get/for fear of getting
sunburnt.
AVOID + gerund
PREVENT sb/sth (from) + gerund
e.g. 1. He swerved to avoid hitting the dog.
2. They put up a sign to prevent people (from) driving into the ditch.
GRAMMAR ANALYSIS

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
She took a course in order to get a new  He tied the dog to the fence lest it should run
job. off.
She took a course in order to get a new  She took a course with a view to/with the
job. aim of getting a new job.
She went shopping, intending to buy a  She went shopping with the thought of
new dress. buying a new dress in mind.
I went to the travel agency to book a  I went to the travel agency for the purpose
holiday. of/ with the intention of /with a view to
booking a holiday.
The purpose of my visit was to...  My purpose in visiting was to...

TIME CLAUSES
A. TIME CLAUSES
after, before, as, till, until (after), whenever, (ever) since, while, once, as soon as, as
long as, soon after, no sooner... than, hardly… when, every time, then, finally, now that,
…
- You can stay here as long as you wish.
- Whenever he says things like that, she gets upset.
- Once you've used a computer, you will never want to use a typewriter again.
REMEMBER: We do not use will or would in a time clause.

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B. TIME CLAUSES=> PARTICIPLES immediately, directly, when, upon, on...

 When I touched the wire, I got an electric shock.
=> Immediately/Directly/As soon as/The moment I touched the wire, I got an
electric shock.
=> On/Upon touching the wire, I got an electric shock.
PARTICIPLES
 Taking the car keys, I rushed out of the house.
Taking the car keys…. = As soon as /took…
C. INVERSION
NOT UNTIL... THAT
NO SOONER... THAN
 It was not until I got home that I realised I had left my keys at work.
 Not until I got home did I realise I had left my keys at work.
 I had no sooner said it than I regretted it.
 No sooner had I said it than I regretted it.
D. NOT UNTIL (AFTER)... THAT
ONLY WHEN... THAT
 It was not until (after) everyone had left that we cleared the table.
 It was only when everyone had left that we cleared the table.
 It was only when he had lost his job that he asked his family for help.
 It was not until (after) he had lost his job that he asked his family for help.
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
We heard the noise and left straight away.  Immediately/As soon as we heard the noise,
we left.
After I had gone...  Having gone.../After having gone...

When I examined/had made sure...  On/Upon examining.../Once I had made

sure…
You can't leave without finishing this work.  You can leave once you finish/have finished
this work.
I made sure no one was looking and then I...  After making/having madell had made sure...
ORAL PRACTICE

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1. So many people applied for the job that we withdrew the ad. There were...
2. I'm surprised that a driver as experienced as he is made that mistake. For such..
3. It's such a good opportunity that Ann shouldn't miss it. It's too...
4. She wrote to the manager in order to register a complaint. Her purpose...
5. He stopped gambling because he was afraid he would lose everything. For fear....
6. I didn't find out about it until Paula called me. It was...
7. To ensure the safety of his children, he built a wall around the garden. With the...
8. When I looked at the report again, I realised there was a mistake in it. Upon.....

UNIT 10
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Clauses of concession, result, purpose,
time)
1. Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports. (having)
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………. in many sports.
2. In spite of his selfishness, she still loved him. (though)
Even …………………………………………………………………………………………………., she still loved him.
3. Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous. (to)
Contrary ……………………………………………………….…………………………., in fact, quite dangerous.
4. He would never agree to sell his business, even if he received a tempting offer. (might)
However …………………………………………………………., he would never agree to sell his business.
5. No matter how expensive the holiday is, Sophie is determined to go. (cost)
Regardless ……………………………………………………………………………. Sophie is determined to go.
6. I don't really like her, even though I admire her achievements. (though)
Much ……………………………………………………………………...……………………., I don't really like her.
7. He was so afraid of snakes that he wouldn't go to the zoo. (fear)
Such ……………………………………………..…………………………………. that he wouldn't go to the zoo.
8. I have called this meeting in order to present the latest sales figures. (purpose)
My …………………………………………………….…………………………………………. the latest sales figures.
9. He resolved that whatever happened, he would attend the ceremony. (from)
He resolved that ………………………………………………………………………………………. the ceremony.

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10. When the police searched the car, they knew they had been taken in. (searching)
Upon ………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. had been taken in.
11. My uncle and aunt may be arriving this afternoon, so I'll stay in. (case)
I’ll stay in ………………………...……………………………………………. my uncle and aunt should arrive.
12. For a teacher of her experience and ability discipline was not a problem. (capable)
For …………………………………………………………………………………… discipline was not a problem.

B. DERIVATIVES
ENTERTAINMENT
I was lucky enough to see a (0)…memorable… film yesterday. MEMORY
From the opening soliloquy, it was clear that by (1)………………. use of INTELLIGENCE
the camera, Olivier intended his new (2)……………. of Richard III to be INTERPRET
a (3)………………, new experience. When addressing the camera, PLEASE
Richard revealed his most (4)………………. inner thoughts, while MURDER
affecting a (5)……………. innocence for the benefit of his peers. In CHILD
the (6)…………… with his nephews we saw a very different Richard SCENERY
the nice guy - a Richard with evil (7)……….……….. stripped away. AMBITIOUS
He was playful, almost loving, but an (8)…………………. crude INTEND
joke made by one of the boys at Richard's (9)…………….. condemned EXPEND
the pair inevitably to the Tower and their eventual (10)………... DIE
USE OF ENGLISH
A. GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
A LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON
Human language has an extremely important feature known as "displacement". This
enables language to be used at (0) …times… and in places (1)……………… the context itself is
not present. If a person mentions a "bottle of milk" or "fish and chips", all speakers of
English will understand what is (2)…………….. referred to, (3)………………… if they cannot
actually see the articles (4) ………………. question. Another example would be that of the
situation where a man is running to (5)………………… a bus. He may be doing so because he
has actually (6)………………... the bus approaching, in (7)……………. case his action has been
triggered (8)…………….. a direct physical stimulus. On the other hand, he may be running
because someone has called out to him "The bus is coming!" In the (9)…………………... case, it

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is the utterance which has prompted the action and this time (10)………………. is no direct
physical relationship between stimulus and response.
The feature is not unique (11)………………... human language, as bees can communicate the
location of pollen which is (12)………………… Immediately visible by the movements they
(13) ……………. in front of the hive. However, since the bees' activity serves merely to
indicate the location of the pollen and not much (14)……………., it bears little resemblance to
human language, which can apply this principle to (15)…………………….aspect of human
knowledge and experience.

0. occasions/ease/times 6. known/seen/realised 11. to / of /with

1. if/where/that 7. which/that/one 12. hardly / just/not
2. able/being/should 8. of /with /by 13. make / have /want
3. although/when/even 9. latter/last /previous 14. again/else/for
4. at/in/on 10. there / this/ that 15. every / much /only
5. catch/miss/lose

Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
THE DESERTS
Think of a desert, and the image of vast, undulating dune fields is likely to
(0)....come/spring… to mind. Yet such "seas of sand" account (1)………………. only a small
fraction of the world's deserts. From rugged mountains and steep-sided plateaux to Arctic
tundra, deserts exhibit a wide range of landforms and climatic conditions. All deserts,
however, share one common feature: a lack of moisture. By (2)……………..., a desert is a
nearly barren area in (3)................... rainfall is so scarce or irregular that the land (4)
…………….. adequately support vegetation. Semi-arid, arid and extreme desert zones cover
about one third of the earth's total landmass and (5)…………..... year approximately 27,000
square miles of land will (6)……....... into desert.
The temperature in cold deserts (7)………………ever exceeds 10o and then only (8)
………………. the short summer season. In hot deserts, however, temperatures can plunge
from searing to frigid overnight, as the intense heat absorbed in the daylight (9)................ is
quickly radiated back into space (10)……………..sunset.
(11)…………………. the formidable challenges they present, there are few desert regions
which support (12)……………... life whatsoever. Four percent of the world's population (13)
…………......... deserts, and even the most unpromising deserts become (14)………………........ to
lizards and scorpions, while in scattered waterholes, fish and frogs (15)……………... to
survive.

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UNIT 10 GET EXPRESSIONS

GET A
 get a move on: hurry up
 get a kick out of: enjoy
 get a name for: become known for
 get a grip on oneself: get under control
 get a taste for: get to like/be interested in
 (not) get a word in edgeways: not be able to interrupt sb who talks a lot
GET THE…
 get the sack: lose one's job
 get the feelings: get the impression
 get the gist: get a general understanding
 get the better of: defeat, do better than
 get the knack/hang of: learn how to do sth
 get the message: understand (an indirect remark)
GET EXPRESSIONS
 get cracking: start immediately
 get wind of: find out about sth
 get bogged down: become unable to make progress
 get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick: be completely mistaken in understanding
what has been said
GET - PREPOSITIONS
 get on in the world: become successful
 get down to business: start sth seriously
 get into hot water: find oneself in trouble
 get off to a good/bad start: start sth well/badly
 get to grips with: begin to deal with (a problem/challenge, etc.)
 get to the bottom of: find out the truth about sth
 get back on one's feet: recover from a bad experiencelan illness
 get into one's stride: become used to what one is doing and therefore perform well

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KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. She talked so much I was unable to join in the conversation. (word)
I couldn't ……………………..………………………………………………………. because she talked so much.
2. The time has come to deal with your problems. (grips)
The time has come ………………………………………………………………………………….. your problems.
3. It took me ages to learn how to surf properly. (knack)
It took me ages to .................................………………………………...................................................... properly.
4. Whatever happens I'm determined to find out the truth. (get)
Whatever happens I'm ………………………..……………………………………………………………………. this.
5. Don't get stuck in so much detail that you can't continue. (down)
Don't ............................................................................................................................... that you can't continue.
6. James got furious when he found out about her lies. (wind)
James got furious …………………………………....................................................................................... her lies.
7. I'm sure she will be back to full health soon. (feet)
I'm sure she ………………………………..……...…………………………………………………………………... soon.
8. He completely misunderstood what I told him at the meeting. (stick)
He got ………………….………………………………………………………………………. at the meeting we had.

VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
A WIMBLEDON WIN
After winning the Wimbledon singles title, the greatest prize in tennis, Stanislav Drobny
was beside himself with joy. There had been suggestions in the popular newspapers that
he was over the hill, but he had proven them wrong. Beyond a shadow of a doubt he had
been the most consistent player in the tournament When he was interviewed immediately
after his victory by the BBC he was, of course, out of breath, but it was quite obvious he
was over the moon. He said his victory was beyond belief and he thanked all the people
who had worked so hard behind the scenes to assure his success, After speaking to him, I
am of the opinion that he's quite capable of coming back next year and repeating this
remarkable performance.
 beside oneself: crazy (with joy, anger, etc)
 over the hill: too old

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 beyond a shadow of a doubt: definitely, with no doubt at all

 out of breath: with little breath left
 over the moon: very happy
 beyond belief: difficult to believe
 behind the scenes: not seen, out of sight
 be of the opinion (that): think
(BE) + PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
 out of ideas: no ideas left  out of step: not conforming to what others
do/ think
 out of work: unemployed
 out of the question: not possible/allowed
 out of stock: not in supply
 beside the point: irrelevant.
 out of money: no money left, broke
 behind bars: in prison
 out of order: not functioning
 behind the times: old-fashioned, out of
 out of date: not current/ expired
touch
 out of use: not used any more
 behind schedule: late, not on time
 out of hand: no longer under
 ahead of schedule: sooner than anticipated
control; immediately, without
thought  ahead of one's time: further advanced than
others

A. OPEN CLOZE TEST

The situation in the capital city is completely out of (1)…………………..... . The streets are
filled with people who are out of (2)…………………and the riots continue, although the
ringleaders are (3)……………….. bars. Any negotiations with the rioters are out of the (4)
………………... said government spokesman. The President admitted on TV that his
government was behind (5)………………………. with several major projects, and had run out
of (6)………………….... to finish them, undoubtedly the cause of the unrest. He promised to
build new factories, get rid of machinery which is (7)……………………. of date, and increase
workers' pay. He said his country could no longer be out of (8)…………………………. with
neighbouring states and must modemise at once.

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B. COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. calculated 1. a. conclusion 1. significant 1. a. disregard, chaos
2. prevailing 2. b. writer, artist 2. imminent 2. b. evidence, funds
3. prolific 3. c. citizen, people 3. serious 3. c. trouble, malter
4. avid 4. d. risk, move 4. complete/total 4. d. war, danger, arrival
5. law-abiding 5. e. wind(s), opinion 5. insufficient 5. e. change, difference,
improvement
6. foregone 6. f. supporter, reader

UNIT 10 VOCABULARY
ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL ELEMENTS & POLLUTION
Pollution can be described as the harmful effect on the environment by products of human
society. Oil on beaches, vehicle exhaust fumes, litter, factory gases - the list is endless.
Pollution of any type interferes with man's enjoyment of his environment and yet the most
serious types of pollution result from his own activities. Lakes, rivers and wells may be
polluted with raw sewage, garbage, factory wastes, laundry detergents and insecticide
residues. The air of most cities is laden with automobile exhaust fumes, coal and fuel oil
smoke and chemical gases. Many authorities believe these pollutants contribute to the
high rate of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer among city dwellers.
Toxic wastes are often buried, which leak into soil and water, killing wildlife. There is
also pollution of the atmosphere whereby the ozone layer, which protects us from the
sun's ultraviolet radiation, is destroyed by chemicals used in refrigerators and spray
cans. Acid rain is caused by fumes that contain nitrogen oxides. The coal we burn in
power stations produces sulphur dioxide. When these two substances mix with water in
the air they turn into acids, then fall as acid rain. We can reduce pollution by recycling
waste and using biodegradable materials, which eventually break down in the soil and
disappear. Anti-pollution measures also include public health laws, educational
programmes and the use of mechanical devices to control pollutants at the source or
remove them from the water or air.
IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
 storm clouds gather: there's trouble ahead  go through hell and high water:
go through a lot of trouble
 come rain or shine: whatever happens
 pour oil on troubled waters: have
 blow hot and cold: approve then disapprove
a calming effect on a
 keep one's head above water: survive situation/person
(financial) difficulties
 it never rains but it pours: one
 calm before the storm: quiet period before piece of bad luck is followed by

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trouble begins another

 go up in smoke: disappear suddenly and  take the wind out of sb's sails:
completely defeat sb, cause sb to lose
confidence
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. He's about to lose his temper when he paces quietly up and down. (storm)
It's the ................................................................................................................................. quietly up and down.
2. She's willing to do anything to save her business. (hell)
She's willing …………………….……………………………………………………………. to save her business.
3. One minute she's friendly, the next hostile. I really can't understand her. (blows)
She ……………………………………………………………………………………. I really can't understand her.
4. Henry doesn't boast about being a chess champion any more since Derek beat him.
(sails)
Derek really ................................................................................................................ by beating him at chess.
5. Thanks for making the peace between us when we had that awful fight. (oil)
Thanks for …………………………………………………………………………. when we had that awful fight.
6. His plans came to nothing when the bank manager refused him a loan. (smoke)
His plans ................................................................................................................................. refused him a loan.
7. She's desperately trying to keep out of financial trouble and not go bankrupt. (head)
She's desperately …………………….……………………………………………………… and not go bankrupt.
8. There's trouble ahead and we should be extremely careful. (clouds)
The ………………………………………………………………………….. and we should be extremely careful.

IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
B. OPEN CLOZE TEST
ENVIRONMENT
Animals and plants are dying (0)…out… at a greater rate than (1)…………………….. before,
and the greatest threat is from humans. Thousands of animals and plants are endangered
because we cut (2) …………… forests and drain wetlands to farm or build on the land (3)
……………… they live. This is called habitat loss. A habitat is a place (4)………………………. a
wild animal (5)…………………… plant usually lives, such (6)……………. oak forests, mangrove
swamps and chalk cliffs. Tropical rain forests are being (7)………………. at an alarming rate,

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and scientists (8)………………….. that many rainforests contain kinds of animals and plants
(9)…………….…. we have never seen. Conservation is the management and protection of
wildlife and habitat to save animals and plants (10)…………………...... destruction by humans.
People are becoming (11)………………. aware of these threats (12)……………………… wildlife
and there are environmental laws in many (13)………………. of the world. Their
(14)............................. is to protect endangered creatures by setting (15)…………………. areas in
the wild where they can live in safety.
C. GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. We got a ………………….. deal when we bought that worthless painting.
Clothes are made from ………………….. material such as wool and cotton.
You can't expect much from a bunch of ………………………….. recruits.
2. He didn't look into the matter too carefully for fear of opening a real …………… of worms.
Get the watering ...……………. and water the garden.
I'm afraid you'll have to carry the ……………………. for breaking her vase.
3. Frederick has a very …………… opinion of himself.
Prices in restaurants and hotels are inflated during the ……………… season.
Liverpool has ……………………… hopes of winning the league this year.
4. What is the exchange ............................... between the euro and the dollar?
His rapid pulse ………………… is really worrying the doctors.
We stayed at a cheap, third …………………. hotel in London.
5. He may ……………….. his fingers if he gets involved in the stock market.
Most sportsmen manage to ………………………. themselves out by the time they're thirty.
He must have money to……………………… if he can afford yet another car.
6. We've no electricity because there's been an accident at the …………….. station.
The country's centrist party came to ……………………….. in 1998.
He did everything in his ……………………. to give Kevin a good start in life.

UNIT 10 IDIOMS - EXPRESSION

A. SPORTS & GAMES
 throw in the towel: give up
 hit below the belt: do sth unfair

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 play it safe: not take the risk

 be in the running: be in a position to win
 play a dirty trick on sb: do something unfair or unkind to sb
 jump the gun: come to a decision too fast
 start from scratch: go back to the beginning
 go off the deep end: get angry, act strangely
 keep up the pace: maintain pressure/speed
 have a false start: make an unsuccessful attempt to begin
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. You're going to be in ………………. trouble when Dad sees what you've done to the car.
Sandy took a ………………….. breath and stood motionless as the lion turned towards her.
It was a mistake so there's no need to go off the ……………….. end like that.
2. It was just a small tree but by a ………………… of the light it looked like a cloaked man.
I may be eighty but I can still teach you a ……………….. or two, young man.
That was a really dirty …………………… to play on him, Billy.
3. He ………………….. himself into learning Arabic but he soon lost interest.
You ……………………. cold water on Jim's ideas but you didn't come up with any of your own.
We tried to get to the farm but ……………….. in the towel when it started to snow.
B. CITY & COUNTRY
 pave the way: prepare a path for
 lay the foundations: form a basis
 drop a brick: say the wrong thing
 up my street: to my liking/ taste
 streets ahead (of): more advanced (than)
 off the beaten track: in a remote area
 put sth in a nutshell: sum up, say briefly
 sit on the fence: put off making a decision
 beat about the bush: not come to the point
 explore every avenue: examine every possibility

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SPORTS & GAMES - CITY & COUNTRY - FILL IN

1. I'll never forgive him for ……………………………………. on me.
2. Please come to the point and stop …………………….. will you?
3. Japan is ………………………………………… China in terms of technology.
4. The result of their work was unsatisfactory, so they had to .......................
5. I don't think this sort of music is really ……………………., actually.
6. His hard work at university ………………………………………. for a successful career.
7. We've had a ………………………. Let's try again, shall we?
8. Scientists have ……………………………. in the search for a cure.
9. Orson Welles' approach to cinema ………………………………. for later film directors.
10. You can't …………………….. for ever. You have to decide who you'll support.
C. THE ARTS - MATCH
1. the finishing touches 1. a. explain the situation to someone
2. paint a gloomy picture 2. b. prepare for something
3. play the fool 3. c. receiving a lot of attention/publicity
4. appear on the scene 4. d. express what others feel
5. set the stage for 5. e. describe sth in a depressing way
6. strike the right note 6. f. turn up
7. put sb in the picture 7. g. mess about, waste time
8. in the spotlight 8. h. act in a stupid manner
9. fiddle about 9. i. face criticism/difficulties
10. face the music 10. j. final small details to complete sth

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on GET expressions, PREPOSITIONAL expressions, TOPIC vocabulary, IDIOMS)
1.When they got married they didn't have a … stick… of furniture.
I'm sorry was rude, Ted, but foar got hold of the wrong end of the … stick… as usual.

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The new play at the Palladium got a lot of …stick… from the critics.
2. Successful people don't ……………… in the towel as soon as things get tough.
One great source of relaxation is to …………….. oneself into a hobby.
Don't let it …………….... you when things go suddenly wrong.
3. Where's Harry these days? I've completely lost ……………… of him.
She lives off the beaten …………………… somewhere in Wiltshire.
The police often find themselves on the wrong ………….. a when carrying out their
investigations.
4. I thought it was in poor ……………. when she was so rude to the host.
People who give up smoking often get a ………………….. for sweet things.
It follows that a person of ……………….. knows how to dress in public.
5. Young ladies are often promised the ……………… by prospective husbands.
She was over the ………………. when Norman finally asked her to marry him.
It's once in a blue ………………. that he helps me with the housework.
6. When factory emissions ………………....... on ancient buildings, corrosion inevitably follows.
He's lucky to have his parents to ………………. back on for money.
They'll take the car back if you ......................... behind with the payments.
SET B (guided)
1. His years as a coal miner have taken a ………………… toll on his health. heavy
My schedule is too ………………. throughout June to allow me to take a weekend off.severe
It was the worst storm in years, but he's such a ...................... sleeper he didn't wake up.
serious
2. I really don't want to ………………. you out but could you please give me a litt home?move
The injury to his knee will ………….. him out of action for the rest of the athletics season.put
He tried to ………………… it across as simply as he could but she still didn't understand. place
3. She has your best interests at ………………, even though she seems very strict at times.
purpose
He'd worked so hard that I didn't have the …………….. to tell him he'd done it all wrong.
mind
Why should I learn telephone numbers by ............. when I can write them down in a book?
heart

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4. Auntie Jane is a dear old …………… but she's getting very forgetful. article
The new chairs look nice but they're not the latest ................. in comfort, are they? thing
You'll be able to learn a(n)…………….. or two about boxing from old Max. being
5. I was just ……………….. the tea when the phone rang. pouring
You're only ............. scorn on his efforts and that will not help the situation. throwing
The smoke was ………….. out of the factory window. stirring
6. Kim Philby ………………. a double life for years before they discovered he was a spy. led
The extensive changes in the timetable ............... to confusion for a few days. served
I believed she was nice when I first met her as her kind face ………… me astray. directed

UNIT 10 CONFUSING/RELATED WORD

DECLINE - DROP - SLUMP - SINK - PLUNGE - FAINT - DIVE - SUBSIDE – SUBMERGE -
COLLAPSE
HOPING FOR THE BEST
For a long time Len had been considering closing down his business. Since the
government's collapse the country had been plunged into chaos, and there had been a
serious slump in trade, On top of that his elderly mother had suffered a sharp decline in
heath. He had not, however, allowed himself to sink into depression, but had instead
decided to submerge himself in work, in an effort to revive his company's fortunes. He
had persuaded himself that his problems were just a drop in the ocean compared to other
people's. He turned on the radio, and although the signal was faint, he was able to learn
that the fighting had subsided in the north of the country. Perhaps soon his land would
return to normal.
 government's collapse: fall of government
 plunge into chaos: throw into a chaotic state
 slump in trade: big decrease in trade
 sharp decline: get worse very quickly
 sink into depression: get depressed
 submerge oneself in: do sth intensively
 a drop in the ocean: sth very unimportant
 faint signal: signal one can just hear
 the fighting subsided: fighting lessened

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DECLINE SLUMP PLUNGE DIVE

- on the decline - slump over - take the plunge - dive head first
- decline to - profits slump - plunge into the sea - take a dive
comment
SINK - plunge into SUBSIDE
- in decline darkness
- my heart sinks - noise subsides
- fall into decline FAINT
- sink money into
DROP business - faint-hearted
- drop a hint - sink or swim
- drop a bombshell - sink without trace
- drop a line - sink into
depression
- drop out of

MCQ CLOZE TEST

George MacMilan shocked the government yesterday when he announced he was resigning
his cabinet post. He said he has decided to take the (1)…………... and launch his own public
relations company. He (2)…………… the bombshell during a meeting with the Prime
Minister. He told the press that he didn't intend to (3)…………. all his money into the project,
but (4)…………….. to make any further comment for the time being, apart from remarking
that this sort of venture was not for the (5)………… -hearted. He promised to talk more
about this surprise move when all the commotion had (6)……………
1. a. dive b. plunge c. drop sd. slump
2. a. dropped b. threw c. sank d. collapsed
3. a. drop b. subside c. sink d. plunge
4. a. avoided b. ventured c. declared d. declined
5. a. weak b. faint c. dim d. small
6. a. subsided b. sunk c. slumped d. plunged

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RELATED WORDS
A. WAYS OF INCREASING:
STRETCH - SWELL - MAGNIFY - BULGE - BLOW UP - INFLATE
 at full stretch  swell the ranks  blow up a photograph
 stretch a point  magnifying glass  blow sb/sth up
 by no stretch of the  bulging at the seams  inflated ego
imagination
 blow up out of all  inflated sense of
 swell with pride proportion importance
B. WAYS OF DECREASING:
DECLINE - RECEDE - SHRINK - PLUNGE - PLUMMET - SHRIVEL
 fall into decline  receding hale/footsteps  take the plunge
 on the decline  shrink from doing sth  my spirits plummeted
MCQ CLOZE TEST
I walked into the room, clutching my gold medal. My brother had just got out of bed. He
turned to look at me, yawned and (1)…………………...
"So, what have you got there?" he asked casually. 1 (2)……………………. with pride.
"I did it, Lawrence. I won first place!"
I could see my brother's eyes as they (3)……………………. with envy, disbelief and anger.
"Yes, well, don't get a(n) (4)………………… opinion of yourself," he said coldly.
He walked out of the room and I heard his footsteps (5)………………….... down the corridor.
My spirits (6)…………………….... I had so wanted to impress him.
1.a. swelled b. shrivelled c. shrank d. stretched
2.a. inflated b. swelled c. magnified d. bulged
3.a. swelled b. blew up c. bulged d. receded
4.a. inflated b. magnified c. stretched d. blown up
5. a. shrinking b. dwindling c. plunging d. receding
6. a. shrivelled b. plummeted c. declined d. dwindled

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UNIT 10
FAMILY HISTORIES
Future historians will look back with some astonishment at the extraordinary growth in
the popularity of family history in recent years. Why should this interest in our ancestors
have mushroomed so spectacularly? Is it, as some cynics maintain, a reaction against the
pace of change in the modern world, a search for roots in a supposedly more secure age
when the traditional family was the unquestioned unit upon which society was built? If this
were true, it would only be part of the explanation. More positive points need to be
emphasised. Now, for the first time in history, a great number of people have the leisure
and the means to pursue an interest that has always been a human concern.
It has been said that family history is England's fastest-growing hobby. Many family
historians would reply that "hobby" is too mild a word to describe an overriding passion.
Knowing one's ancestors is not a matter of mild curiosity; it is often part of an attempt to
explain life and to understand how we have come to be what we are, not just physically
through inherited genes, but how we have come to believe in certain principles or to have
acquired the attitudes, prejudices, and characteristics that mould our personality. For very
many people, tracing a family treo and discovering the lives of their ancestors is not a task
that is undertaken lightly.
The earliest genealogies were preserved by oral tradition long before they were written
down. They were constructed to bolster authority by purporting to trace royal descents
from gods and heroes. This ancient tradition of compiling fictional family trees to legitimise
power was still flourishing in the sixteenth century, and indeed was enlisted in support of
Queen Elizabeth I's authority. At Hatfield House there is a parchment roll which purports to
trace the queen's ancestry all the way back to the dawn of time.
The construction of fanciful family trees that bear no relation to the truth is an ancient vice.
The sixteenth century Elizabethans have a particularly bad name in this respect, but the
subjects of the current British monarch are often equally credulous. The majority of English
people are unlikely to be able to frace a continuous line beyond the sixteenth century, yet
how common it is to hear the unfounded boast that a person's ancestors fought at the
Battle of Hastings in 1066 and how frequently one has to listen to assertions of descent
from some famous figures in even more remote times. We deceive ourselves if we allow
our self-esteem to be inflated in this ridiculous way. The pursuit of a family's history is
sufficiently interesting not to need these hollow props.
In earlier centuries the establishment of a pedigree was often of practical value in an
unscrupulous world, when a challenge at a court of law might deprive a family of its
inheritance. Letters show how a family had constantly to be on guard against the plots of its
adversaries. The first pedigrees of families below the level of the aristocracy were
therefore made, not as a matter of family pride, but for individual legal purposes. No
collections of such pedigrees were made before the fifteenth century.

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ANALYSIS
IDIOMS EXPRESSIONS
 pursue an interest/hobby: follow an  bolster authority: put authority in
interest or hobby stronger position
 overriding passion: very strong feeling  dawn of time: beginning of time
 mould one's personality: make you  bear no relation to: not be like at all
what you are
 be on guard against: be on the lookout
 undertake lightly: agree to do sth in a for/prepared for sth unpleasant
non-serious manner

A. VOCABULARY
1. mushroom 1. a. bad habit
2. purport to 2. b. dishonest, immoral
3. fanciful 3. c. grow quickly
4. vice 4. d. supports
5. unfounded 5. e. unrealistic
6. props 6. f. claim to
7. unscrupulous 7. g. prevent from having
8. deprive 8. h. not based on facts

READING
B. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and underline the parts
of the text which give you the answer.
1. People have less time and opportunity to study their family histories nowadays.
2. For many people this research is not so much a pastime as an obsession.
3. Earlier genealogical studies were used to consolidate positions of authority.
4. The misrepresentation of family trees is a relatively modern phenomenon.
5. The author finds some people's claims on this subject to be irritating.
6. In former times this research was carried out mainly for practical reasons.
C. What evidence in the passage is there for the following statements?

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1. There has been a sudden surge of interest in looking up family histories.

2. Some people claim it's because we feel insecure in this modern world.
3. It's easier for people to carry out this research today than in earlier times.
4. "Hobby" is not really an accurate word to describe this activity.
5. Many people take this research very seriously.
6. There is even "evidence" that traces a monarch's line back to the beginning of history.
7. "Discovering" totally inaccurate family trees has been going on for a long time.
8. Very few people can trace their ancestry back more than 500 years.
9. Anybody who believes they can trace their ancestry back further than that is fooling
themselves.
10. One reason it was necessary to trace a family tree in the past was to prevent being
cheated by dishonest people.
D. Choose the correct answer.
1. The writer explains the current interest in family history as
A. a result of increased affluence and spare time.
B. a desire to explore human issues.
C. a stand against the speed of modern development.
D. a search for a more old-fashioned style of life.
2. Why does the writer suggest that studying family history should be seen as more than a
hobby?
A. It satisfies human beings' basic spirit of inquiry.
B. It enables us to shape our own character.
C. It clarifies our moral and philosophical beliefs.
D. It aids our understanding of who we are.
3. What was the purpose of the earliest family trees?
A. to suggest monarchs were chosen by divine intervention
B. to lend credibility to songs and poems
C. to justify a claim to a position of power
D. to increase a monarch's public support
4. What does the writer say about the practice of tracing descent to the remote past?

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A. It provides a stimulating topic for discussion.

B. It shows how readily people are taken in.
C. It is an integral part of understanding one's family history.
D. It is worthwhile if there is sufficient evidence.
5. Why was a family tree of such "practical value" in the fifteenth century?
A. It created an impressive public image.
B. It gave a formidable commercial advantage.
C. It prevented threatening attacks on wealthy people.
D. It reduced the danger of losing one's property.
UNIT 10 PREPARATORY
A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. Although she felt ill, she came to help us. (feeling)
In ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. she came to help us.
2. Despite the fact that she loved Jim deeply, she left him. (deep)
Despite ……………………………………………………..………………………………………………… she left him.
3. He still forgot to bring the book, although I phoned to remind him. (phoning)
Regardless ……………………………………................................................ he still forgot to bring the book.
4. For a person of his intelligence, he does some stupid things. (such)
For …………………………………………………………………….………………… he does some stupid things.
5. I didn't go near the dog in case it bit me. (bitten)
For……………………………………………………………...………………………………. I didn't go near the dog.
6. We only understood him when he spoke French. (until)
Not ……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………….… him.
7. They went to the bank to apply for a loan. (view)
They went to the bank …………………………………………………………………….……………….. for a loan.
8. He sang so well that he joined the National Opera. (good)
He ………………………………………………………………………………. that he joined the National Opera.

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B. MCQ CLOZE TEST

Good morning, gentlemen. I am your new managing director. I don't like wasting time so
let's get (1)…............. business straightaway. I don't want to jump (2)......................... but
immediate changes are necessary if this company is to expand. In order to pave the (3)
………………….. for our entry into global markets, all business will in future be conducted on
the Internet. This means that we can't employ anyone who is behind (4)........................... with
respect to technology. While I regret having to put older employees out of (5)…………………..,
the sooner we take the (6).................................,. the better for the company. Any questions?
1. a. down to b. off to c. into d. on
2. a. the deep end b. a false start c. the gun d. the belt
3.a. track b. way c. foundations d. avenue
4. a. the scenes b. bars c. schedule d. the times
5. a. use b. hand c. work d. stock
6. a. dive b. plunge c. drop d. decline

TEST
C. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. The Prime Minister refused to say anything about the scandal. (declined)
The Prime Minister …………………………………………….…………………………………….. on the scandal.
2. Dad got really angry when I told him about the fight. (deep)
Dad ………………………………………………………..……………………….. when I told him about the fight.
3. What he said about his life in prison was depressing, wasn't it? (picture)
He …………………………………………………………………………………….. of his life in prison, didn't he?
4. His promising career came to a sudden end when the company went bankrupt. (smoke)
His promising career………………………………………………….. when the company went bankrupt.
5. Your car licence has expired, sir. (date)
Your car licence ………………………………………...……………………………………………………………….. sir.
6. We must find out the truth about this without delay. (bottom)
We must ……………………………………………....…………………………………………………… without delay.
7. The newspaper has grossly exaggerated the economic crisis, in my opinion. (blown)
The newspaper has …………………………………………………………………………………., in my opinion.

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8. He recovered very quickly from the accident. (feet)

He …………………………………….................................................................. very quickly after the accident.
D. GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD
1.They …………………. a great deal of money into their new business.
My heart ………………….. when I saw Aunt Maud coming up the path.
The stricken ship slowly turned over and …………………. without trace.
2. Dad never remembers my birthday unless I ……………………. a hint.
Will anyone mind if I ………………….. out of the team for a month?
Why don't you ……………………… me a line from time to time?
3. I'm afraid the alibi you gave us doesn't hold ………………….., Sammy.
You know I'd go through hell and high …………………….. for you, my darling.
I've got to keep my head above ………………… until I get that pay rise.
4. The doctor says there's been no ...................... change in your husband's condition.
I think it's …………………….. that she refuses to tell us where she has been.
I'm very pleased with the ............................. improvement in your son's spelling, Mrs Jones.
5. There are ........................ when I think you deliberately misunderstand me.
I know I have to move with the ………………….. but I don't like using a computer.
My dad is so behind the …………………., he thinks the Internet is something to do with fishing.
6. The sea's too rough to swim in so I'll ………………… it safe and stay on the beach.
You'd be able to do your homework if you didn't ………………….. the fool in class.
You'll be sorry if you ....................... a dirty trick on me.
7. It's time to get down to ………………… and start organising the concert.
Farmer Giles looked as if he meant……………………when he threatened us.
It's none of your ………………….. how I spend my money.
8. The police were on ……………………… in case of trouble.
Can you give me a(n) ………………….. to push my car?
Don't let the party get out of …………………….. or the neighbours will complain.

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GRAMMAR REVISION THROUGH

A. VERB 1 NOUN
 subscribe - subscription  confirm - confirmation  admit - admission
 dismiss – dismissal  recover - recovery  prevent - prevention
 cancel – cancellation  rumour – rumour  fascinate – fascination
 offend – offence  applaud-applause  Insist - Insistence

1. He was very disappointed to miss the wedding. (to)

Much ..................................................................................................................................................... the wedding.
2. "Anyone failing to comply with the regulations will be dismissed instantly," said the boss.
(result)
"Failure to comply ......................................................................................................................,” said the boss.
3. The planners and the public bitterly disagree over the new motorway route. (between)
There is ........................................................................................................... over the new motorway route.
4. I was amazed when Eva got into university, given the fact she hadn't worked hard. (my)
To ......................................................................................................... the fact that she hadn't worked hard.
5. The guest speaker did not explain why he had arrived late. (gave)
The guest speaker ............................................................................................................. he had arrived late.
6. According to Joe, her English will improve if she subscribes to that magazine. (taking)
Joe's convinced that ...................................................................................................... will help her English.
7. I applied for the job but was turned down. (application)
My ........................................................................................................................................................................ down.
8. The pilot endangered all our lives during the flight. (put)
The pilot ...................................................................................................................................... during the flight.
9. When we receive the money, we'll ship the goods. (of)
On ................................................................................................................................................................ the goods.
10. My comments didn't seem to interest her at all. (showed)
She ...................................................................................................................................................... my
comments.

B. (PHRASAL) VERB 1 (PHRASAL) VERB

 reject - turn down  deceive - take in  see - make out

 stop - draw/pull up  cancel - call off  postpone - put off
 happen - come up  depress - get down  rely on - count/depend on
 conceal - cover up  miss - not attend/catch  consult - get sb to advise

1. Alan looked for another job after being rejected by his brother's company. (turned)
After having ........................................................................................................ Alan looked for another job.
2. He doesn't want to be disturbed unless something urgent happens. (up)
Unless ................................................................................................................................. want to be disturbed.
3. Our getting the contract depends on Jonathan. (are)
We ........................................................................................................................................................................ for
us.

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4. A police car stopped outside the house. (up)

A police car ...................................................................................................................................................... house.
5. She'll never finish the course if she keeps missing the lectures. (attend)
She'll never .......................................................................................................................................... the
lectures.
6. It was too dark to see the name of the ship. (out)
It was .................................................................................................................................... the name of the ship.
7. The government is trying to conceal the true facts. (up)
The government ............................................................................................................................. the true facts.
8. You should get a lawyer to advise you on this. (better)
You .................................................................................................................................................................... on this.

CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

C. ADJECTIVE 1 NOUN
 (un)able - (in)ability  reluctant - reluctance  critical - criticism
 severe - severity  popular - popularity  lost - loss
 fluent - fluency  explanatory – explanation  eligible – eligibility
 monthly - month  daily - day  shy - shyness

1. Many people were severely critical of the proposals for the new motorway. (was)
There .................................................................................................. the proposals for the new motorway.
2. She was very reluctant to leave home. (great)
It was .................................................................................................................................................................. home.
3. He did not care for parties, perhaps because he was shy. (reason)
Perhaps ...................................................................................................................... he didn't care for parties.
4. The striking workers were amazed that their demands were agreed to immediately. (to)
Much ..................................................................................................................... were agreed to
immediately.
5. His death was so tragic that the family has never really recovered. (of)
Such was ................................................................................................................ has never really recovered.
6. His remarks were totally irrelevant to the subject at hand. (had)
His remarks ................................................................................................................................................. at hand.
7. They were unable to prove where they had been that night, so they were taken into
custody. (of)
They were taken into custody ............................................................................... they'd been that night.
8. It's unbelievable how expensive that restaurant is. (beyond)
It's ................................................................................................................................................ that restaurant is.
9. It's doubtful whether we'll be able to afford it. (open)
It's ................................................................................................................................... we'll be able to afford it.
10. The severe weather conditions hampered the rescue workers. (of)
The .......................................................................................................................................... the rescue workers.

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D. ADJECTIVE 1 ADVERB
drastic - drastically rapid – rapidly severe - severely public – publicly
steady - steadily hard - hard accurate - accurately very/too/much -
original - originally sly - slyly apologetic - apologetically highly/deeply/greatly

1. I'm seriously considering moving back to the USA. (giving)

I'm .............................................................................................................................................................. to the USA.
2. His health has been deteriorating rapidly recently. (been)
There ............................................................................................................................................................. recently.
3. The lecturer looked at the student disapprovingly. (look)
The lecturer ......................................................................................................................................... the student.
4. They bitterly opposed the plan. (met)
The ............................................................................................................................................................ opposition.
5. I severely reprimanded both of them for smoking. (gave)
I ................................................................................................................................................................ for smoking.
6. He moved so clumsily that she was afraid he would break everything in the shop. (such)
His were ........................................................................................ he would break everything in the shop.
7. She slapped him so hard that he nearly fell off his chair. (gave)
She .............................................................................................................................. he nearly fell off his chair.
8. She could hardly remember her childhood. (faint)
She had ………………………............................................................................................................ her childhood.

GRAMMAR REVISION THROUGH

E. LOGIC (EXAMPLES OF TRANSFORMATIONS)
 have to g  it's obligatory/essential/necessary
 the chances are g  in all likelihood/probability
g  I'm completely totally ignorant of
 I don't know the first thing about g
 it would be in your (best) interest to
g
 you would benefit from g
 it seems highly likely
g  there is a lack of (money)/we're out of (money)
 most people expect  lose one's temper easily
g
 there is no (money) g  never pay (any) attention to
g  it won't go ahead
 be very short-tempered
 always ignore

 it will be cancelled

F. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. My house used to belong to an American diplomat before I bought it. (was)
The previous ................................................................................................................. an American diplomat.
2. The price of a litre of petrol is going up by two cents. (rise)
There ...................................................................................................................... the price of a litre of petrol.
3. We've been trying to sell our house for well over six months. (sale)

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Our house .............................................................................................................................................. six months.

4. Most people expect the Minister to resign. (highly)
It seems ............................................................................................................................................................ resign.
5. The permit expires at the end of this month. (valid)
The permit ........................................................................................................................................ of this
month.
6. It is important to me that you should finish your report by the weekend. (on)
I am ................................................................................................................................................ by the weekend.
7. You would benefit from selling those shares now. (best)
It would ..................................................................................................................................... those shares now.
8. This year more foreign language assistants are coming to teach in Britain. (number)
There is an .............................................................................................................. coming to teach in Britain.
9. It wasn't Harry's fault that the car got damaged. (blame)
Harry .......................................................................................................................................... damaging the car.
10. My opinion will remain the same despite what people say. (anyone)
Nothing .................................................................................................................................................. my opinion.
11. There isn't a pair of thermal socks left in the shop, madam. (completely)
We are ..........................................................................................................................................................., madam.
12. You can eat as much as you like for £5 at the new lunch-bar. (amount)
There is no ........................................................................................................... for £5 at the new lunch-
bar.
13. That rumour about the politician and the construction contract is absolutely false.
(truth)
There is ................................................................................ the politician and the construction contract.
14. My boyfriend is very short-tempered. (temper)
My boyfriend ...................................................................................................................................................
easily.
15. I don't know the first thing about aeronautics. (totally)
I am ......................................................................................................................................................... aeronautics.

CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

G. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. The number of places offered has been drastically reduced due to the lack of funds. (led)
The lack of funds ........................................................................................... the number of places offered.
2. Opera is far more popular now than it was twenty years ago. (increase)
There has been ................................................................................................ during the last twenty years.
3. Every month this year the company has sold more in the north than in the south(higher)
This year, the company's monthly ................................................................................. than in the south.
4. It's almost nine months since stopped subscribing to that magazine. (cancelled)
I ....................................................................................................................................... almost nine months ago.
5. Philip's inability to make decisions dates from his accident. (had)
Ever since ................................................................................................................................ to make decisions.
6. The report is highly critical of recent medical practices. (included)
Severe ....................................................................................................................................................... the report.

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7. Support for the party has risen dramatically. (rise)

There ........................................................................................................................................................... the party.
8. English children usually have to stay at school till they are sixteen. (for)
It is ....................................................................................................................... at school till they are sixteen.
9. Our hotel booking hasn't been confirmed. (received)
We haven't ................................................................................................................................................. booking.
10. The patient recovered more rapidly than expected. (rapid)
The patient made ................................................................................................................................... expected.
11. You think that fat people are always jolly, but you are wrong. (what)
Contrary ............................................................................................................................................... always jolly.
12. No one can understand Mrs Murphy's reason for buying such an expensive car.
(beyond)
Why Mrs Murphy ....................................................................................................................... understanding.
13. I'm sorry missed Professor Baker's lecture. (present)
I'm sorry not ................................................................................................................................................. lecture.
14. Don't you wish you could get out more in the evenings? (fed)
Don't you get ................................................................................................................................ most evenings?
15. They were unable to finish their game of tennis because of a heavy shower. (from)
A heavy shower ........................................................................................................................... game of tennis.

GRAMMAR REVISION
THROUGH CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

H. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. The restaurant was even better than I had expected. (my)
The ........................................................................................................................................................ expectations.
2. There are now more than two thousand cinemas in the country. (exceeds)
The ..................................................................................................................................................... two thousand.
3. You won't solve your problem by getting a bank loan. (solution)
Getting ............................................................................................................................................... your problem.
4. The manager told his staff that he was pleased, but they could do better. (room)
The manager told his staff that he was pleased, ............................................................. improvement.
5. What Rachel does in her spare time doesn't concern me. (business)
It's ................................................................................................................................................. in her spare
time.
6. Company profits are now three times higher than they were five years ago. (threefold)
Company profits .................................................................................................................................... five years.
7. Many office tasks became simpler when computers were introduced. (advent)
Many office tasks ................................................................................................................................ computers.
8. Terry has been behaving very strangely lately. (recent)
Terry's ............................................................................................................................................................ strange.
9. Not many people attended the concert last night. (poorly)
The concert .............................................................................................................................................. last night.
10. The rate of inflation has fallen steadily during recent months. (decline)

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There ......................................................................................................... of inflation during recent months.

11. He is a painter whose style I find attractive. (appeals)
He is ......................................................................................................................................................................... me.
12. The clerk was promoted because he was always polite and willing. (led)
The clerk's ............................................................................................................................................... promoted.
13. There are trains to London every hour. (intervals)
There are trains ......................................................................................................................................... London.
14. He was wrong in assuming that. (making)
He was ................................................................................................................................................... assumption.
15. Why does he always have to lie? (truth)
Why ……………………………..............................................................................................................................
once?

PRACTICE CAE PAPERS 1 & 3

PAPER 1: READING PART 1

You are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with
environmental issues. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think
fits best according to the text.

OUR COUNTRY IS NOT WHAT IT WAS

I love walking in the English countryside, and enjoying the things I have taken for granted
since a child: the beautiful hedgerows, the fields full of wild flowers. However, perhaps that
is the England of yesterday, the England of dreams. Have you seen the England of today? I
suggest you go out before spring arrives and the grass has grown and the trees are full of
leaves, which will cover up the total mess the countryside has become. There are food
cartons everywhere, plastic bags caught up in bushes and hedges, pavements littered with
cigarette packets.
I used to think England was an example to the rest of Europe. No more. We are as bad as
the worst of them. What has happened?
The answer is pretty obvious. 10 million plastic bags are handed out to shoppers, and these
will take anything from 100 to 1,000 years to rot. However, there is a solution to all this.
Let's look at Ireland, where the government introduced a tax on non-recyclable carrier
bags and in three months reduced their use by 90%. Why not do the same thing here? You
may logically ask. Well, we tried, but the plastic industry was soon up in arms, and the idea
was killed, and the supermarkets continue to give away bags free to their customers.

1. Why does the writer suggest you take a look at England before the spring?
A. It looks better than in the summer.
B. You can see just how untidy and dirty it has become.
C. Because in the spring people start dropping litter.
D. You won't notice all the rubbish.

2. The government

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A tried to follow the example of the Irish government.

B. realised the Irish example would never work in England.
C. will gradually follow the Irish example with taxes on plastic bags.
D had full co-operation from the plastic industry.

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PRACTICE CAE
THE EARTHQUAKE
It was a huge earthquake. The ground on which I was standing shook three times, with
such shocks as would have sent the strongest building on earth tumbling to the ground.
Then a massive piece of rock, less than half a mile from me, fell with a roar into the sea.
I sat and looked around. The air grow thick and heavy, and the sky overcast, as if it would
rain. There was a terrible, mysterious stillness. However, soon after that the wind rose
gradually, so that in less than half an hour, it was blowing with the force of a hurricane. The
sea was all of a sudden covered with foam and froth, the beach covered by the angry sea,
and trees wore torn up by their roots. The storm continued for at least another three hours
before it began to abate, and two hours later it was as calm as can be, but then came the
rain.
Through all this I was sitting by my cave, terrified of what was yet to come. Then it came to
me that the winds and rains were the consequence of the earthquake, which meant that the
earthquake itsell was spent and over. With this thought, my spirits began to revive and I
went to check on my tent. It had been flattened by the storm, which meant I would have to
go back to the cave for shelter, although I was afraid it might collapse on my head.

3. What happened immediately after the third quake?

A. The rain began to fall heavily.
B. A hurricane started.
C. The area grew strangely quiet.
D. Another quake was felt.
4. How did the writer feel about the rain?
A. He was annoyed he had nowhere to shelter.
B. He realised it was a good sign.
C. He was relieved he had his tent.
D. He feared for another earthquake.

WE COULD HAVE A EUROPEAN TSUNAMI

Although we associate tsunamis with faraway parts of the earth such as Asia, we could have
our very own tsunami here in Europe. The Cumbre Vieja on La Palma in the Canary Islands
is a volcano which could erupt, devastating Atlantic coastlines with waves as high as 100
metres. Scientists say that an eruption of the volcano would probably cause a huge chunk
of rock to break off, crashing into the sea and causing the largest waves ever known in
human history.
The tsunami could well travel more than 800 kilometres an hour, giving authorities little
time to react. However, as the volcano is not erupting at present, the short-term and even
medium-term risks are minimum. This will not stop the authorities from keeping a close
eye on any activity in the area. Should there be any signs of such activity, emergency
services could plan a response, even if limited in scope.
It is unclear as to when we can expect another eruption as the Cumbre Vieja is thought to
erupt a intervals of decades to a century or so, and there may be a number of eruptions

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before its collapse. Although the year-to-year probability of a collapse is therefore low, the
resulting tsunami would be a major disaster with indirect effects around the world.

5. What would cause the high waves?

A. the actual eruption of the volcano
B. underground vibrations
C. part of the volcano falling into the sea
D. earth tremors after the eruption

6. How often does the volcano go off?

A. no one knows
B. 10 to 100 year intervals
C. every decade
D. every year

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 1: READING PART 2
You are going to read an extract from a magazine article. Six paragraphs have been
removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (7-
12). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

AT LAST THE SUN RISES ON THE DARK

Thirty-three years ago, four lads made one record that flopped, and they broke up. Now that
record is more collectable than anything by the Rolling Stones. Byron Rogers finds that the
men who were in the band called The Dark are bemused by success that came too late.

There is just one surprise in Record 9.

Collector magazine's guide to the rarest On the cover was a girl he knew at the time,
records. The top listings are of famous shown staring out of a window. He doesn't
groups in their beginnings. On the cover was know where she is now, but believes she is
a girl he know at the time, But at No. 13 is a married. The record was bought mostly by
group whose beginning was their end. friends, who paid £3 each, and their
When we met, they were sitting around a response prompted the lads to press
café table - Cliff the builder, Martin the another batch, some of which they sent out
computer engineer, Steve, who had formed to record companies. They never even
the band and who now works nights at a received an acknowledgement.
supermarket, and Ron, who took early 10.
retirement due to ill health. They were all in And that was it really. They broke up in
their early fifties, quiet men, family men. In 1972 and drifted apart. There were jobs and
the early 1970s, they were in an English marriages and even other bands, but it was
rock band from Northampton, called The the end of The Dark, until one day in 1993
Dark. They only ever made one record. And Martin's phone rang. ‘This chap, he'd
then, having failed to interest any record apparently rung everyone with my surname
company in it, the group broke up. in the Northampton phone book, asked if I

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7. still had the record, which I did at the time.

Five years ago, a visiting American He offered me £500. I thought it was a wind-
executive, clearing out the debris from an up. So I rang Cliff, and he thought it was a
office at EMI, one of the companies to which wind-up as well. But then he got back to me
they had sent their record, found Dark to say it was for real.”
Around The Edges. The result is that a group 11.
who had never made more money than you Thinking the long-delayed breakthrough
could count on the fingers of one hand had finally come, they got together to make a
achieved cult status, and copies of the replica CD. They even rented the old cellar
record now fetch upwards of £1,800 each. they hadn't seen since they broke up. 'And
And only Cliff still has a copy! the smell and the damp was just as it had
The one time they had the chance to lay a been then.' Cliff, who hadn't played in a band
fingernail on fame was the night they got a for 25 years, unpacked his original bass
booking to play alongside Status Quo, guitar. It took them two years to rehearse
themselves on the way to world for it.
superstardom, at a club. 12.
8. 'We often wonder what life would have been
But it was the record that was their great like if we had met the right people, but we
achievement. The Record Collector missed the boat,’ reflects Cliff. 'I do find
magazine confessed its wonder at what they myself, usually on building sites, wondering
achieved. ‘Tightly played, the chief what life would have been like had we been
characteristic was The Dark's incredible the Rolling Stones.’
marriage of mellowness and raw power,” it
said. It was recorded in the cellar under the
photographic shop then owned by Martin's
father, which was damp to the point where
fungi grew on the walls.

PRACTICE CAE

A. It cost £50 to make, for which they were supposed to have a whip-round, but Steve, then
earning £6 a week, seems to have picked up the entire tab. Just 30 were made, and when
they came back in their white sleeves, he used the facilities on the premises to add his own
pictures, which he glued on. The effect was quite beautiful.

B. That was something that struck them all. 'My family's attitude was interesting,' said Ron.
‘My wife said, "It's good for him really," but my teenage son, who had started off by
grunting that the whole thing was terribly sad, ended up coming to listen to us.’

C. For them, like so many others, it looked as though the two years they spent as a group
would at best be something to startle their teenage children with, an incident in their own
long -ago youth. But, funnily enough, it didn't work out like that.

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D. There followed a series of extraordinary calls, most of them from dealers in either Italy
or America. The group began to sell their own copies. Ron, who had scratched his, sold it
for £1,200. Steve sold his to a Milan dealer for £1,500.

E. This didn't stop them going down to London and knocking on doors. One company,
Island Records, held out the promise of work and even quoted a fee (£40 for a seven-day
week), provided the group organised a gig its executives could come and watch. The Dark
organised a gig, but Island Records never turned up.

F. Sadly, there was no move into success this time, either, and they only just covered their
costs. "But this'll become a collector's item as well, just you watch. Come back in 20 years'
time,' says Martin.

G. 'Only our van broke down,' says Steve. 'So we had to ring their driver to come out and
get us. That was the biggest gig of our career. We got £7, only the driver charged us £5, so
we cleared £2. That was the most we ever made in our musical life.

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 1: READING PART 3

You are going to read a newspaper article. For questions 13-19, choose the answer (A, B, C
or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

THE WORLD'S A STAGE - BUT IT'S A BIT SILLY, REALLY

The well-known actor Anthony Hopkins once described his profession as a ‘futile, wasteful life
in a false environment.’ Do other actors fool the same way? Tom Conti gives his view.

There are moments in the life of any actor when a sense of the futility of it does impinge.
There is a story told about the great British actor Laurence Olivier making a particularly
extravagant exit from the stage, saying: "My God, this is no job for a grown man."
In my family, such occasions are known as ‘stoat moments.’ It all goes back to a time in my
career before I could be sure of regular work. Many years ago I was appearing in a
desperately poor production of The Wind in the Willows. I was playing the Chief Stoat. We
were standing in the wings, five grown men clothed head to toe in white nylon fur,
whiskers painted on our faces, the end of our noses blacked. I looked down the line, saw
the five of us, and said, "I can't go on. And I didn't. I just couldn't do it. I have to say that the
'stoat' never ceases to present itself.
The 'stoat’ syndrome can be particularly extreme in Hollywood, where there's a bogus
aspect to the whole business. It's such a high- profile, high-profit business that it attracts a
lot of people who really ought not to be in it. When you're shooting a film, you enter a
make-believe world and, inside the production office, there is a second, rather different
make-believe world. So there is a feeling of unreality both on and off the set. Maybe that
does eventually get to you.

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For example, there is something that people in Hollywood say - a kind of equivalent of
"Hello, how are you?'- which is very allly. They say, 'Hi Tom, it's so exciting that you're
here.’ I know perfectly well that it's not remotely exciting for them that I'm there. I'm afraid
I've been around too long to take it at face value.
The other thing about Hollywood that drives everybody mad is that no one will take a
decision on the basis of the talent involved. Instead, people look up a 'demograph' table
telling them the amount of box office revenue a particular actor will pull in a certain kind of
picture. I've seen this from the other side when I've been sitting in production offices trying
to cast a film. I'll say: ‘How about so and so, he was great in such and such a film?’ And
someone will say, 'No, it's two years ago, he's dead in the water, the figures are way down.’
The truth is that a good actor has more chance of making a movie successful than a bad
one, but that is not considered. Things like that do drive me crazy.
Of course, in a sense, there is something very silly about acting, in that you pretend to be
someone else. But you have to keep those thoughts at bay because, after all, this is your
livehood, and there is an awful lot to be said on the positive side. I find, for one thing, that
the stage is the only place where I function well and efficiently. If only I could do the same
when I'm sitting at my desk, sorting out the peripheral aspects of the business, life would
be a lot simpler.
To be less introspective, we actors probably do ourselves an injustice by feeling that what
we do is wholly unimportant. People have a thirst to be entertained, so by quenching that
we fulfil a necessary function for society. I'm currently in a play, and when I look out I see
hundreds of people having a good time.
There is a perception of acting as frivolous and, if you adopt that attitude, you endanger
yourself - and the quality of your work. Only a few people really know what the quality of
your work is. When we first become noticed, it is a very exciting, glamorous time. After
that, you do become part of the furniture. But for those of us who are lucky enough to be
successful in the business, being an actor is a privilege and it gains you access to people and
places that are denied to almost everyone else.

13. What does the writer say about 'stoat moments’?

A. They occur whenever he cannot see the point of what he is doing.
B. They are most likely to occur in certain types of stage productions.
C. The story about Laurence Olivier helped him to understand them.
D. He regrets the effect they have on poople he is acting with.

14. What does the writer emphasise about Hollywood in the third paragraph?
A. how difficult it is to get on with the people who work there.
B. the false nature of everything connected with working there
C. how conscious it is of the unreal image it projects
D. the effect that it has on anyone who goes to work there

15. What does the writer say about the greeting that people in Hollywood give?
A. The people who say it do not expect it to be taken seriously.
B. It annoys him more than anything else that people say it.

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C. The people who say it do not realise they are being insincere.
D. He has too much experience of the place to find it flattering.

16. The writer says that a particularly annoying thing about Hollywood is
A. how inaccurately information about the popularity of actors is interpreted there.
B. how often films succeed despite having poor actors in them.
C. how much the people who choose actors for films are dependent on statistics.
D. how indecisively the people who choose actors for films behave.

17. The writer says that, when he is sitting at his desk,

A. he is doing something that does not come easily to him.
B. he realises he is sometimes too negative about acting.
C. he is doing something that is more sensible than acting.
D. he sometimes thinks about how silly acting is.

18. The writer mentions the play he is in to illustrate his view that
A. actors think too much about their role in society.
B. criticism of the profession of acting is unfair.
C. the entertainment industry is not given the status it deserves.
D. the public do not think that acting is a pointless profession.

19. Which of the following best sums up the writer's view in the text as a whole?
A. Most actors regret the times when they doubted that acting was a worthwhile
profession.
B. The feeling that acting is pointless is usually caused by the people actors work with.
C. There are aspects of acting which really are ridiculous but it is worthwhile nevertheless.
D. The happiest actors accept that their profession should not be taken too seriously.

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 1: READING PART 4

You are going to read an article containing advice on organising focal events. For questions
20-34, choose from the reviews (A-E). The reviews may be chosen more than once.

ORGANISING LOCAL EVENTS

Are you thinking of setting up a fundraising event for your local school or community?
Sarah Passingham, a professional fundraiser, offers advice.

A.
I have had a lot of fun from running events; it has been hard work but have always done it
in the knowledge that I was being paid for my many hours of toil. There are hundreds,
probably thousands, of volunteers who work just as hard for no financial remuneration at
all, and I have enormous admiration for them. I have worked with a good many groups and
individuals who have had a burning ambition to do something for a particular community,

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remaining enthusiastic even in the face of adversity. When things go wrong, it is

desperately disappointing and disheartening. Perhaps by looking at some of my
suggestions and learning from my mistakes, most of those disappointing times can be
averted. However, this guide is not meant as the definite work on organising events, rather
it is meant as a framework on which to hang your own ideas and methods of doing things.

B.
A very important piece of advice is: Don't panic! Oganising events can be a fraught business
and I have myself come close to falling apart on occasions, but it achieved nothing and did
not inspire my colleagues. I hope this book will act as a buffer - to be used before you go off
the rails! - and that it will allow you not only to appear calm and well organised, but
genuinely to be those things. In nearly 10 years of working with every type of professional
and amateur, indoors and out, when plans have moved from A to B and sometimes to C due
to bad weather or other reasons too numerous to mention, I don't think the general public
have ever realised what was going on behind the scenes. Sometimes what they were
experiencing was far removed from the original concept but nobody minded and, more
often than not, nobody knew.

C.
Even if you have unlimited spare time and resources to set an event up, it is almost
impossible to organise the way itself with one person. You physically cannot be in two or
more places at once. Committees can be tiresome, unwieldy groups of people who may
have come out for the evening just to enjoy some social chit-chat. However, if you have a
committee that operates efficiently and decisively, it can relieve you of much of the time
consuming but necessary work, and allow you to get to grips with the real business and
keep a good overview without getting bogged down by details. And when you are dealing
with money from the public, it is always worth having at least a cashier or treasurer as a
second person to keep an eye on your balance or banking. You never want to be put in the
position of having the finger of doubt or suspicion pointed at you, even if you know that
you are entirely innocent.

D.
When I first started, my critics would say that one of my failings was an unwillingness to
delegate. I hope that is no longer true, as in time I have come to realise the value of help,
especially from volunteers. Help can come in many forms apart from the obvious muscle
and brawn. Support, encouragement and an infectious enthusiasm all come from working
with people who have chosen to give their time and sometimes their belongings for a cause
they care passionately about. But what can you expect from volunteers? There is one rule
of thumb here. Let volunteers know exactly what job it is that they are volunteering for.
They can then make the choice to put themselves forward or not. But don't expect anyone
to do anything you would not be prepared to tackle yourself!

E.

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In my experience, as long as they are prepared beforehand, people will have a go at almost
anything. Of course, you have to be able to rely on your volunteers once they have offered
their services. You need commitment from them, and if they can't make it on a particular
day or are going to be late, you need to know well in advance so that you can make
alternative arrangements. Now, what's in it for them? Fun, companionship, a sense of
responsibility or, conversely, allowing someone else to take responsibility, or simply an
opportunity to get out of the house. But, above all, we all need to feel needed and you will
often find that the more you show that you need your volunteers, the more they will be
prepared to commit their time and energy to you, often time and time again. If you, as
leader, keep the atmosphere as light as possible by sharing the decisions and being flexible,
they will manage to get what they want out of the work and you will get a job well done."

PRACTICE CAE

In which section(s) of the text are the following mentioned?

the importance of making it clear to people that you value them 20

the writer's natural instinct to want to do everything herself 21

times when the writer has felt she may become unable to cope 22

a way in which the writer's situation has been different from that of people she 23
has worked with

people who get involved in organising events but don't really want to do any 24
work

some people preferring others to be in charge 25

the assistance provided by people who are physically strong 26

a situation in which you are free to concentrate only on the most important 27
aspects of organising an event

the willingness of people to try things they may not have done before 28

the importance of working with people who will not suddenly let you down 29

the feeling that you really are in control, not just pretending to be 30

the writer's belief that she cannot tell readers everything they need to know 31

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the difference that may exist between the way events are planned and the way 32
they turn out

a situation when it is desirable to have someone else checking what you are 33
doing

the possibility that people will be willing to work with you on events repeatedly 34

PAPERS 1 & 3

PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 1

For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0)

LIFE OF A TRAVEL WRITER

Mick Hudsmith can be (0) ......................... for thinking he has the best job in the world. Here he
is working, which actually means he's sitting high up in the Himalayas, gazing at a view of
magnificent (1) ................... all around. Below him, the snow-capped mountains (2)...................
out, stretching away for as far as the eye can see. A perfect job, you may think, but some
days his head (3) ................... from the amount of work he has to do, for example, checking
the room prices for the 50 hotels in the vicinity, and if every telephone number is correct.
He admits it (4) ................... him out at times.
Mick is the chief travel writer for a well-known company, working on a series of
guidebooks, and it's non stop hard work, as each guidebook contains thousands of facts,
each of which needs to be checked and re-checked. A writer can easily note down dozens of
points of (5) ................... in one day, and then spend the evening, and often deep into the
night, typing them up.
(6) ................... to popular belief, being a travel writer is no holiday! For the traveller who will
buy the book, Mick has to (7) ...................... long hours to make sure everything he reads is
accurate. After weeks of intensive work, Mick (8) .......................... himself by doing something
he really enjoys, like taking photographs or simply lying on a deserted beach. He has done
some adventurous things, such as cross the Sahara by jeep and spend several weeks
exploring the Amazon by canoe. His (9) ................... of the Nepalese language is impressive,
and he admits this region is his favourite out of all the places he has visited, and would
quite like to (10) ................... here. However, (11) ................... calls, and every now and again he
has to head back to London to make sure the latest book doesn't (12) ....................... behind
schedule.

0. A. mistaken B. forgiven C. tolerated D. spared

1. A. scenery B. panorama C. outlook D. spectacle
2. A. expand B. broaden C. lie D. spread
3. A. turns B. winds C. spins D. twists

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4. A. wears B. brings C. bears D. works

5. A. attention B. interest C. attraction D. value
6. A. Opposite B. Alternative C. Distinct D. Contrary
7. A. get into B. take up C. put in D. make over
8. A. delights B. rewards C. praises D. celebrates
9. A. command B. charge C. rule D. order
10. A. put up B. see through C. settle down D. stay off
11. A. duty B. job C. obligation D. service
12. A. drop B. be C. go D. fall

PRACTICE CAE
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 2
For questions 13-27, read the text below and think of the word which best fts each gap. Use
only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0)

THE HISTORY OF THE CINEMA

In Britain, the cinema was, (0) ............................. doubt, the most important form of public
commercial entertainment of the twentieth century. Until its popularity was eclipsed in the
1950s by television, cinema enjoyed a period of some fifty years during (13).............................
its appeal far exceeded (14) ............................. of sport, or indeed any other commercial leisure
activity.

The popularity of the cinema at that time is (15) .......................... difficult to explain: it was
accessible, glamorous and cheap. At (16) ............................. height, between 1920 and 1950, a
very small sum of money (17) ............................. guarantee a good seat in the cinema. In the
1920s, the usual venue was a small neighbourhood hall. The audience was drawn from the
local area, and could (18) ............................. some occasions be rather noisy. By the end of the
1930s, (19) ................................, the venue was more likely to be in (20) ............................ of the
larger cinemas known as 'picture palaces', which were springing up everywhere in city
centres (21) ......................... accommodate audiences of over two thousand people. (22)
............................ these establishments, the audiences were expected to be well-behaved; the
performances were organised just (23) ......................... military operations, (24) ............................
uniformed staff on hand to control the queues and usherettes to direct seating
arrangements.

These large cinemas attracted (25) .......................... very mixed audience, although older
people were less likely to be cinema-goers than adolescents. In addition, as might be
expected, people in rural areas were (26) ....................... immersed in the cinema than were
people in towns, simply (27) .............................. of the greater provision of cinemas in urban
areas.

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PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 3
For questions 28-37, read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of
some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example
at the beginning (0).

CHINESE CUISINE
The (0) ....................................... and sophistication of much Chinese culture is COMPLEX
often hidden behind apparent (28) .............................. Nowhere is this more SIMPLE
(29) .......................... than in the kitchen. Here, a straightforward cooking EVIDENCE
technique such as stir-frying in a deep pan produces the most (30) .................. IMAGINE
results. This technique, which was first developed to make maximum use of
the limited fuel available, also preserves the full (31) .............................. value NUTRITION
of the ingredients used. A new generation of chefs of (32) ............................ CULTURE
mixed heritage has encouraged an (33) .......................... approach to food and ADVENTURE
its preparation. (34) .............................., they combine this with an appreciation INSTINCT
of the importance of getting the balance right. The results are as
(35)........................... to the eye as they are delicious to the palate. This STRIKE
(36)....................... shown by the Chinese chefs is something to cherish, and CREATE
one can only hope this heralds a new era in this most popular and
(37)....................... of cuisines. ENDURE

PRACTICE CAE
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 4

For questions 38-42, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three
sentences. Here is an example (0)

Example:
0. I'm afraid that the interests of wildlife do not .......count...... as far as the property
developers are concerned.
You can .....count..... on my support if you decide to run for election.
If you don't .........count........... internal applicants, five people have put in for the post

38. Finally the islands came into ......................................, after three days at sea.
I asked for a ................................ of the mountains, but I didn't get one.
In my ............................ , we need to rethink this whole project.

39. We had to .................... off the match because of crowd trouble.

I managed to ....................... for help when we broke down.
I'd like to .................... in on you some day, if possible.

40. I think it is .................... to say that he won't be coming back.

You should always keep a ..................................... distance from the car in front.

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Is that a ............................ place to leave your bag?

41. That was a ....................... shave-the car nearly hit us.

I've invited just a few ............................... friends to the reception.
The election results were very .............................. .

42. There's been no ......................... from Hans yet - I hope he's OK.
Put in a good ........................... for me when you talk to Janet.
I give you my ........................ that this will remain a secret.

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 5

For questions 43-50, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use
between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0)

Example:
0 James really enjoys going for a swim every morning.
ON
What James .... is really keen on........ going for a swim every morning.

43. We think you paid too much to have your house painted.
GOT
We think you ................................................................................................................................... more
cheaply.

44. Don't assume that dad will be there to pick you up.
GRANTED
Don't .............................................................................................................. dad will be there to pick you up.

45. The peace talks failed to make any progress.

MADE
No ...................................................................................................................................................... the peace
talks.

46. I've found it difficult to get all my housework done since getting the flu.
KEEP
I've found it very .............................................................................. my housework since getting the flu.

47. It was the most wonderful show had ever seen.

SUCH
Never ......................................................................................................................................... a wonderful
show.

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48. I was about to give up when he arrived.

POINT
I ....................................................................................................................................................... when he arrived.

49. She puts her lack of interest down to the way he presents the subject.
ON
She ............................................................................................................... his way of presenting the subject.

50 Unless his health improves, he will have to stay at home.

MEAN
If his health .................................................................................................................... he has to stay at home.

GRAMMAR

1. TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE
(always, often, usually.../every day/week)
1. general truths
Ÿ Light travels faster than sound.
2. permanent situations
Ÿ I work for a law firm in Oxford
3. habitual/repeated actions
(with frequency adverbs/adverbal)
Ÿ I always have a glass of wine with dinner.
Ÿ I go to the gym once a week.
4. timetables and programmes (future actions)
Ÿ Our flight leaves at 6 am on Monday moming
5. narrative, headlines, sports commentaries, book/film reviews, itineraries, directions and
instructions
Ÿ Tom Haybum is a successful businessman who goes bankrupt but then marries a rich
widow. (summary of events in a narrative)
Ÿ Students break into school files! (headline)
Ÿ Wilson shoots and scores! (sports commentary)
Ÿ The film is very well directed and has great sound effects. (film review)
Ÿ You go down this road and then turn left. (directions)
Ÿ We visit Hampton Court first then go to Covent Garden. (itinerary)
6. making suggestions/declarations (hope, bet)
Ÿ Why don't you hire a housekeeper?
Ÿ I bet he doesn't/won't come!
7. adverbial clauses (for hisbust or future actions)/time expressions
(when, as soon as, until, as long as, ...)
Ÿ As soon as he arrives, call and let me know.
8. stative verbs

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Ÿ senses - *see, hear, *taste, *smell, *feel, notice, etc.

Ÿ emotions/preferences - like, love, hate, want, need, wish, prefer, *depend, etc.
Ÿ perception knowledge - doubt, mean, understand, *think, seem, *appear, believe, know,
etc.
Ÿ ownership - *have, own, belong (to), possess
Ÿ permanence - contain, consist of, resemble, look like, cost, *weigh, *be, etc.
Ÿ We understand you are busy but we need to see you.
Ÿ I don't know who this belongs to but I think it's Helen's
NOTE: (*when these verbs are used in the present progressive tense there is a change in
meaning from a state to an event/activity - see examples in Present Progressive)
9. zero/first conditional
Ÿ If you call, they'll give you the information.
10. in exclamations “Here... !”/“There ...!”
Ÿ "Here comes the queen!"
Ÿ "There they go again!"

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(now, at present, at the moment, this month, nowadays, ...)

1. actions/events happening at/around the time of speaking

Ÿ The children are studying in their rooms at the moment.
Ÿ I can't come over now because I'm cleaning the house.
2. temporary situations
Ÿ I'm working out of town this week.
3. planned future - personal social and travel arrangements (immediate/near future)
Ÿ He's visiting his parents tomorrow.
4. expressing annoyance or pleasure, with adverbs of frequency such as always, constantly,
forever, perpetually, continually...
Ÿ He is constantly getting into trouble with the law.
Ÿ Kathy is so kind; she's always helping other people.
5. changing situations
Ÿ It's getting dark; we'd better head for home.
6. after imperatives: Look!, Listen!, etc.
Ÿ Listen! A car is pulling up in front of the house.
7. stative verbs which change their meaning in the progressive, to describe an event or
activity
see - She is seeing a lawyer tomorrow. (visiting)
have - I'm having a party this Saturday. (holding)
think - I'm thinking of moving house. (considering)
appear - He is appearing in the new play.(acting in)
be - He is being rude. (behaving)

PAST SIMPLE
(ago, yesterday, then, last, ...)

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1. completed actions
a) at a certain time
Ÿ We saw a film last night at the cinema
b) successively
Ÿ He came in, sat down and picked up newspaper to read.
c) lasting for a certain time
Ÿ We travelled for a month.
2. narrative/story-telling
Ÿ The thief opened the window, climbed inside and switched on his torch.
3. discoveries, inventions
Ÿ Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
4. past habits/states
Ÿ I always went to bed at 9.00 when I was a child
Ÿ I always used to go to bed at 9.00 when I was a child
used to + infinitite (past habits)/would + infinitive/typical behaviour in the past)
5. unreal past (with present meaning-subjunctives)
It's time, I'd rather, I wish, If only, etc.
Ÿ It's time they dealt with the pollution problem in this city
6. 2nd conditional
Ÿ If I knew where he lived, I would visit him.
7. reporting present simple verbs
Ÿ "Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.

PAST PROGRESSIVE
(while, as, when, at this time, last)
1. interrupted actions in the past (with past simple)
Ÿ I was having a shower when the doorbell rang.
2. parallel actions (two past actions in progress at the same time)
Ÿ He was reading the newspaper while I was cooking in the kitchen.
3. continuous activity at a certain time in the past
Ÿ At this time last week, I was sunbathing at my summer house by the sea.
4. gradual development/changing states
Ÿ The economic situation was becoming more and more serious.
5. background scenes to a story
Ÿ He was driving towards the border; rain was falling and nightfall was approaching.
6. reporting present progressive verbs
Ÿ He said, 'Are you joining us on the trip?
ð He asked me if I was joining them on the trip.
7. expressing annoyance/criticism or pleasure/ admiration; used with adverbs such as
always, constantly, forever, etc.
Ÿ They were forever fighting with each other.
Ÿ We were constantly playing tricks on each other.
8. wonder/think/hope (polite requests/suggestions)
Ÿ I was wondering if you'd like to come along with me tonight.

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Ÿ I was thinking you might like to join us for dinner.

Ÿ I was hoping you would lend me some money.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (already, yet, just, since, for, ever, never, how long,
recently)
1. for an action which has just been completed
Ÿ I've just finished repairing the car. (without definite time given)
2. for past actions of unknown time whose results are connected to the present and are
apparent now
Ÿ Look! Someone has cleaned out the garage. All the junk has gone.
3. for actions which began in the past and continue to the present (with, for, since, all my
life)
Ÿ I've been a teacher for twenty years.
4. to announce changes, events or news that affect the present
Ÿ He has fallen ill with the flu.
5. haven't done (sth since/for...)
Ÿ I haven't seen Mary since we were al college together.
6. with adjectives in the superlative degree
Ÿ This is the most exciting story I've ever read.
7. after the expressions: It's the only/first/second... (time), etc.
Ÿ It is the first time I've ever been to England.
8. earlier state/action which includes present period
Ÿ She has phoned me twice this morning. (It's still morning.)
9. with stative verbs leading up to the present
Ÿ I haven't seen/heard from him for over two years.
10. first conditional
Ÿ If you haven't heard from me by eight, go ahead and leave

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (How long, for, since, all day/morning,…)

1. to show the duration of an uncompleted action beginning in the past and continuing to
the present.
Ÿ We've been waiting in this queue for twenty minutes.
2. to explain a present situation (to emphasise the fact that an action has been
uninterrupted even though it's not continuing now)
Ÿ They have been talking on the phone all day.
3. to show annoyance, irritation or curiosity
Ÿ Look at this mess! The dogs have been playing in the flowerbeds again.
Ÿ I wonder what he's been doing in Africa all this time.
4. for temporary situations
Ÿ He has been staying with his mother for a month, but he's moving into his own flat soon.
5. to show a repented activity
Ÿ I've been taking computer lessons this year.
6. to show a recently finished activity
Ÿ He's been digging in the garden. That's why his boots are dirty.

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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (after, before, when, by the time, by,...)

1. to describe an action completed before some special past moment we have in mind.
a) past action before another past action
Ÿ When we arrived, everyone else had left.
b) past action before a given time
Ÿ She had written two bestsellers by the time she was twenty.
c) distinction between two past events
Ÿ As soon as I had given him the money, he ran off.
2. in noun clauses following the past tense of realise, know, remember, think, etc.
Ÿ He suddenly remembered what she had said (the noun clause refers to something
already done before the action of realising, knowing etc.)
3. to explain a past situation
Ÿ She was puffing and panting. She had run up three flights of stairs.
4. reporting verbs in Present Perfect Simple/Past Simple
Ÿ "I have/had called him several times but to no avail," he said.
ð She told him that she had called him several times but to no avail.
5. third conditional
Ÿ If we had arrived earlier, we would have got better seats.
6. wish/if only + past perfect (to express regret for a past situation/event)
Ÿ I wish/if only I had accepted the job transfer to the mainland.
7. with adjectives in the superlative degree (past reference)
Ÿ It was the worst experience I had ever had.
8. with the expressions: It/That was the only/first/second (time) ..., etc. (past reference)
Ÿ That was the first time I had eaten in a Chinese restaurant.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(How long, when, for, since, after, before, by... etc.)
1. to express duration up to a certain time in the past or before another past event
Ÿ I'd been sleeping for two hours when the alarm clock went off.
2. to explain a past situation which caused visible results
Ÿ Her eyes were red. She had been crying for quite some time.

FUTURE SIMPLE (tomorrow, next week/month, in a week/month,…)

1. promises
Ÿ I'll always be here for you.
2. offers
Ÿ I'll pick you up after work.
3. requests
Ÿ Will you drop this off at the post office, please?
4. assumptions
Ÿ "The phone's ringing." "Oh, that will be Jane."
5. Invitation/offer/refusal
Ÿ Will you join us for dinner?

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Ÿ Will you have another drink?

Ÿ He won't accept our offer.
6. willingness/determination
Ÿ I'll stay till we finish no matter how long it takes.
7. asking for advice
Ÿ What will/shall* I do about the broken gate? *see Modals
8. commands
Ÿ Will you please be quiet!
9. predictions or personal opinions about the future (what I know/believe/think/expect,...)
Ÿ I believe he will make a success of his life.
10. first conditional
Ÿ We'll miss the train if you don't hurry up.
Ÿ If you say that again, I'll tell the headmaster.
11. Immediate reaction at the moment of speaking, or a decision that requires no thought
Ÿ "We've run out of coffee.
" I’ll go and buy some."
12. future fact
Ÿ My son will be four years old in March.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
1. for an action happening at a certain time in the future which is already planned or
arranged
Ÿ At this time tomorrow, I'll be driving to Windsor.
2. to express an action in the future which is a regular occurrence
Ÿ I suppose they'll be going away to their cottage this weekend, as usual.
3. used for events already decided or going to happen anyway
Ÿ I'm afraid I'll be working on Saturday, so I don't think I can come.
4. polite requests asking indirectly for a favour
Ÿ Will you be needing the car tomorrow?

FUTURE with BE GOING TO

1. for plans or decisions that have already been made
Ÿ I'm going to study law after finishing high school.
2. to show intention
Ÿ I'm not going to give up now.
3. for predictions based on evidence
Ÿ The sky is overcast. It's going to rain today.
4. for actions in the past that had been planned but did not eventually occur.
Ÿ We were going to stay an extra day, but we ran short of money.

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE (by, by the time, before,...)

1. used for an action which will have been completed by a future time or action
Ÿ They will have completed the construction of the building by Friday.
2. to express an assumption by the speaker

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Ÿ You won't have heard about the article in this morning's paper, of course.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. to show duration up to a certain time in the future
Ÿ By tomorrow morning we will have been working non-stop for 48 hours.

OTHER FUTURE FORMS/REFERENCES

1. the verb to be in calendar references
Ÿ My birthday is on the twenty-first of this month. (present simple),
2. the verb to be to describe formal arrangements
Ÿ Everyone is to be back at eleven at the latest. (to convey orders, instructions, plans)
3. after the verbs think, believe, expect, doubt if there is a future reference
Ÿ I expect he'll be late again.

2. MODALS (PRESENT FUTURE)

A. MODAL AUXILIARIES:
MUST - MAY - CAN - COULD - MIGHT - WILL - SHALL - SHOULD - OUGHT TO - WOULD -
HAD - BETTER
B. PRINCIPAL AUXILIARIES: TO BE, TO HAVE (GOT) TO, TO DO
C. SEMI-MODALS: USED TO, DARE, NEED
A. MODAL AUXILIARIES
MUST expresses:
strong necessity:
Ÿ I must get this passport renewed immediately.
prohibition (negative):
Ÿ Tourists must not take photographs in this area.
deduction/strong possibility:
Ÿ Look at the ambulances. There must be an accident ahead.
invitations:
Ÿ You really must come to my country house.
strong suggestion:
Ÿ You really must visit Florence when you go to Italy.
obligation MUST NOT è It is forbidden
absence of obligation
DO NOT HAVE TO è It isn't necessary
I don't have to get to work before ten, but I must not leave before six.
Interrogative (external obligation)
It is always safer to uso have to instead of must in questions.
Ÿ Do you have to go back next week?
Ÿ Does she have to come in our car?
MAY - CAN express:
polite request:
Ÿ May I use your computer for a couple of minutes?
polite request (informal):

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Ÿ Can I leave my luggage at the reception desk, please?

formal permission:
Ÿ Visitors may smoke, but only in the corridors.
informal permission:
Ÿ You can use my apartment while I'm abroad.
possibility:
Ÿ It may be a bit chilly, so take a jacket.
Ÿ "Where's Simon?"
"I'm not sure. He may be downstairs."
prohibition:
Ÿ You can't go out tonight.
ability:
Ÿ I can swim much better now than I could last year.
impossibility:
Ÿ Pigs can't fly,
Ÿ They can't go on holiday this year, unfortunately.
concession (although clauses-may):
Ÿ He may be in charge, but he has no right to speak to me like that.
Ÿ Fast though he may be, he'll never win the race.

COULD expresses:
suggestion:
Ÿ You could always stay with Claire in Rome, couldn't you? (possibility/ability)
polite request:
Ÿ Could I possibly have a little more cake, please?
impossibility (negative only):
Ÿ We couldn't afford to buy a new car at that time.
possibility (uncertainty):
Ÿ I think he could be the one you're looking for./ This could be his car.
could + comparative adj. (possibility/impossibility):
Ÿ Things couldn't be worse./I could be better.
past general ability (for an ability on a specific occasion, in the affirmative we use be able
to):
Ÿ When he was in primary school, he could do advanced mathematics.
Ÿ She couldn't fix my hair on Friday, but she was able to do it on Saturday. (Here we do not
say: she could do it on Saturday).
weak probability:
Ÿ He could become mayor, I suppose.
conditionals 2nd & 3rd type:
Ÿ We could go if we were lucky enough to find two tickets.
Ÿ He could have brought the files himself if you had told him early enough.

MIGHT expresses:
suggestion:

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Ÿ If you can't find him at Lucy's, you might try Maria's.

conditionals:
Ÿ If my money comes through, I might go to the Seychelles.
indirect speech (may → might):
Ÿ "I may be out when you get back," she said.
ð She said she might be out when I got back.
possibility:
Ÿ Go on without me; I might be delayed.

MAY/MIGHT*
may/might as well (= the only thing left to do)
Ÿ Everyone has left so we may/might as well call it a day
Idiomatic expression with "try"
Ÿ Try as he may, he'll never succeed, (present)
Ÿ Try as he might, he didn't succeed. (past)
Ÿ The Prime Minister may/might raise the tax issue in Parliament today.
(*might suggests less possibility than may)
REMEMBER!
The interrogative form of may is used for polite requests. When we want to ask about
future possibility, we use:
think+ (that) clause.
be likely inf./(that) clause
Ÿ Do you think (that) we'll be invited?
Ÿ Is it likely (that) we'll be invited?
Ÿ Is Jonathan likely to remember his cousin's birthday?

WILL SHALL express:

threat:
Ÿ You'll be sorry if you ever get on the wrong side of him!
request:
Ÿ Will you make sure your grandmother gets a lift home?
promise:
Ÿ I'll take them back home if you haven't got time.
assumption:
Ÿ That will be John at the door. I'm expecting him.
first conditional:
Ÿ If I have enough money, I'll pay for it.
Immediate reaction (requiring no thought):
Ÿ "The telephone's ringing." "I'll get it."
prediction:
Ÿ They'll be sorry for their actions one day.
suggestions:
Ÿ Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
offers:

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ŸMary needs help. Shall I go and give her a hand?

asking for advice:
Ÿ I need a holiday, but where shall I go?
formal rules and regulations:
Ÿ No members of the public shall be allowed in.
refusal:
Ÿ I won't take your money!
insistence:
Ÿ I will go through with the operation.

SHOULD - OUGHT TO express:

advisability:
Ÿ I should/ought to try and cut down on sweets.
certainty:
Ÿ He should/ought to be able to find us.
It's easy enough.
uncertainty:
Ÿ Should leave the keys on the table?
assumption:
Ÿ Luke should/ought to be getting to New York about now.
conditionals:
Ÿ I should (= would) be grateful if you helped me.
duty/strong advice:
Ÿ You should/ought to stop him right now.
obligation:
Ÿ You should/ought to pay back that money soon.
a right to something:
Ÿ They should/ought to be given an hour off for lunch.
recommendation:
Ÿ I think you should/ought to consult a lawyer.
criticism:
Ÿ You shouldn't/ought not to smoke so much.

SHOULD (special structures) verb + that + (should)

(advise, arrange, ask, command, demand, insist, intend, order, prefer, propose, recommend,
request, require, specify, suggest, urge,...)
Ÿ Our lawyer advised caution. è Our lawyer advised that we should be cautious.

SHOULD + VERBS OF THINKING + (THAT)

(believe, consider, krow, think,...)
Ÿ I should think (that) you would know what to do.
Ÿ I should have known (that) you wouldn't show up.

ALSO:

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in case ð I'm taking an extra sweater in case it should get cold.

lest ð He said nothing lest they should find out.
for fear ð She wore dark glasses for fear (that) she should be recognised.

WOULD expresses:
past habit:
Ÿ When I was young, I would spend hours watching TV.
refusal (past):
Ÿ He wouldn't give me her address.
conditionals:
Ÿ What would you do/would you have done if it (had) happened to you?
polite request:
Ÿ Would you mind waiting for a couple of minutes, please?
would + rather preference:
Ÿ I'd rather be living in a warm climate than a cold one.
after doubtful, (un)likely, doubt whether:
Ÿ It's doubtful/unlikely that he would say such a thing/ doubt whether they would
remember to call.
as part of an incomplete conditional sentence:
Ÿ No one would agree. (ie, if they were asked)

HAD BETTER + bare infinitive expresses:

advisability with threat of bad result:
Ÿ He'd better pull his socks up or the coach will drop him from the team.
the best thing to do:
Ÿ It's late. I'd better call them to see what's happened

B. PRINCIPAL AUXILIARIES & MODALS

TO BE expresses:
strong expectation; to convey orders, plans or instructions
PRESENT - FUTURE
Ÿ You are to be home before eleven.
Ÿ No one is to touch anything until the police arrive.
PAST
Ÿ You were to be home before eleven.
Ÿ No one was to touch anything until the police arrived.
HAVE (GOT) TO expresses:
necessity:
I have (got) to be there by six, whatever happens.
I had to be there by six, whatever happened.
habitual obligation:
I have (got) to get up at the crack of dawn every day.
I had to got up at the crack of dawn every day.

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DO (auxiliary):
forming questions:
Ÿ Where do you normally go for your holidays?
and negative sentences:
Ÿ She doesn't seem to have taken to her new job.
emphatic request:
Ÿ Do try and look a little enthusiastic!
emphasis:
Ÿ "You didn't give me that cassette back."
"I certainly did give it back."

DO (ordinary verb):
Ÿ He always does exactly what he wants.
• It's nothing to do with me.

C. SEMI-MODALS à USED TO - DARE - NEED

USED TO:
- repeated action in the past
- discontinued habit or past situation which contrasts with the present
Ÿ I used to love horror shows when I was young.
Ÿ She used to swim regularly, but now she doesn't
(NO PRESENT FORM)
I usedn't - I used not to - I didn't use to - Used you...? à FORMAL
Did you use to...? à INFORMAL

BE/GET USED TO + ING

be/become accustomed to
Ÿ She couldn't get used to living in the Far East.

NEED (ordinary verb):

Ÿ We need more money to set up our organisation.
Ÿ I don't really need him telling me how to organise my life.
Ÿ Does he need to have the spare key for tonight?
modal auxiliary: question and negative forms
You needn't repeat yourself. I understood the first time. (rarely used in the affirmative)
Ÿ Need you go on about your problems quite so much?
REMEMBER!
didn't need to • You didn't need to call. (it wasn't necessary, and you probably didn't)
needn't have • You needn't have called. (it wasn't necessary but you did anyway.)

DARE: have the courage to do something

(semi-modal)

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a. In negatives and questions

Ÿ He dares not show his face in that store again.
Ÿ Dare we try and get away without telling her?
b. in certain informal expressions to show indignation/objection
Ÿ Don't you dare suggest such a dreadful thing!
Ÿ How dare he treat me like one of his servants!
c. In questions, negatives and statements. (ordinary verb)
Ÿ Does she dare to question my word?
Ÿ I don't dare to break the news that I'm leaving.
Ÿ If she dares to speak to me like that again, I'll tell her mother.
d. (dare + sb + full Infinitive): challenge
Ÿ His friends dared Alan to ask the girl for a date.

3. REPORTED SPEECH
Introductory Verbs

INFINITIVE GERUND THAT CLAUSE

agree accuse sb of add
advise ab admit (to) admit
allow sb apologise for agree
ask sb avoid announce
beg sb boast about answer
claim blame (sb) for argue
command sb complain to sb about assure sb
demand deny boast
encourage sb forgive (sb) for claim
*explain to sb what/how inform (sb) about complain
forbid sb insist on deny
implore ab object to estimate
instruct sb prefer exclaim
invite ab offer propose explain
offer recommend be informed
order sb regret inform sb
permit sb report observe
plead with sb reprimand (sb) for notice
promise scold (sb) for point out
refuse suggest promise
remind sb protest
request (sb) recommend
tell sb regret
threaten remark
urge sb remind sb
warm sb reply
want sb report
*wonder where/what/how/whether request
NOTE say

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*explain to sb what/why/how + state

clause suggest
*wonder why + clause threaten (sb)
warn (sb)

ADVERBIAL CHANGES: TIME AND PLACE

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
now ² then, at that time/moment
today/tonight ² that day/that night
yesterday ² the day before/the previous day
the day before yesterday ² two days before
²
tomorrow the next/following day
²
the day after tomorrow ² in two days' time
next week/year ² the following week/year
last week/year ² the previous week/year, the week/year before
a year ago ² a year before/the previous year
ago ² before
this ² the/that/it
these ² they/them/those
here there/in that place

4. CLAUSES OF PLACE – REASON - MANNER

A. CLAUSES OF PLACE
(where, wherever, only (every)where, no matter where, as near as, as far as, as
high/low as)
Ÿ No matter where he goes, he always makes friends.
Ÿ I found my keys exactly where I had left them.
Ÿ This is as far as we go.

Note:
Future Simple is not used in clauses of place.
Ÿ Wherever I will go, I see them,
Ÿ No matter where you will go, I'll find you.

B. CLAUSES OF REASON:
as, because (of), since, for, now that, seeing that, on the grounds that, the reason
for/why, due to, owing to, in view of, on account of, participles
Ÿ We had to sleep in the car because of the fact that the hotels were overbooked.
Ÿ The match was called off owing to/in view of/on account of the bad weather.
Ÿ The train crash was due to the driver's negligence.
Ÿ Now that/Seeing that/As we've lost the tickets, we can't go to the concert.
Ÿ He was punished for not doing his homework.
Ÿ Not wanting to be late, we took a taxi.

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The reason why + clause

The reason for+noun/pronoun + gerund/ infinitive
Ÿ The reason why he was arrested is not clear.
Ÿ The reason for his arrest/his being arrested is not clear.
Ÿ There must be a reason for him to say/saying that.

C. CLAUSES OF MANNER
are introduced by: as, the way, in the same way as, as if/though, how
Ÿ That's not the way (in which) to handle a newborn baby.
Ÿ They make these rugs in the same way as they did a hundred years ago.
Ÿ I'll show you how to operate the mixer.
as if/though
(present tense - real possibility in the present)
They look as if/though they know each other very well.
(past tense showing improbability in the present)
• He talks/talked about the subject as if/though he knew something about it.
(past perfect - real or imaginary action in the past)
Ÿ He looks as if/though he had worked all through the night.

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CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

 Despite her experience.... => Experienced though she is,…

 Even though applied/asked... => Despite my application/request,…
 Although we disapproved/objected,.. => In spite of our disapproval/objection,...
 Although she tried/failed/succeeded,… => Despite her attempt/failure/success,…
 Even though they were disabled,... => In spite of their disability,...
 Even though it smelt/tasted horrible,... => In spite of its horrible smell/taste,…
 Despite the fact that she strongly believed, => Regardless of her strong belief,…
 Much as I'm fond of.. => Despite my fondness for...
 Athough it was big/far/strong heavy/old, => Despite its size/distance/strength/
… weight/age,…
 No matter how expensive... Regardless of the expense/cost…
=>
 Even though he explained clearly,... In spite of his clear explanation,…
=>

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
 Although there was a lot of traffic,... => Despite the amount of traffic,…
 Although there were a lot of people,… => Despite the number of people,...
 Despite all her money,… => For all her money,…
 It may seem simple, but... => However simple it may seem,...
 However hard I try/tried,... => Try as I might,…
 The weather notwithstanding,.... => In spite of the weather,...
 It doesn't matter how much/many... => However much/many...
 I don't care what the consequences are,... => Whatever the cost/consequences,...
 Although he was not guilty,.... => Despite his innocence,....
 Although they were (given).... => In spite of being (given)...
 Despite having no money.... => In spite of the lack/shortage of money...
 Although he broke his leg.... => In spite of his broken leg/His broken leg

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notwithstanding.

ORAL PRACTICE
1. Despite his objections, the meeting went ahead. Although…
2. For all his faults, I still think he's a kind person at heart. Even if…
3. Andy tried hard, but he still couldn't get a pass mark. Try…
4. You can say what you like, but I still don't agree with you. No matter...
5. Although he knew a lot about the subject he couldn't answer our question. In...
6. I would very much like to help you out, but I'm afraid I can't. Much…
7. They built the new road even though the local residents protested. Regardless...
8. Although the police searched the flat thoroughly, no evidence turned up. Despite...
9. The truck was heavy but they managed to push it to the end of the road. Heavy..
10. Despite doing all the donkey work, they receive very meagre wages. Although...
UNIT 10 CLAUSES (II)
My grandfather was such a good missionary that he taught the cannibals to say grace before
they ate him!
CLAUSES OF RESULT
A. SUCH… THAT, SO... THAT
 such+ (a/an+) (adj +) noun+ (that +) clause
e.g. 1. He's such a liar that no one believes a word he says.
2. They talk such nonsense that I wouldn’t take any notice of what they say.
 so+adj/adv+that+ clause
e.g. 1. He became so aggressive that I couldn't belleve it was the same person.
2. They've planned the politician's visit so carefully that nothing can go wrong.
 adverbs of result therefore, so, consequently
e.g. 1. He had sprained his ankle, so he found walking painful.
2. My uncle was diagnosed with asthma. He was, therefore, forced give up his job in the
bakery.
B. SO +ADJ+ A/AN+ NOUN
e.g. The atmosphere was so tense that you could cut the air with a knife.

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=> It was so tense an atmosphere that you could cut the air with a knife.
C. TOO+ INFINITIVE
+ much of a/an + noun
+adj+a/an+noun+ for
e.g. 1. He's too much of a miser to spend a penny on entertaining.
2. It's too difficult a subject for a child to understand.
 ENOUGH+ INFINITIVE
e.g. 1. Tom wasn't man(ly) enough to stand up to his boss.
2. He's a smart enough businessman not to take stupid risks.
=> He's too smart a businessman to take stupid risks.

SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

There was so much snow.... => There was such a lot of snow...
There were so many problems.... => There were such a lot of problems...
It took us so long to.... => It look us such a long time to...
We drove so far.... => We drove such a long way/such a great distance….
He speaks so well... => He makes such good speeches...
She wears such fashionable clothes.. => So fashionably does she dress….
For a writer as good as he.... => For such a good writer...
That word does not exist in English. => There's no such word in English.
The car was so badly damaged... => Such was the extent of the damage to the car..

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
are introduced by :
a) full infinitive/so as (not) to/ in order (not) to
b) so that/in order that + clause

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I shouted loudly to/so as to/ in order to warn them of the danger.

I'm leaving now so as not to/in order not to miss the play.
I write everything down so that/ in order that I don't/won't forget.
So that/ in order that they might/would not be late, they took a taxi.
SPECIAL CASES
IN CASE (OF) + should/might
present/past
noun
FOR FEAR + of +... gerund
that + (might/would)
AVOID + gerund
PREVENT sb/sth (from) + gerund
I shouted loudly to/so as to/in order to warn them of the danger.
I’m leaving now so as not to/in order not to miss the play.
I write everything down so that/in order that I don’t/won’t forget.
So that/In order that they might/would not be late, they took a taxi.
Take a jacket in case it turns/should turn cold.
I set the alarm clock in case I overslept.
We'd better leave now in case of heavy traffic.
I didn't turn on the TV for fear of waking the baby.
She put some sun oil on her back for fear (that) she might/would get/for fear of getting
sunburnt.
He swerved to avoid hitting the dog.
They put up a sign to prevent people (from) driving into the di*
GRAMMAR ANALYSIS
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
She took a course in order to get a new => He tied the dog to the fence lest it should
job. run off.
=>
She took a course in order to get a new She took a course with a view to/with the
job. aim of getting a new job.

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=> She went shopping with the thought of

buying a new dress in mind.
She went shopping, intending to buy a =>
new dress. I went to the travel agency for the
purpose of/ with the intention of /with a
I went to the travel agency to book a
=> view to booking a holiday.
holiday.
My purpose in visiting was to...

The purpose of my visit was to...

TIME CLAUSES
TIME CLAUSES
*after, before, as, till, until (after), whenever, (ever) since, while, once, as soon as, as long as,
soon after, no sooner... than, hardly… when, every time, then, finally, now that, …
You can stay here as long as you wish.
Whenever he says things like that, she gets upset.
Once you've used a computer, you will never want to use a typewriter again.
REMEMBER: We do not use will or would in a time clause.
TIME CLAUSES=> PARTICIPLES immediately, directly, when, upon, on...
When I touched the wire, I got an electric shock.
=>Immediately/Directly/As soon as/The moment I touched the wire, I got an electric
shock.
=>On/Upon touching the wire, I got an electric shock.
PARTICIPLES
Taking the car keys, I rushed out of the house.
Taking the car keys…. = As soon as /took…
INVERSION
NOT UNTIL... THAT
NO SOONER... THAN
It was not until I got home that I realised I had left my keys at work.
=>Not until I got home did I realise I had left my keys at work.
I had no sooner said it than I regretted it.

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=>No sooner had I said it than I regretted it.

NOT UNTIL (AFTER)... THAT
ONLY WHEN... THAT
It was not until (after) everyone had left that we cleared the table.
=>It was only when everyone had left that we cleared the table.
It was only when he had lost his job that he asked his family for help.
=>It was not until (after) he had lost his job that he asked his family for help.
SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
We heard the noise and left straight away. =>Immediately/As soon as we heard the
noise, we left.
After I had gone... =>Having gone.../After having gone...
When I examined/had made sure... => On/Upon examining.../Once I had made
sure...
You can't leave without finishing this work. => You can leave once you finish/have finished
this work.
I made sure no one was looking and then I... =>After making/having madell had made
sure...
ORAL PRACTICE
1. So many people applied for the job that we withdrew the ad. There were...
2. I'm surprised that a driver as experienced as he is made that mistake. For such..
3. It's such a good opportunity that Ann shouldn't miss it. It's too...
4. She wrote to the manager in order to register a complaint. Her purpose...
5. He stopped gambling because he was afraid he would lose everything. For fear....
6. I didn't find out about it until Paula called me. It was...
7. To ensure the safety of his children, he built a wall around the garden. With the...
8. When I looked at the report again, I realised there was a mistake in it. Upon.....
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Clauses of concession, result, purpose, time)
1. Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports. (having)
Despite ………………………………………………………. in many sports.
2. In spite of his selfishness, she still loved him. (though)
Even ………………………………………………………., she still loved him.

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3. Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous. (to)
Contrary ………………………………………………………., in fact, quite dangerous.
4. He would never agree to sell his business, even if he received a tempting offer. (might)
However ………………………………………………………., he would never agree to sell his business.
5. No matter how expensive the holiday is, Sophie is determined to go. (cost)
Regardless ………………………………………………………. Sophie is determined to go.
6. I don't really like her, even though I admire her achievements. (though)
Much ………………………………………………………., I don't really like her.
7. He was so afraid of snakes that he wouldn't go to the zoo. (fear)
Such ………………………………………………………. that he wouldn't go to the zoo.
8. I have called this meeting in order to present the latest sales figures. (purpose)
My ………………………………………………………. the latest sales figures.
9. He resolved that whatever happened, he would attend the ceremony. (from)
He resolved that ………………………………………………………. the ceremony.
10. When the police searched the car, they knew they had been taken in. (searching)
Upon ………………………………………………………. had been taken in.
11. My uncle and aunt may be arriving this afternoon, so I'll stay in. (case)
I’ll stay in ………………………………………………………. my uncle and aunt should arrive.
12. For a teacher of her experience and ability discipline was not a problem. (capable)
For ……………………………………………………….discipline was not a problem.

DERIVATIVES
ENTERTAINMENT
I was lucky enough to see a (0)…memorable…film yesterday. MEMORY
From the opening soliloquy, it was clear that by (1)………………. use of
INTELLIGENCE
the camera, Olivier intended his new (2)... of Richard III to be
INTERPRET
a (3)………………, new experience. When addressing the camera,
PLEASE

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Richard revealed his most (4)………………. inner thoughts, while MURDER

affecting a (5)……………. innocence for the benefit of his peers. In CHILD
the (6)…………… with his nephews we saw a very different Richard SCENERY
the nice guy-a Richard with evil (7)………….. stripped away.
AMBITIOUS
He was playful, almost loving, but an (8)………………….crude INTEND
joke made by one of the boys at Richard's (9)…………….. condemned EXPEND
the pair inevitably to the Tower and their eventual (10)………...
DIE

USE OF ENGLISH
GUIDED CLOZE TEST - FILL IN
A LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON
Human language has an extremely important feature known as "displacement". This
enables language to be used at (0) …times… and in places (1)………………the context itself is
not present. If a person mentions a "bottle of milk" or "fish and chips", all speakers of
English will understand what is (2)……………..referred to, (3)………………… if they cannot
actually see the articles (4) ………………. question. Another example would be that of the
situation where a man is running to (5)…………………a bus. He may be doing so because he
has actually (6)………………...the bus approaching, in (7)……………. case his action has been
triggered (8)…………….. a direct physical stimulus. On the other hand, he may be running
because someone has called out to him "The bus is coming!" In the (9)…………………... case, it
is the utterance which has prompted the action and this time (10)……………….is no direct
physical relationship between stimulus and response.
The feature is not unique (11)………………... human language, as bees can communicate the
location of pollen which is (12)………………… Immediately visible by the movements they
(13) …………….in front of the hive. However, since the bees' activity serves merely to
indicate the location of the pollen and not much (14)……………., it bears little resemblance to
human language, which can apply this principle to (15)…………………….aspect of human
knowledge and experience.

0. occasions/ease/times 6. known/seen/realised 11. to / of /with

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1. if/where/that 7. which/that/one 12. hardly / just/not

2. able/being/should 8. of /with /by 13. make / have /want
3. although/when/even 9. latter/last /previous 14. again/else/for
4. at/in/on 10. there / this/ that 15. every / much /only
5. catch/miss/lose

Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.
THE DESERTS
Think of a desert, and the image of vast, undulating dune fields is likely to
(0)....come/spring… to mind. Yet such "seas of sand" account (1)………………. only a small
fraction of the world's deserts. From rugged
mountains and steep-sided plateaux to Arctic tundra, deserts exhibit a wide range of
landforms and climatic
conditions. All deserts, however, share one common feature: a lack of moisture. By (2)
……………..., a desert is a nearly barren area in (3)................... rainfall is so scarce or Irregular
that the land (4)…………….. adequately support vegetation. Semi-arid, arid and extreme
desert zones cover about one third of the earth's total landmass and (5)………….....year
approximately 27,000 square miles of land will (6)……....... into desert.
The temperature in cold deserts (7)………………ever exceeds 10' and then only (8)
……………….the short summer season. In hot deserts, however, temperatures can plunge
from searing to frigid overnight, as the intense heat absorbed in the daylight (9)................ is
quickly radiated back into space (10)……………..sunset.
(11)………………….the formidable challenges they present, there are few desert regions
which support (12)……………...life whatsoever. Four percent of the world's population (13)
………….........deserts, and even the most unpromising deserts become (14)………………........ to
lizards and scorpions, while in scattered waterholes, fish and frogs (15)……………...to
survive.
GET EXPRESSIONS
GET A
*get a move on: hurry up
*get a kick out of: enjoy
*get a name for: become known for
*get a grip on oneself: get under control
*get a taste for: get to like/be interested in

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*(not) get a word in edgeways: not be able to interrupt sb who talks a lot
GET THE…
*get the sack: lose one's job
*get the feelings: get the impression
*get the gist: get a general understanding
*get the better of: defeat, do better than
*get the knack/hang of: learn how to do sth
*get the message: understand (an indirect remark)
GET EXPRESSIONS
*get cracking: start immediately
*get wind of: find out about sth
*get bogged down: become unable to make progress
*get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick: be completely mistaken in understanding what has
been said
GET - PREPOSITIONS
*get on in the world: become successful
*get down to business: start sth seriously
*get into hot water: find oneself in trouble
*get off to a good/bad start: start sth well/badly
*get to grips with: begin to deal with (a problem/challenge, etc.)
*get to the bottom of: find out the truth about sth
*get back on one's feet: recover from a bad experiencelan illness
*get into one's stride: become used to what one is doing and therefore perform well

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. She talked so much I was unable to join in the conversation. (word)
I couldn't………………………………………………………. because she talked so much.
2. The time has come to deal with your problems. (grips)
The time has come ………………………………………………………….. your problems.

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3. It took me ages to learn how to surt properly. (knack)

It took me ages to............................................................................................... properly.
4. Whatever happens I'm determined to find out the truth. (get)
Whatever happens I'm……………………………………………………………………. this.
5. Don't get stuck in so much detail that you can't continue. (down)
Don't....................................................................................................that you can't continue.
6. James got furious when he found out about her lies. (wind)
James got furious....................................................................................... her lies.
7. I'm sure she will be back to full health soon. (feet)
I'm sure she...…………………………………………………………………... soon.
8. He completely misunderstood what I told him at the meeting. (stick)
He got………………………………………………………………………. at the meeting we had.
VOCABULARY ANALYSIS
PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
A WIMBLEDON WIN
After winning the Wimbledon singles title, the greatest prize in tennis, Stanislav Drobny
was beside himself with joy. There had been suggestions in the popular newspapers that he
was over the hill, but he had proven them wrong. Beyond a shadow of a doubt he had been
the most consistert player in the tournament When he was interviewed immediately after
his victory by the BBC he was, of course, out of breath, but it was quite obvious he was over
the moon. He said his victory was beyond belief and he thanked all the people who had
worked so hard behind the scenes to assure his success, After speaking to him, I am of the
opinion that he's quite capable of coming back ned year and repeating this remarkable
performance.
*beside oneself: crazy (with joy, anger, etc)
*over the hill: too old
*beyond a shadow of a doubt: definitely, with no doubt at all
*out of breath: with little breath left
*over the moon: very happy
*beyond belief: difficult to believe
*behind the scenes: not seen, out of sight
*be of the opinion (that): think

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(BE) + PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

*out of ideas: no ideas left
*out of work: unemployed
*out of stock : not in supply
*out of money: no money left, broke
*out of order: not functioning
*out of date: not current/expired
*out of use: not used any more
*out of step: not conforming to what others do/ think
*out of the question: not possible/allowed
*beside the point: irrelevant.
*behind bars: in prison
*behind the times: old-fashioned, out of touch
*behind schedule: late, not on time
*ahead of schedule: sooner than anticipated
*ahead of one's time: further advanced than others
*out of hand: no longer under control; immediately, without thought
OPEN CLOZE TEST
The situation in the capital city is completely out of (1)…………………..... . The streets are
filled with people
who are out of (2)…………………and the riots continue, although the ringleaders are (3)
………………..bars. Any negotiations with the rioters are out of the (4)………………... said
government spokesman. The President admitted on TV that his government was behind (5)
……………………….with several major projects, and had run out of (6)………………….... to finish
them, undoubtedly the cause of the unrest. He promised to build new factories, get rid of
machinery which is (7)……………………. of date, and increase workers' pay. He said his
country could no longer be out of (8)…………………………. with neighbouring states and must
modemise at once.
COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)
1. calculated a. conclusion
2. prevalling b. writer, artist
3. prolific c. citizen, people

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4. avid d. risk, move

5. law-abiding e. wind(s), opinion
6. foregone f. supporter, reader

1. significant a. disregard, chaos

2. imminent b. evidence, funds
3. serious c. trouble, malter
4. d. war, danger, arrival
complete/total
e. change, difference, improvement
5. insufficient

VOCABULARY
ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL ELEMENTS & POLLUTION
Pollution can be described as the harmful effect on the environment by products of human
society. Oil on beaches, vehicle exhaust fumes, litter, factory gases the list is endless.
Pollution of any type interferes with man's enjoyment of his environment and yet the most
serious types of pollution result from his own activities. Lakes, rivers and wells may be
polluted with raw sewage, garbage, factory wastes, laundry detergents and insecticide
residues. The air of most cities is laden with automobile exhaust furnes, coal and fuel oil
smoke and chemical gases. Many authorities believe these pollutants contribute to the high
rate of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and fung cancer among city dwellers. Toxic wastes
are often buried, which leak into soil and water, killing wildlife. There is also pollution of
the atmosphere whereby the ozone layer, which protects us from the sun's ultraviolet
radiation, is destroyed by chemicals used in refrigerators and spray cans. Acid rain is
caused by fumes that contain nitrogen oxides. The coal we burn in power stations produces
sulphur dioxide. When these two substances mix with water in the air they turn into acids,
then fall as acid rain. We can reduce pollution by recycling waste and using blodegradable
materials, which eventually break down in the soil and disappear. Anti-pollution measures
also include public health laws, educational programmes and the use of mechanical devices
to control pollutants at the source or remove them from the water or air.
IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
*storm clouds gather: there's trouble ahead
come rain or shine: whatever happens

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blow hot and cold: approve then disapprove

*keep one's head above water: survive (financial) difficulties
*calm before the storm: quiet period before trouble begins
*go up in smoke: disappear suddenly and completely
*go through hell and high water: go through a lot of trouble
*pour oil on troubled waters: have a calming effect on a situation/person
*it never rains but it pours: one piece of bad luck is followed by another
*take the wind out of sb's sails: defeat sb, cause sb to lose confidence

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. He's about to lose his temper when he paces quietly up and down. (storm)
It's the....................................................................................................quietly up and down.
2. She's willing to do anything to save her business. (hell)
She's willing……………………………………………………………. to save her business.
3. One minute she's friendly, the next hostile. I really can't understand her. (blows)
She…………………………………………………………. I really can't understand her.
4. Henry doesn't boast about being a chess champion any more since Derek beat him.
(sails)
Derek really ...................................................................................... by beating him at chess.
5. Thanks for making the peace between us when we had that awful fight. (oil)
Thanks for ………………………………………………………. when we had that awful fight.
6. His plans came to nothing when the bank manager refused him a loan. (smoke)
His plans............................................................... refused him a loan.
7. She's desperately trying to keep out of financial trouble and not go bankrupt. (head)
She's desperately……………………………………………………… and not go bankrupt.
8. There's trouble ahead and we should be extremely careful. (clouds)
The……………………………………………………….. and we should be extremely careful.

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IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS
OPEN CLOZE TEST
ENVIRONMENT
Animals and plants are dying (0)…out… at a greater rate than (1)……………………..before, and
the greatest threat is from humans. Thousands of animals and plants are endangered
because we cut (2) ……………forests and drain wetlands to farm or build on the land (3)
………………they live. This is called habitat loss. A habitat is a place (4)………………………. a wild
animal (5)…………………… plant usually lives, such (6)…………
oak forests, mangrove swamps and chalk cliffs. Tropical rain forests are being (7)
………………. at an alarming rate, and scientists (8)………………….. that many rainforests
contain kinds of animals and plants (9)………. we have never seen. Conservation is the
management and protection of wildlife and habitat to save animals and plants (10)
…………………...... destruction by humans. People are becoming (11)………………. aware of
these threats (12)……………………… wildlife and there are environmental laws in many (13)
……………….
of the world. Their (14)............................. is to protect endangered creatures by setting (15)
…………………. areas in the wild where they can live in safety.
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. We got a…………………..deal when we bought that worthless painting.
Clothes are made from………………….. material such as wool and cotton.
You can't expect much from a bunch of………………………….. recruits.
2. He didn't look into the matter too carefully for fear of opening a real …………… of worms.
Get the watering....……………. and water the garden.
I'm afraid you'll have to carry the…………………….for breaking her vase.
3. Frederick has a very …………… opinion of himself.
Prices in restaurants and hotels are inflated during the……………… season.
Liverpool has ………………………hopes of winning the league this year.
4. What is the exchange............................... between the euro and the dollar?
His rapid pulse………………… is really worrying the doctors.
We stayed at a cheap, third…………………. hotel in London.
5. He may………………..his fingers if he gets involved in the stock market.
Most sportsmen manage to………………………. themselves out by the time they're thirty.

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He must have money to……………………… if he can afford yet another car.

6. We've no electricity because there's been an accident at the…………….. station.
The country's centrist party came to……………………….. in 1998.
He did everything in his…………………….to give Kevin a good start in life.
IDIOMS - EXPRESSION
SPORTS & GAMES
*throw in the towel: give up
*hit below the belt: do sth unfair
*play it sale: not take the risk
*be in the running: be in a position to win
*play a dirty trick on sb: do something unfair or unkind to sb
*jump the gun: come to a decision too fast
*start from scratch: go back to the beginning
*go off the deep end: get angry, act strangely
*keep up the pace: maintain pressure/speed
*have a false start: make an unsuccessful attempt to be
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
1. You're going to be in………………. trouble when Dad sees what you've done to the car.
Sandy took a………………….. breath and stood motionless as the lion turned towards her.
It was a mistake so there's no need to go off the……………….. end like that.
2. It was just a small tree but by a…………………of the light it looked like a cloaked man.
I may be eighty but I can still teach you a………………..or two, young man.
That was a really dirty…………………… to play on him, Billy.
3. He…………………..himself into learning Arable but he soon lost interest.
You…………………….cold water on Jim's Ideas but you didn't come up with any of your own.
We tried to get to the farm but………………..in the towel when it started to snow.
CITY & COUNTRY
*pave the way: prepare a path for
*lay the foundations: form a basis

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*drop a brick: say the wrong thing

*up my street: to my liking/ taste
*streets ahead (of): more advanced (than)
*off the beaten track: in a remote area
*put sth in a nutshell: sum up, say briefly
*sit on the fence: put off making a decision
*beat about the bush: not come to the point
*explore every avenue: examine every possibility
SPORTS & GAMES - CITY & COUNTRY - FILL IN
1. I'll never forgive him for……………………………………. on me.
2. Please come to the point and stop…………………….. will you?
3. Japan is…………………………………………China in terms of technology.
4. The result of their work was unsatisfactory, so they had to.
5. I don't think this sort of music is really……………………. , actually.
6. His hard work at university………………………………………. for a successful career.
7. We've had a ……………………… . Let's try again, shall we?
8. Scientists have……………………………. in the search for a cure.
9. Orson Welles' approach to cinema………………………………. for later film directors.
10. You can't…………………….. for ever. You have to decide who you'll support.
THE ARTS MATCH
1. the finishing touches a. explain the situation to someone
2. paint a gloomy picture b. propare for something
3. play the fool c. receiving a lot of attention/publicity
4. appear on the scene d. express what others feel
5. set the stage for e. describe sth in a depressing way
6. strike the right note f. turn up
7. put sb in the picture g. mess about, waste time
8. in the spotlight h. act in a stupid manner
9. fiddle about i. face criticism/difficulties

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10. face the music j. final small details to complete sth

USE OF ENGLISH
GAPPED SENTENCES (with common word)
Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
SET A (based on GET expressions, PREPOSITIONAL expressions, TOPIC vocabulary, IDIOMS)
1.When they got married they didn't have a… stick… of furniture.
I'm sorry was rude, Ted, but foar got hold of the wrong end of the… stick… as usual.
The new play at the Palladium got a lot of…stick… from the critics.
2. Successful people don't……………… in the towel as soon as things get tough.
One great source of relaxation is to…………….. oneself into a hobby.
Don't let it……………....you when things go suddenly wrong.
3. Where's Harry these days? I've completely lost………………of him.
She lives off the beaten…………………… somewhere in Wilshire.
The police often find themselves on the wrong………….. a when carrying out their
investigations.
4. I thought it was in poor…………….when she was so rude to the host.
People who give up smoking often get a………………….. for sweet things.
It follows that a person of……………….. knows how to dress in public.
5. Young ladies are often promised the……………… by prospective husbands.
She was over the………………. when Norman finally asked her to marry him.
It's once in a blue………………. that he helps me with the housework.
6. When factory emissions……………….......on ancient buildings, corrosion inevitably follows.
He's lucky to have his parents to………………. back on for money.
They'll take the car back if you......................... behind with the payments.
SET B (guided)
1. His years as a coal miner have taken a………………… toll on his health. heavy
My schedule is too……………….throughout June to allow me to take a weekend off. severe
It was the worst storm in years, but he's such a......................sleeper he didn't wake up.
serious

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2. I really don't want to……………….you out but could you please give me a litt home?
move
The injury to his knee will…………..him out of action for the rest of the athletics season.
put
He tried to…………………it across as simply as he could but she still didn't understand. place
3. She has your best interests at………………, even though she seems very strict at times.
purpose
He'd worked so hard that I didn't have the…………….. to tell him he'd done it all wrong.
mind
Why should I learn telephone numbers by .............when I can write them down in a book?
heart
4. Auntie Jane is a dear old……………but she's getting very forgetful. article
The new chairs look nice but they're not the latest. ............in comfort, are they? thing
You'll be able to learn a(n)…………….. or two about boxing from old Max. being
5. I was just……………….. the tea when the phone rang. pouring
You're only ............. scorn on his efforts and that will not help the situation. throwing
The smoke was ………….. out of the factory window. stirring
6. Kim Philby………………. a double life for years before they discovered he was a spy. led
The extensive changes in the timetable. ...............to confusion for a few days. served
I believed she was nice when I first met her as her kind face………… me astray. directed
CONFUSING/RELATED WORD
DECLINE - DROP - SLUMP - SINK - PLUNGE - FAINT - DIVE - SUBSIDE – SUBMERGE -
COLLAPSE
HOPING FOR THE BEST
For a long time Len had been considering closing down his business Since the
government's collapse the country had been plunged into chaos, and there had been a
serious slump in trade, On top of that his elderly mother had suffered a sharp decline in
heath. He had not, however, allowed himself to sink into depression, but had instead
decided to submerge himself in work, in an effort to revive his company's fortunes. He had
persunded himself that his problems were just a drop in the ocean compared to other
people's. He tumed on the radio, and although the signal was faint, he was able to leam that
the fighting had subsided in the north of the country. Perhaps soon his land would retur to
normal.
*government's collapse: fall of government

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*plunge into chaos: throw into a chaotic state

*slump in trade: big decrease in trade
*sharp decline: get worse very quickly
*sink into depression: get depressed
submerge oneself in: do sth intensively
*a drop in the ocean: sth very unimportant
*faint signal: signal one can just hear
*the fighting subsided: fighting lessened
DECLINE DROP SLUMP SINK
- on the decline - drop a hint - slump over - my heart sinks
- decline to - drop a bombshell - profits slump - sink money into
comment business
- drop a line
- in decline - sink or swim
- drop out of
- fall into decline - sink without trace
- sink into
depression

PLUNGE FAINT DIVE SUBSIDE

- take the plunge - faint-hearted - dive head first - noise subsides
- plunge into the sea - take a dive
- plunge into
darkness
MCQ CLOZE TEST
George MacMilan shocked the government yesterday when he announced he was resigning
his cabinet post. He said he has decided to take the (1)…………... and launch his own public
relations company. He (2)……………
the bombshell during a meeting with the Prime Minister. He told the press that he didn't
intend to (3)………….
all his money into the project, but (4)…………….. to make any further comment for the time
being, apart from remarking that this sort of venture was not for the (5)………… -hearted.
He promised to talk more about this surprise move when all the commotion had (6)
…………… .

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1. a. dive b. plunge c. drop d. slump

2. a. dropped b. threw c. sank d. collapsed
3. a. drop b. subside c. sink d. plunge
4. a. avoided b. ventured c. declared d. declined
5. a. weak b. faint c. dim d. small
6. a. subsided b. sunk c. slumped d. plunged
RELATED WORDS
WAYS OF INCREASING:
STRETCH - SWELL - MAGNIFY - BULGE - BLOW UP - INFLATE
*at full stretch
*stretch a point
*by no stretch of the imagination
*swell with pride
*swell the ranks
*magnifying glans
*bulging at the seams
*blow up out of all proportion
*blow up a photograph
*blow sb/sth up
*inflated ego
inflated sense of importance
WAYS OF DECREASING:
DECLINE - RECEDE - - SHRINK - PLUNGE - PLUMMET - SHRIVEL
*fall into decline
*on the decline
*receding hale/footsteps
*shrink from doing sth
*take the plunge
*my spirits plummeted

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MCQ CLOZE TEST

I walked into the room, clutching my gold medal. My brother had just got out of bed. He
turned to look at me, yawned and (1)…………………...
"So, what have you got there?" he asked casually. 1 (2)…………………….with pride.
"I did it, Lawrence. I won first place!"
I could see my brother's eyes as they (3)……………………. with envy, disbelief and anger.
"Yes, well, don't get a(n) (4)………………… opinion of yourself," he said coldly.
He walked out of the room and I heard his footsteps (5)………………….... down the corridor.
My spirits (6)……………………... . I had so wanted to impress him.
1.a. swelled b. shrivelled c. shrank d. stretched
2.a. inflated b. swelled c. magnified d. bulged
3.a. swelled b. blew up c. bulged d. receded
4.a. inflated b. magnified c. stretched d. blown up
5. a. shrinking b. dwindling c. plunging d. receding
6. a. shrivelled b. plummeted c. declined d. dwindled
FAMILY HISTORIES
Future historians will look back with some astonishment at the extraordinary growth in
the popularity of family history in recent years. Why should this interest in our ancestors
have mushroomed so spectacularly? Is it, as some cynics maintain, a reaction against the
pace of change in the modern world, a search for roots in a supposedly more secure age
when the traditional family was the unquestioned unit upon which society was built? If this
were true, it would only be part of the explanation. More positive points need to be
emphasised. Now, for the first time in history, a great number of people have the leisure
and the means to pursue an interest that has always been a human concern.
It has been said that family history is England's fastest-growing hobby. Many family
historians would reply that "hobby" is too mild a word to describe an overriding passion.
Knowing one's ancestors is not a matter of mild curiosity; it is often part of an attempt to
explain life and to understand how we have come to be what we are, not just physically
through inherited genes, but how we have come to believe in certain principles or to have
acquired the attitudes, prejudices, and characteristics that mould our personality. For very
many people, tracing a family treo and discovering the lives of their ancestors is not a task
that is undertaken lightly.
The earliest genealogies were preserved by oral tradition long before they were written
down. They were constructed to bolster authority by purporting to trace royal descents
from gods and heroes. This ancient

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tradition of compiling fictional family trees to legitimise power was still flourishing in the
sideenth century, and
indeed was enlisted in support of Queen Elizabeth I's authority. At Hatfield House there is a
parchment roll which purports to trace the queen's ancestry all the way back to the dawn
of time.
The construction of fanciful farnily trees that bear no relation to the truth is an ancient vice.
The sixteenth century Elizabethans have a particularly bad name in this respect, but the
subjects of the current British monarch are often equally credulous. The majority of English
people are unlikely to be able to frace a continuous line beyond the sixteenth century, yet
how common it is to hear the unfounded boast that a person's ancestors fought at the
Battle of Hastings in 1066 and how frequently one has to listen to assertions of descent
from some famous figures in even more remote times. We deceive ourselves if we allow
our self-esteem to be inflated in this ridiculous way. The pursuit of a family's history is
sufficiently interesting not to need these hollow props.
In earlier centuries the establishment of a pedigree was often of practical value in an
unscrupulous world, when a challenge at a court of law might deprive a family of its
inheritance. Letters show how a family had constantly to be on guard against the plots of its
adversaries. The first pedigrees of families below the level of the aristocracy were
therefore made, not as a matter of family pride, but for individual legal purposes. No
collections of such pedigrees were made before the fifteenth century.
ANALYSIS
IDIOMS EXPRESSIONS
*pursue an interest/hobby: follow an interest or hobby
*overriding passion: very strong feeling
*mould one's personality: make you what you are
*undertake lightly: agree to do sth in a non-serious manner
*bolster authority: put authority in stronger position
*dawn of time: beginning of time
*bear no relation to: not be like at all
*be on guard against: be on the lookout for/prepared for sth unpleasant
VOCABULARY
1. mushroom a. bad habit
2. purport to b. dishonest, immoral
3. fanciful c. grow quickly

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4. vice d. supports
5. unfounded e. unrealistic
6. props f. claim to
7. unscrupulous g. prevent from having
8. deprive h. not based on facts

READING
Decide whether the following statements are true or false and underline the parts of
the text which give you the answer.
1. People have less time and opportunity to study their family histories nowadays.
2. For many people this research is not so much a pastime as an obsession.
3. Earlier genealogical studies were used to consolidate positions of authority.
4. The misrepresentation of family trees is a relatively modern phenomenon.
5. The author finds some people's claims on this subject to be irritating.
6. In former times this research was carried out mainly for practical reasons.
What evidence in the passage is there for the following statements?
1. There has been a sudden surge of Interest in looking up family histories.
2. Some people claim it's because we feel insecure in this modern world.
3. It's easier for people to carry out this research today than in earlier times.
4. "Hobby" is not really an accurate word to describe this activity.
5. Many people take this research very seriously.
6. There is even "evidence" that traces a monarch's line back to the beginning of history.
7. "Discovering" totally inaccurate family trees has been going on for a long time.
8. Very few people can trace their ancestry back more than 500 years.
9. Anybody who believes they can trace their ancestry back further than that is fooling
themselves.
10. One reason it was necessary to trace a family tree in the past was to prevent being
cheated by dishonest people.
Choose the correct answer.
1. The writer explains the current interest in family history as

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A. a result of increased affluence and spare time.

B. a desire to explore human issues.
C. a stand against the speed of modern development.
D. a search for a more old-fashioned style of life.
2. Why does the writer suggest that studying family history should be seen as more than a
hobby?
A. It satisfies human beings' basic spirit of inquiry.
B. It enables us to shape our own character.
C. It clarifies our moral and philosophical beliefs.
D. It aids our understanding of who we are.
3. What was the purpose of the earliest family trees?
A. to suggest monarchs were chosen by divine intervention
B. to lend credibility to songs and poems
C. to justify a claim to a position of power
D. to increase a monarch's public support
4. What does the writer say about the practice of tracing descent to the remote past?
A. It provides a stimulating topic for discussion.
B. It shows how readily people are taken in.
C. It is an Integral part of understanding one's family history.
D. It is worthwhile if there is sufficient evidence.
5. Why was a family tree of such "practical value" in the fifteenth century?
A. It created an impressive public image.
B. It gave a formidable commercial advantage.
C. It prevented threatening attacks on wealthy people.
D. It reduced the danger of losing one's property.
PREPARATORY
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. Although she felt ill, she came to help us. (feeling)
In ……………………………………. she came to help us.
2. Despite the fact that she loved Jim deeply, she left him. (deep)

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Despite……………………………………………………..she left him.

3. He still forgot to bring the book, although I phoned to remind him. (phoning)
Regardless...............................................................he still forgot to bring the book.
4. For a person of his intelligence, he does some stupid things. (such)
For………………………………………………he does some stupid things.
5. I didn't go near the dog in case it bit me. (bitten)
For…………………………………………………. I didn't go near the dog.
6. We only understood him when he spoke French. (until)
Not……………………………………………………………………….him.
7. They went to the bank to apply for a loan. (view)
They went to the bank…………………………………………….. for a loan.
8. He sang so well that he joined the National Opera. (good)
He……………………………………………………………….that he joined the National Opera.
MCQ CLOZE TEST
Good morning, gentlemen. I am your new managing director. I don't like wasting time so
let's get (1)….............business straightaway. I don't want to jump (2).........................but
immediate changes are necessary if this company is to expand. In order to pave the (3)
………………….. for our entry into global markets, all business will in future be conducted on
the Internet. This means that we can't employ anyone who is behind (4)........................... with
respect to technology. While I regret having to put older employees out of (5)…………………..,
the sooner we take the (6).................................,. the better for the company. Any questions?
1. a. down to b. off to c. into d. on
2. a. the deep end b. a false start c. the gun d. the belt
3.a. track b. way c. foundations d. avenue
4. a. the scenes b. bars c. schedule d. the times
5. a. use b. hand c. work d. stock
6. a. dive b. plunge c. drop d. decline
TEST
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
1. The Prime Minister refused to say anything about the scandal. (declined)
The Prime Minister…………………………………….. on the scandal.

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2. Dad got really angry when I told him about the fight. (deep)
Dad ……………………………………………………..when I told him about the fight.
3. What he said about his life in prison was depressing, wasn't it? (picture)
He…………………………………………………………..of his life in prison, didn't he?
4. His promising career came to a sudden end when the company went bankrupt. (smoke)
His promising career…………………………….. when the company went bankrupt.
5. Your car licence has expired, sir. (date)
Your car licence………………………………………...sir.
6. We must find out the truth about this without delay. (bottom)
We must……………………………………………....without delay.
7. The newspaper has grossly exaggerated the economic crisis, in my opinion. (blown)
The newspaper has …………………………………………………., in my opinion.
8. He recovered very quickly from the accident. (feet)
He................................................................ very quickly after the accident.

GAPPED SENTENCES - COMMON WORD

1.They …………………. a great deal of money into their new business.
My heart………………….. when I saw Aunt Maud coming up the path.
The stricken ship slowly turned over and………………….without trace.
2. Dad never remembers my birthday unless I ……………………. a hint.
Will anyone mind if I ………………….. out of the team for a month?
Why don't you……………………… me a line from time to time?
3. I'm afraid the alibi you gave us doesn't hold………………….., Sammy.
You know I'd go through hell and high…………………….. for you, my darling.
I've got to keep my head above………………… until I get that pay rise.
4. The doctor says there's been no...................... change in your husband's condition.
I think it's…………………….. that she refuses to tell us where she has been.
I'm very pleased with the............................. improvement in your son's spelling, Mrs Jones.
5. There are........................ when I think you deliberately misunderstand me.

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I know I have to move with the………………….. but I don't like using a computer.
My dad is so behind the………………….,he thinks the Internet is something to do with fishing.
6. The sea's too rough to swim in so I'll ………………… it safe and stay on the beach.
You'd be able to do your homework if you didn't………………….. the fool in class.
You'll be sorry if you....................... a dirty trick on me.
7. It's time to get down to………………… and start organising the concert.
Farmer Giles looked as if he meant……………………when he threatened us.
It's none of your………………….. how I spend my money.
8. The police were on ……………………… in case of trouble.
Can you give me a(n) …………………..to push my car?
Don't let the party get out of…………………….. or the neighbours will complain.

GRAMMAR REVISION THROUGH

A. VERB 1 NOUN
subscribe - confirm - confirmation admit - admission offend – offence
subscription recover - recovery prevent - prevention applaud-applause
dismiss – dismissal rumour - rumour fascinate - fascination Insist - Insistence
cancel -
cancellation

1. He was very disappointed to miss the wedding. (to)

Much ................................................................................................................... the wedding.
2. "Anyone failing to comply with the regulations will be dismissed instantly," said the boss.
(result)
"Failure to comply ...........................................................................................,” said the boss.
3. The planners and the public bitterly disagree over the new motorway route. (between)
There is .................................................................................... over the new motorway route.
4. I was amazed when Eva got into university, given the fact she hadn't worked hard. (my)

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To ................................................................................... the fact that she hadn't worked hard.

5. The guest speaker did not explain why he had arrived late. (gave)
The guest speaker ...................................................................................... he had arrived late.
6. According to Joe, her English will improve if she subscribes to that magazine. (taking)
Joe's convinced that ............................................................................... will help her English.
7. I applied for the job but was turned down. (application)
My .................................................................................................................................. down.
8. The pilot endangered all our lives during the flight. (put)
The pilot ........................................................................................................ during the flight.
9. When we receive the money, we'll ship the goods. (of)
On ............................................................................................................................ the goods.
10. My comments didn't seem to interest her at all. (showed)
She .................................................................................................................... my comments.

B. (PHRASAL) VERB 1 (PHRASAL) VERB

reject - turn deceive - take in see - make out conceal - cover up

down cancel - call off postpone - put off miss - not attend/catch
stop - draw/pull depress - get down rely on - count/depend on consult - get sb to advise
up
happen - come
up

1. Alan looked for another job after being rejected by his brother's company. (turned)
After having ............................................................................. Alan looked for another job.
2. He doesn't want to be disturbed unless something urgent happens. (up)
Unless ................................................................................................... want to be disturbed.
3. Our getting the contract depends on Jonathan. (are)
We ............................................................................................................................... for us.
4. A police car stopped outside the house. (up)
A police car .................................................................................................................. house.
5. She'll never finish the course if she keeps missing the lectures. (attend)
She'll never .......................................................................................................... the lectures.
6. It was too dark to see the name of the ship. (out)
It was ..................................................................................................... the name of the ship.
7. The government is trying to conceal the true facts. (up)
The government ................................................................................................ the true facts.
8. You should get a lawyer to advise you on this. (better)
You .............................................................................................................................. on this.

CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

C. ADJECTIVE 1 NOUN
(un)able - reluctant - reluctance critical - criticism monthly-month

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(in)ability popular - popularity lost - loss daily - day

severe - severity explanatory - explanation eligible - eligibility shy - shyness
fluent-fluency

1. Many people were severely critical of the proposals for the new motorway. (was)
There ............................................................................. the proposals for the new motorway.
2. She was very reluctant to leave home. (great)
It was ............................................................................................................................. home.
3. He did not care for parties, perhaps because he was shy. (reason)
Perhaps ............................................................................................. he didn't care for parties.
4. The striking workers were amazed that their demands were agreed to immediately. (to)
Much .......................................................................................... were agreed to immediately.
5. His death was so tragic that the family has never really recovered. (of)
Such was ....................................................................................... has never really recovered.
6. His remarks were totally irrelevant to the subject at hand. (had)
His remarks ................................................................................................................. at hand.
7. They were unable to prove where they had been that night, so they were taken into
custody. (of)
They were taken into custody .............................................................. they'd been that night.
8. It's unbelievable how expensive that restaurant is. (beyond)
It's ................................................................................................................. that restaurant is.
9. It's doubtful whether we'll be able to afford it. (open)
It's ..................................................................................................... we'll be able to afford it.
10. The severe weather conditions hampered the rescue workers. (of)
The ............................................................................................................ the rescue workers.
D. ADJECTIVE 1 ADVERB
drastic-drastically rapid – rapidly severe-severely public – publicly
steady - steadily hard-hard accurate - accurately very/too/much -
original - originally sly-slyly apologetic - apologetically highly/deeply/greatly

1. I'm seriously considering moving back to the USA. (giving)

I'm ......................................................................................................................... to the USA.
2. His health has been deteriorating rapidly recently. (been)
There .......................................................................................................................... recently.
3. The lecturer looked at the student disapprovingly. (look)
The lecturer ........................................................................................................... the student.
4. They bitterly opposed the plan. (met)
The ......................................................................................................................... opposition.
5. I severely reprimanded both of them for smoking. (gave)
I ............................................................................................................................ for smoking.
6. He moved so clumsily that she was afraid he would break everything in the shop. (such)
His were .................................................................... he would break everything in the shop.
7. She slapped him so hard that he nearly fell off his chair. (gave)
She ................................................................................................ he nearly fell off his chair.

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8. She could hardly remember her childhood. (faint)

She had ............................................................................................................. her childhood.

GRAMMAR REVISION THROUGH

E. LOGIC (EXAMPLES OF TRANSFORMATIONS)
 have to g it's obligatory/essential/necessary
 the chances are g in all likelihood/probability
g I'm completely totally ignorant of
 I don't know the first thing about g it would be in your (best) interest to
g
 you would benefit from it seems highly likely
g
g there is a lack of (money)/we're out
 most people expect of (money)
g
 there is no (money) g lose one's temper easily
g never pay (any) attention to
 be very short-tempered it won't go ahead
 always ignore

 it will be cancelled

F. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. My house used to belong to an American diplomat before I bought it. (was)
The previous ........................................................................................ an American diplomat.
2. The price of a litre of petrol is going up by two cents. (rise)
There ............................................................................................ the price of a litre of petrol.
3. We've been trying to sell our house for well over six months. (sale)
Our house ............................................................................................................. six months.
4. Most people expect the Minister to resign. (highly)
It seems ........................................................................................................................ resign.
5. The permit expires at the end of this month. (valid)
The permit ........................................................................................................ of this month.
6. It is important to me that you should finish your report by the weekend. (on)
I am ............................................................................................................... by the weekend.
7. You would benefit from selling those shares now. (best)
It would ....................................................................................................... those shares now.
8. This year more foreign language assistants are coming to teach in Britain. (number)
There is an ..................................................................................... coming to teach in Britain.
9. It wasn't Harry's fault that the car got damaged. (blame)
Harry ........................................................................................................... damaging the car.
10. My opinion will remain the same despite what people say. (anyone)
Nothing ................................................................................................................ my opinion.
11. There isn't a pair of thermal socks left in the shop, madam. (completely)
We are ........................................................................................................................, madam.
12. You can eat as much as you like for £5 at the new lunch-bar. (amount)

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There is no ................................................................................... for £5 at the new lunch-bar.

13. That rumour about the politician and the construction contract is absolutely false.
(truth)
There is .............................................................. the politician and the construction contract.
14. My boyfriend is very short-tempered. (temper)
My boyfriend ............................................................................................................... easily.
15. I don't know the first thing about aeronautics. (totally)
I am ..................................................................................................................... aeronautics.

CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

G. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. The number of places offered has been drastically reduced due to the lack of funds. (led)
The lack of funds ..................................................................... the number of places offered.
2. Opera is far more popular now than it was twenty years ago. (increase)
There has been ............................................................................ during the last twenty years.
3. Every month this year the company has sold more in the north than in the south
(higher) This year, the company's monthly ................................................................ than in the
south.
4. It's almost nine months since stopped subscribing to that magazine. (cancelled)
I ........................................................................................................ almost nine months ago.
5. Philip's Inability to make decisions dates from his accident. (had)
Ever since ................................................................................................... to make decisions.
6. The report is highly critical of recent medical practices. (included)
Severe ...................................................................................................................... the report.
7. Support for the party has risen dramatically. (rise)
There ......................................................................................................................... the party.
8. English children usually have to stay at school till they are sixteen. (for)
It is ............................................................................................ at school till they are sixteen.
9. Our hotel booking hasn't been confirmed. (received)
We haven't ................................................................................................................. booking.
10. The patient recovered more rapidly than expected. (rapid)
The patient made ...................................................................................................... expected.
11. You think that fat people are always jolly, but you are wrong. (what)
Contrary ............................................................................................................... always jolly.
12. No one can understand Mrs Murphy's reason for buying such an expensive car.
(beyond)
Why Mrs Murphy ............................................................................................ understanding.

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13. I'm sorry missed Professor Baker's lecture. (present)

I'm sorry not ................................................................................................................. lecture.
14. Don't you wish you could get out more in the evenings? (fed)
Don't you get ................................................................................................... most evenings?
15. They were unable to finish their game of tennis because of a heavy shower. (from)
A heavy shower ............................................................................................... game of tennis.

GRAMMAR REVISION
THROUGH CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH

H. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION

1. The restaurant was even better than I had expected. (my)
The ...................................................................................................................... expectations.
2. There are now more than two thousand cinemas in the country. (exceeds)
The ..................................................................................................................... two thousand.
3. You won't solve your problem by getting a bank loan. (solution)
Getting ............................................................................................................... your problem.
4. The manager told his staff that he was pleased, but they could do better. (room)
The manager told his staff that he was pleased, ................................................ improvement.
5. What Rachel does in her spare time doesn't concern me. (business)
It's ................................................................................................................ in her spare time.
6. Company profits are now three times higher than they were five years ago. (threefold)
Company profits ..................................................................................................... five years.
7. Many office tasks became simpler when computers were introduced. (advent)
Many office tasks ................................................................................................... computers.
8. Terry has been behaving very strangely lately. (recent)
Terry's .......................................................................................................................... strange.
9. Not many people attended the concert last night. (poorly)
The concert ............................................................................................................... last night.
10. The rate of inflation has fallen steadily during recent months. (decline)
There .................................................................................. of inflation during recent months.
11. He is a painter whose style I find attractive. (appeals)
He is ................................................................................................................................... me.
12. The clerk was promoted because he was always polite and willing. (led)
The clerk's ................................................................................................................ promoted.
13. There are trains to London every hour. (intervals)
There are trains .......................................................................................................... London.
14. He was wrong in assuming that. (making)
He was .................................................................................................................. assumption.
15. Why does he always have to lie?. (truth)
Why ................................................................................................................................. once.

PRACTICE CAE PAPERS 1 & 3

PAPER 1: READING PART 1

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You are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with
environmental issues. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think
fits best according to the text.

OUR COUNTRY IS NOT WHAT IT WAS

love walking in the English countryside, and enjoying the things I have taken for granted
since a child: the beautiful hedgerows, the fields full of wild flowers. However, perhaps that
is the England of yesterday, the England of dreams. Have you seen the England of today? I
suggest you go out before spring arrives and the grass has grown and the trees are full of
leaves, which will cover up the total mess the countryside has become. There are food
cartons everywhere, plastic bags caught up in bushes and hedges, pavements littered with
cigarette packets.
used to think England was an example to the rest of Europe. No more. We are as bad as the
worst of them. What has happened?
The answer is pretty obvious. 10 million plastic bags are handed out to shoppers, and these
will take anything from 100 to 1,000 years to rot. However, there is a solution to all this.
Let's look at Ireland, where the government introduced a tax on non-recyclable carrier
bags and in three months reduced their use by 90%. Why not do the same thing here? you
may logically ask. Well, we tried, but the plastic industry was soon up in arms, and the idea
was killed, and the supermarkets continue to give away bags free to their customers.

1. Why does the writer suggest you take a look at England before the spring?
A. It looks better than in the summer.
B. You can see just how untidy and dirty it has become.
C. Because in the spring people start dropping litter.
D. You won't notice all the rubbish.

2. The government
A tried to follow the example of the Irish government.
B. realised the Irish example would never work in England.
C. will gradually follow the Irish example with taxes on plastic bags.
D had full co-operation from the plastic industry.

PRACTICE CAE
THE EARTHQUAKE
It was a huge earthquake. The ground on which I was standing shook three times, with
such shocks as would have sent the strongest building on earth tumbling to the ground.
Then a massive piece of rock, less than half a mile from me, fell with a roar into the sea.
I sat and looked around. The air grow thick and heavy, and the sky overcast, as if it would
rain. There was a terrible, mysterious stillness. However, soon after that the wind rose
gradually, so that in loss than half an hour, it was blowing with the force of a hurricane. The
sea was all of a sudden covered with foam and froth, the beach covered by the angry sea,
and trees wore torn up by their roots. The storm continued for at least another three hours

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before it began to abate, and two hours later it was as calm as can be, but then came the
rain.
Through all this I was sitting by my cave, terrified of what was yet to come. Then it came to
me that the winds and rains were the consequence of the earthquake, which meant that the
earthquake itsell was spent and over. With this thought, my spirits began to revive and I
went to check on my tent. It had been flattened by the storm, which meant I would have to
go back to the cave for shelter, although I was afraid it might collapse on my head.

3. What happened immediately after the third quake?

A. The rain began to fall heavily.
B. A hurricane started.
C. The area grew strangely quiet.
D. Another quake was felt.
4. How did the writer feel about the rain?
A. He was annoyed he had nowhere to shelter.
B. He realised it was a good sign.
C. He was relieved he had his tent.
D. He feared for another earthquake.

WE COULD HAVE A EUROPEAN TSUNAMI

Although we associate tsunamis with faraway parts of the earth such as Asia, we could have
our very own tsunami here in Europe. The Cumbre Vieja on La Palma in the Canary Islands
is a volcano which could erupt, devastating Atlantic coastlines with waves as high as 100
metres. Scientists say that an eruption of the volcano would probably cause a huge chunk
of rock to break off, crashing into the sea and causing the largest waves ever known in
human history.
The tsunami could well travel more than 800 kilometres an hour, giving authorities little
time to react. However, as the volcano is not erupting at present, the short-term and even
medium-term risks are minimum. This will not stop the authorities from keeping a close
eye on any activity in the area. Should there be any signs of such activity, emergency
services could plan a response, even if limited in scope.
It is unclear as to when we can expect another eruption as the Cumbre Vieja is thought to
erupt a intervals of decades to a century or so, and there may be a number of eruptions
before its collapse. Although the year-to-year probability of a collapse is therefore low, the
resulting tsunami would be a major disaster with indirect effects around the world.

5. What would cause the high waves?

A. the actual eruption of the volcano
B. underground vibrations
C. part of the volcano falling into the sea
D. earth tremors after the eruption

6. How often does the volcano go off?

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A. no one knows
B. 10 to 100 year intervals
C. every decade
D. every year

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 1: READING PART 2
You are going to read an extract from a magazine article. Six paragraphs have been
removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (7-
12). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

AT LAST THE SUN RISES ON THE DARK

Thirty-three years ago, four lads made one record that flopped, and they broke up. Now
that record is more collectable than anything by the Rolling Stones, Byron Rogers finds that
the men who were in the band called The Dark are bemused by success that came too late.

There is just one surprise in Record 9.

Collector magazine's guide to the rarest On the cover was a girl he knew at the time,
records. The top listings are of famous shown staring out of a window. He doesn't
groups in their beginnings. On the cover was know where she is now, but believes she is
a girl he know at the time, But at No. 13 la a married. The record was bought mostly by
group whose beginning was their end. friends, who paid £3 each, and their
When we met, they were sitting around a response prompted the lads to press
café table - Cliff the builder, Martin the another batch, some of which they sent out
computer engineer, Steve, who had formed to record companies. They never even
the band and who now works nights at a received an acknowledgement.
supermarket, and Ron, who took early 10.
retirement due to ill health, They were all in And that was it really. They broke up in
their early fifties, quiet men, family men. In 1972 and drifted apart. There were jobs and
the early 1970s, they were in an English marriages and even other bands, but it was
rock band from Northampton, called The the end of The Dark, until one day in 1993
Dark. They only ever made one record. And Martin's phone rang. ‘This chap, he'd
then, having failed to interest any record apparently rung everyone with my surname
company in it, the group broke up. in the Northampton phone book, asked if
7. still had the record, which I did at the time.
Five years ago, a visiting American He offered me £500. I thought it was a wind-
executive, clearing out the debris from an up. So I rang Cliff, and he thought it was a
office at EMI, one of the companies to which wind-up as well. But then he got back to me
they had sent their record, found Dark to say it was for real.’
Around The Edges. The result is that a group 11.
who had never made more money than you Thinking the long-delayed breakthrough
could count on the fingers of one hand had finally come, they got together to make a
achieved cult status, and copies of the replica CD. They even rented the old cellar
record now fetch upwards of £1,800 each. they hadn't seen since they broke up. 'And
And only Cliff still has a copy! the smell and the damp was just as it had

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The one time they had the chance to lay a been then.' Cliff, who hadn't played in a band
fingernail on fame was the night they got a for 25 years, unpacked his original bass
booking to play alongside Status Quo, guitar. It took them two years to rehearse
themselves on the way to world for it.
superstardom, at a club. 12.
8. 'We often wonder what life would have been
But it was the record that was their great like if we had met the right people, but we
achievement. The Record Collector missed the boat,’ reflects Cliff. 'I do find
magazine confessed its wonder at what they myself, usually on building sites, wondering
achieved. ‘Tightly played, the chief what life would have been like had we been
characteristic was The Dark's incredible the Rolling Stones.’
marriage of mellowness and raw power,’ it
said. It was recorded in the cellar under the
photographic shop then owned by Martin's
father, which was damp to the point where
fungi grew on the walls.

PRACTICE CAE

A. It cost £50 to make, for which they were supposed to have a whip-round, but Steve, then
earning £6 a week, seems to have picked up the entire tab. Just 30 were made, and when
they came back in their white sleeves, he used the facilities on the premises to add his own
pictures, which he glued on. The effect was quite beautiful.

B. That was something that struck them all. 'My family's attitude was interesting,' said Ron.
‘My wife said, "It's good for him really," but my teenage son, who had started off by
grunting that the whole thing was terribly sad, ended up coming to listen to us.’

C. For them, like so many others, it looked as though the two years they spent as a group
would at best be something to startle their teenage children with, an incident in their own
long ago youth. But, funnily enough, it didn't work out like that.

D. There followed a series of extraordinary calls, most of them from dealers in either Italy
or America. The group began to sell their own copies. Ron, who had scratched his, sold it
for £1,200. Steve sold his to a Milan dealer for £1,500.

E. This didn't stop them going down to London and knocking on doors. One company,
Island Records, held out the promise of work and even quoted a fee (£40 for a seven-day
week), provided the group organised a gig its executives could come and watch. The Dark
organised a gig, but Island Records never turned up.

F. Sadly, there was no move into success this time, either, and they only just covered their
costs. "But this'll become a collector's item as well, just you watch. Come back in 20 years'
time,' says Martin.

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G. 'Only our van broke down,' says Steve. 'So we had to ring their driver to come out and
get us. That was the biggest gig of our career. We got £7, only the driver charged us £5, so
we cleared £2. That was the most we ever made in our musical life.

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 1: READING PART 3

You are going to read a newspaper article. For questions 13-19, choose the answer (A, B, C
or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

THE WORLD'S A STAGE - BUT IT'S A BIT SILLY, REALLY

The well-known actor Anthony Hopkins once described his profession as a ‘futile, wasteful life
in a false environment.’ Do other actors fool the same way? Tom Conti gives his view.

There are moments in the life of any actor when a sense of the futility of it does impinge.
There is a story told about the great British actor Laurenco Olivier making a particularly
extravagant exit from the stage, saying: "My God, this is no job for a grown man."
In my family, such occasions are known as ‘stoat moments.’ It all goes back to a time in my
career before I could be sure of regular work. Many years ago I was appearing in a
desperately poor production of The Wind in the Willows. I was playing the Chief Stoat. We
were standing in the wings, five grown men clothed head to toe in white nylon fur,
whiskers painted on our faces, the end of our noses blacked. looked down the line, saw the
five of us, and said, "I can't go on. And I didn't. I just couldn't do it. I have to say that the
'stoat' never ceases to present itself.
The 'stoat’ syndrome can be particularly extreme in Hollywood, where there's a bogus
aspect to the whole business. It's such a high- profile, high-profit business that it attracts a
lot of people who really ought not to be in it. When you're shooting a film, you enter a
make-believe world and, inside the production office, there is a second, rather different
make-believe world. So there is a feeling of unreality both on and off the set. Maybe that
does eventually got to you.
For example, there is something that people in Hollywood say - a kind of equivalent of
"Hello, how are you?'- which is very allly. They say, 'Hi Tom, it's so exciting that you're
here.’ I know perfectly well that it's not remotely exciting for them that I'm there. I'm afraid
I've been around too long to take it at face value.
The other thing about Hollywood that drives everybody mad is that no one will take a
decision on the basis of the talent involved. Instead, people look up a 'demograph' table
telling them the amount of box office revenue a particular actor will pull in a certain kind of
picture. I've seen this from the other side when I've been sitting in production offices trying
to cast a film. I'll say: ‘How about so and so, he was great in such and such a film?’ And
someone will say, 'No, it's two years ago, he's dead in the water, the figures are way down.’
The truth is that a good actor has more chance of making a movie successful than a bad
one, but that is not considered. Things like that do drive me crazy.

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Of course, in a sense, there is something very silly about acting, in that you pretend to be
someone else. But you have to keep those thoughts at bay because, after all, this is your
livehood, and there is an awful lot to be said on the positive side. I find, for one thing, that
the stage is the only place where I function well and efficiently. If only I could do the same
when I'm sitting at my desk, sorting out the peripheral aspects of the business, life would
be a lot simpler.
To be less introspective, we actors probably do ourselves an injustice by feeling that what
we do is wholly unimportant. People have a thirst to be entertained, so by quenching that
we fulfil a necessary function for society. I'm currently in a play, and when I look out I see
hundreds of people having a good time.
There is a perception of acting as frivolous and, if you adopt that attitude, you endanger
yourself - and the quality of your work. Only a few people really know what the quality of
your work is. When we first become noticed, it is a very exciting, glamorous time. After
that, you do become part of the furniture. But for those of us who are lucky enough to be
successful in the business, being an actor is a privilege and it gains you access to people and
places that are denied to almost everyone else.

13. What does the writer say about 'stoat moments’?

A. They occur whenever he cannot see the point of what he is doing.
B. They are most likely to occur in certain types of stage productions.
C. The story about Laurence Olivier helped him to understand them.
D. He regrets the effect they have on poople he is acting with.

14. What does the writer emphasise about Hollywood in the third paragraph?
A. how difficult it is to get on with the people who work there.
B. the false nature of everything connected with working there
C. how conscious it is of the unreal image it projects
D. the effect that it has on anyone who goes to work there

15. What does the writer say about the greeting that people in Hollywood give?
A. The people who say it do not expect it to be taken seriously.
B. It annoys him more than anything else that people say it.
C. The people who say it do not realise they are being insincere.
D. He has too much experience of the place to find it flattering.

16. The writer says that a particularly annoying thing about Hollywood is
A. how inaccurately information about the popularity of actors is interpreted there.
B. how often films succeed despite having poor actors in them.
C. how much the people who choose actors for films are dependent on statistics.
D. how indecisively the people who choose actors for films behave.

17. The writer says that, when he is sitting at his desk,

A. he is doing something that does not come easily to him.
B. he realises he is sometimes too negative about acting.

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C. he is doing something that is more sensible than acting.

D. he sometimes thinks about how silly acting is.

18. The writer mentions the play he is in to illustrato his view that
A. actors think too much about their role in society.
B. criticism of the profession of acting is unfair.
C. the entertainment industry is not given the status it deserves.
D. the public do not think that acting is a pointless profession.

19. Which of the following best sums up the writer's view in the text as a whole?
A. Most actors regret the times when they doubted that acting was a worthwhile
profession.
B. The feeling that acting is pointless is usually caused by the people actors work with.
C. There are aspects of acting which really are ridiculous but it is worthwhile nevertheless.
D. The happiest actors accept that their profession should not be taken too seriously.

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 1: READING PART 4

You are going to read an article containing advice on organising focal events. For questions
20-34, choose from the reviews (A-E). The reviews may be chosen more than once.

ORGANISING LOCAL EVENTS

Are you thinking of setting up a fundraising event for your local school or community?
Sarah Passingham, a professional fundraiser, offers advice.

A.
I have had a lot of fun from running events; it has been hard work but have always done it
in the knowledge that I was being paid for my many hours of toil. There are hundreds,
probably thousands, of volunteers who work just as hard for no financial remuneration at
all, and I have enormous admiration for them. I have worked with a good many groups and
individuals who have had a burning ambition to do something for a particular community,
remaining enthusiastic even in the face of adversity. When things go wrong, it is
desperately disappointing and disheartening. Perhaps by looking at some of my
suggestions and learning from my mistakes, most of those disappointing times can be
averted. However, this guide is not meant as the definite work on organising events, rather
it is meant as (*) framework on which to hang your own ideas and methods of doing things.

B.
A very important piece of advice is: Don't panic! Oganising events can be a fraught business
and have myself come close to falling apart on occasions, but it achieved nothing and did
not inspire my colleagues. I hope this book will act as a buffer - to be used before you go off
the rails! - and that it will allow you not only (*) appear calm and well organised, but
genuinely to be (*)ose things. In nearly 10 years of working with every type of professional

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and amateur, indoors and out, when plans have moved from A to B and sometimes to C due
to bad weather or other reasons too numerous to mention, don't think the general public
have ever realised what was going on behind the scenes. Sometimes what they were
experiencing was far removed from the original concept but nobody minded (*)nd, more
often than not, nobody knew.

C.
Even if you have unlimited spare time and resources to set an event up, it is almost
impossible to organise the way itself with one person. You physically cannot be in two or
more places at once. Committees can be (*)esome, unwieldy groups of people who may
have come out for the evening just to enjoy some social chit-hat. However, if you have a
committee that operates efficiently and decisively, it can relieve you of much of the time
consuming bot necessary work, and allow you to get to grips with the real business and
keep a good overview without getting bogged down by details. And when you are dealing
with money from the public, it is always worth having at least a cashier or treasurer as a
second person to keep an eye on your balance or banking. You never want to be put in the
position of having the finger of doubt or suspicion pointed at you, even if you know that
you are entirely innocent.

D.
When I first started, my critics would say that one of my failings was an unwillingness to
delegate. I hope that is no longer true, as in time I have come to realise the value of help,
especially from volunteers. Help can come in many forms apart from the obvious muscle
and brawn. Support, encouragement and an infectious enthusiasm all come from working
with people who have chosen to give their time and sometimes their belongings for a cause
they care passionately about. But what can you expect from volunteers? There is one rule
of thumb here. Let volunteers know exactly what job it is that they are volunteering for.
They can then make the choice to put themselves forward or not. But don't expect anyone
to do anything you would not be prepared to tackle yourself!

E.
In my experience, as long as they are prepared beforehand, people will have a go at almost
anything. Of course, you have to be able to rely on your volunteers once they have offered
their services. You need commitment from them, and if they can't make it on a particular
day or are going to be late, you need to know well in advance so that you can make
alternative arrangements. Now, what's in it for them? Fun, companionship, a sense of
responsibility or, conversely, allowing someone else to take responsibility, or simply an
opportunity to get out of the house. But, above all, we all need to feel needed and you will
often find that the more you show that you need your volunteers, the more they will be
prepared to commit their time and energy to you, often time and time again. If you, as
leader, keep the atmosphere as light as possible by sharing the decisions and being flexible,
they will manage to get what they want out of the work and you will get a job well done."

PRACTICE CAE

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In which section(s) of the text are the following mentioned?

the importance of making it clear to people that you value them 20

the writer's natural instinct to want to do everything herself 21

times when the writer has felt she may become unable to cope 22

a way in which the writer's situation has been different from that of people she 23
has worked with

people who get involved in organising events but don't really want to do any 24
work

some people preferring others to be in charge 25

the assistance provided by people who are physically strong 26

a situation in which you are free to concentrate only on the most important 27
aspects of organising an event

the willingness of people to try things they may not have done before 28

the importance of working with people who will not suddenly let you down 29

the feeling that you really are in control, not just pretending to be 30

the writer's belief that she cannot tell readers everything they need to know 31

the difference that may exist between the way events are planned and the way 32
they turn out

a situation when it is desirable to have someone else checking what you are 33
doing

the possibility that people will be willing to work with you on events repeatedly 34

PAPERS 1 & 3

PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 1

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For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0)

LIFE OF A TRAVEL WRITER

Mick Hudsmith can be (0) ......................... for thinking he has the best job in the world. Here he
is working, which actually means he's sitting high up in the Himalayas, gazing at a view of
magnificent (1) ................... all around. Below him, the snow-capped mountains (2)...................
out, stretching away for as far as the eye can see. A perfect job, you may think, but some
days his head (3) ................... from the amount of work he has to do, for example, checking
the room prices for the 50 hotels in the vicinity, and if every telephone number is correct.
He admits it (4) ................... him out at times.
Mick is the chief travel writer for a well-known company, working on a series of
guidebooks, and it's non stop hard work, as each guidebook contains thousands of facts,
each of which needs to be checked and re-checked. A writer can easily note down dozens of
points of (5) ................... in one day, and then spend the evening, and often deep into the
night, typing them up.
(6) ................... to popular belief, being a travel writer is no holiday! For the traveller who will
buy the book, Mick has to (7) ...................... long hours to make sure everything he reads is
accurate. After weeks of intensive work, Mick (8) .......................... himself by doing something
he really enjoys, like taking photographs or simply lying on a deserted beach. He has done
some adventurous things, such as cross the Sahara by jeep and spend several weeks
exploring the Amazon by canoe. His (9) ................... of the Nepalese language is impressive,
and he admits this region is his favourite out of all the places he has visited, and would
quite like to (10) ................... here. However, (11) ................... calls, and every now and again he
has to head back to London to make sure the latest book doesn't (12) ....................... behind
schedule.

0. A. mistaken B. forgiven C. tolerated D. spared

1. A. scenery B. panorama C. outlook D. spectacle
2. A. expand B. broaden C. lie D. spread
3. A. turns B. winds C. spins D. twists
4. A. wears B. brings C. bears D. works
5. A. attention B. interest C. attraction D. value
6. A. Opposite B. Alternative C. Distinct D.
Contrary
7. A. get into B. take up C. put in D. make over
8. A. delights B. rewards C. praises D. celebrates
9. A. command B. charge C. rule D. order
10. A. put up B. see through C. settle down D.
stay off
11. A. duty B. job C. obligation D. service
12. A. drop B. be C. go D. fall

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PRACTICE CAE
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 2
For questions 13-27, read the text below and think of the word which best fts each gap. Use
only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0)

THE HISTORY OF THE CINEMA

In Britain, the cinema was, (0) ............................. doubt, the most important form of public
commercial entertainment of the twentieth century. Until its popularity was eclipsed in the
1950s by television, cinema enjoyed a period of some fifty years during (13).............................
its appeal far exceeded (14) ............................. of sport, or indeed any other commercial leisure
activity.

The popularity of the cinema at that time is (15) .......................... difficult to explain: it was
accessible, glamorous and cheap. At (16) ............................. height, between 1920 and 1950, a
very small sum of money (17) ............................. guarantee a good seat in the cinema. In the
1920s, the usual venue was a small neighbourhood hall. The audience was drawn from the
local area, and could (18) ............................. some occasions be rather noisy. By the end of the
1930s, (19) ................................, the venue was more likely to be in (20) ............................ of the
larger cinemas known as 'picture palaces', which were springing up everywhere in city
centres (21) ......................... accommodate audiences of over two thousand people. (22)
............................ these establishments, the audiences were expected to be well-behaved; the
performances were organised just (23) ......................... military operations, (24) ............................
uniformed staff on hand to control the queues and usherettes to direct seating
arrangements.

These large cinemas attracted (25) .......................... very mixed audience, although older
people were less likely to be cinema-goers than adolescents. In addition, as might be
expected, people in rural areas were (26) ....................... immersed in the cinema than were
people in towns, simply (27) .............................. of the greater provision of cinemas in urban
areas.

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 3
For questions 28-37, read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of
some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example
at the beginning (0).

CHINESE CUISINE
The (0) ....................................... and sophistication of much Chinese culture is COMPLEX - 0
often hidden behind apparent (28) ............................. . Nowhere is this more SIMPLE - 28
(29) .......................... than in the kitchen. Here, a straightforward cooking EVIDENCE - 29
technique such as stir-frying in a deep pan produces the most
(30) .............................. results. This technique, which was first developed to IMAGINE - 30
make maximum use of the limited fuel available, also preserves the full
(31) .............................. value of the ingredients used. A new generation of NUTRITION -

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chefs of (32) ............................... mixed heritage has encouraged an (33) 31

.......................... approach to food and its preparation. (34) .............................., CULTURE - 32
they combine this with an appreciation of the importance of getting the ADVENTURE -
balance right. The results are as (35) ........................... to the eye as they are 33
delicious to the palate. This (36) ....................... shown by the Chinese chefs INSTINCT - 34
is something to cherish, and one can only hope this heralds a new era in
this most popular and (37) ....................... of cuisines. STRIKE - 35
CREATE - 36

ENDURE - 37
PRACTICE CAE
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 4

For questions 38-42, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three
sentences. Here is an example (0)

Example:

0. I'm afraid that the interests of wildlife do not .......count...... as far as the property
developers are concerned.
You can .....count..... on my support if you decide to run for election.
If you don't .........count........... internal applicants, five people have put in for the post

38. Finally the islands came into ......................................, after three days at sea.
I asked for a ............... of the mountains, but I didn't get one.
In my ............................ , we need to rethink this whole project.

39. We had to .................... off the match because of crowd trouble.

I managed to ....................... for help when we broke down.
I'd like to .................... in on you some day, if possible.

40. I think it is .................... to say that he won't be coming back.

You should always keep a ..................................... distance from the car in front.
Is that a ............................ place to leave your bag?

41. That was a ....................... shave-the car nearly hit us.

I've invited just a few............................... friends to the reception.
The election results were very .............................. .

42. There's been no ......................... from Hans yet - I hope he's OK.
Put in a good ........................... for me when you talk to Janet.
I give you my ........................ that this will remain a secret.

PAPERS 1 & 3
PAPER 3: USE OF ENGLISH PART 5

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For questions 43-50, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use
between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0)
Example:

0 James really enjoys going for a swim every morning.

ON
What James .... is really keen on........ going for a swim every morning.

43. We think you paid too much to have your house painted.
GOT
We think you ....................................................................................... more cheaply.

44. Don't assume that dad will be there to pick you up.
GRANTED
Don't ................................................................................... dad will be there to pick you up.

45. The peace talks failed to make any progress.

MADE
No ................................................................................................................ the peace talks.

46. I've found it difficult to get all my housework done since getting the flu.
KEEP
I've found it very .......................................................... my housework since getting the flu.

47. It was the most wonderful show had ever seen.

SUCH
Never ....................................................................................... a wonderful show.

48. I was about to give up when he arrived.

POINT
I .......................................................................................................... when he arrived.

49. She puts her lack of interest down to the way he presents the subject.
ON
She ..................................................................... his way of presenting the subject.

50 Unless his health improves, he will have to stay at home.

MEAN
If his health ................................................................................. he has to stay at home.

GRAMMAR

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1. TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE
(always, often, usually.../every day/week)

1. general truths
Ÿ Light travels faster than sound.
2. permanent situations
Ÿ I work for a law firm in Oxford
3. habitual/repeated actions
(with frequency adverbs/adverbal)
Ÿ I always have a glass of wine with dinner.
Ÿ I go to the gym once a week.
4. timetables and programmes (ture actions)
Ÿ Our fight leaves at 6 am on Monday moming
5. narrative, headlines, sports commentaries, book/film reviews, itineraries, directions and
instructions
Ÿ Tom Haybum is a successful businessman who goes bankrupt but then marries a rich
widow. (summary of events in a narrative)
Ÿ Students break into school files! (headline)
Ÿ Wilson shoots and scores! (sports commentary)
Ÿ The film is very well directed and has great sound effects. (film review)
Ÿ You go down this road and then turn left. (directions)
Ÿ We visit Hampton Court first then go to Covent Garden. (itinerary)
6. making suggestions/declarations (hope, bet)
Ÿ Why don't you hire a housekeeper?
Ÿ I bet he doesn't/won't come!
7. adverbial clauses (for hisbust or future actions)/time expressions
(when, as soon as, until, as long as, ...)
Ÿ As soon as he arrives, call and let me know.
8. stative verbs
Ÿ senses - *see, hear, *taste, *smell, *feel, notice, etc.
Ÿ emotions/preferences - like, love, hate, want, need, wish, prefer, *depend, etc.
Ÿ perception knowledge - doubt, mean, understand, *think, seem, *appear, believe, know,
etc.
Ÿ ownership - *have, own, belong (to), possess
Ÿ permanence - contain, consist of, resemble, look like, cost, *weigh, *be, etc.
Ÿ We understand you are busy but we need to see you.
Ÿ I don't know who this belongs to but I think it's Helen's
NOTE: (*when these verbs are used in the present progressive tense there is a change in
meaning from a state to an event/activity - see examples in Present Progressive)
9. zero/first conditional
Ÿ If you call, they'll give you the information.
10. in exclamations “Here... !”/“There ...!”
Ÿ "Here comes the queen!"

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Ÿ "There they go again!"

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(now, at present, at the moment, this month, nowadays, ...)

1. actions/events happening at/around the time of speaking

Ÿ The children are studying in their rooms at the moment.
Ÿ I can't come over now because I'm cleaning the house.
2. temporary situations
Ÿ I'm working out of town this week.
3. planned future - personal social and travel arrangements (immediate/near future)
Ÿ He's visiting his parents tomorrow.
4. expressing annoyance or pleasure, with adverbs of frequency such as always, constantly,
forever, perpetually, continually...
Ÿ He is constantly getting into trouble with the law.
Ÿ Kathy is so kind; she's always helping other people.
5. changing situations
Ÿ It's getting dark; we'd better head for home.
6. after imperatives: Look!, Listen!, etc.
Ÿ Listen! A car is pulling up in front of the house.
7. stative verbs which change their meaning in the progressive, to describe an event or
activity
see - She is seeing a lawyer tomorrow. (visiting)
have - I'm having a party this Saturday. (holding)
think - I'm thinking of moving house. (considering)
appear - He is appearing in the new play.(acting in)
be - He is being rude. (behaving)

PAST SIMPLE
(ago, yesterday, then, last, ...)
1. completed setlons
a) at a certain time
Ÿ We saw a film last night at the cinema
b) successively
Ÿ He came in, sat down and picked up newspaper to read.
c) lasting for a certain time
Ÿ We travelled for a month.
2. narrative/story-telling
Ÿ The thief opened the window, climbed inside and switched on his torch.
3. discoveries, inventions
Ÿ Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
4. past habits/states
Ÿ I always went to bed at 9.00 when I was a child
Ÿ I always used to go to bed at 9.00 when I was a child

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used to + infinitite (past habits)/would + infinitive/typical behaviour in the past)

5. unreal past (with present meaning-subjunctives)
It's time, I'd rather, I wish, If only, etc.
Ÿ It's time they dealt with the pollution problem in this city
6. 2nd conditional
Ÿ If I knew where he lived, I would visit him.
7. reporting present simple verbs
Ÿ "Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.

PAST PROGRESSIVE
(while, as, when, at this time, last)
1. interrupted actions in the past (with past simple)
Ÿ I was having a shower when the doorbell rang.
2. parallel actions (two past actions in progress at the same time)
Ÿ He was reading the newspaper while I was cooking in the kitchen.
3. continuous activity at a certain time in the past
Ÿ At this time last week, I was sunbathing at my summer house by the sea.
4. gradual development/changing states
Ÿ The economic situation was becoming more and more serious.
5. background scenes to a story
Ÿ He was driving towards the border; rain was falling and nightfall was approaching.
6. reporting present progressive verbs
Ÿ He said, 'Are you joining us on the trip?
ð He asked me if I was joining them on the trip.
7. expressing annoyance/criticism or pleasure/ admiration; used with adverbs such as
always, constantly, forever, etc.
Ÿ They were forever fighting with each other.
Ÿ We were constantly playing tricks on each other.
8. wonder/think/hope (polite requests/suggestions)
Ÿ I was wondering if you'd like to come along with me tonight.
Ÿ I was thinking you might like to join us for dinner.
Ÿ I was hoping you would lend me some money.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (already, yet, just, since, for, ever, never, how long,
recently)
1. for an action which has just been completed
Ÿ I've just finished repairing the car. (without definite time given)
2. for past actions of unknown time whose results are connected to the present and are
apparent now
Ÿ Look! Someone has cleaned out the garage. All the junk has gone.
3. for actions which began in the past and continue to the present (with, for, since, all my
life)
Ÿ I've been a teacher for twenty years.
4. to announce changes, events or news that affect the present

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Ÿ He has fallen ill with the flu.

5. haven't done (sth since/for...)
Ÿ I haven't seen Mary since we were al college together.
6. with adjectives in the superlative degree
Ÿ This is the most exciting story I've ever read.
7. after the expressions: It's the only/first/second... (time), etc.
Ÿ It is the first time I've ever been to England.
8. earlier state/action which includes present period
Ÿ She has phoned me twice this morning. (It's still morning.)
9. with stative verbs leading up to the present
Ÿ I haven't seen/heard from him for over two years.
10. first conditional
Ÿ If you haven't heard from me by eight, go ahead and leave

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (How long, for, since, all day/morning,…)

1. to show the duration of an uncompleted action beginning in the past and continuing to
the present.
Ÿ We've been waiting in this queue for twenty minutes.
2. to explain a present situation (to emphasise the fact that an action has been
uninterrupted even though it's not continuing now)
Ÿ They have been talking on the phone all day.
3. to show annoyance, irritation or curiosity
Ÿ Look at this mess! The dogs have been playing in the flowerbeds again.
Ÿ I wonder what he's been doing in Africa all this time.
4. for temporary situations
Ÿ He has been staying with his mother for a month, but he's moving into his own flat soon.
5. to show a repented activity
Ÿ I've been taking computer lessons this year.
6. to show a recently finished activity
Ÿ He's been digging in the garden. That's why his boots are dirty.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (after, before, when, by the time, by,...)

1. to describe an action completed before some special past moment we have in mind.
a) past action before another past action
Ÿ When we arrived, everyone else had left.
b) past action before a given time
Ÿ She had written two bestsellers by the time she was twenty.
c) distinction between two past events
Ÿ As soon as I had given him the money, he ran off.
2. in noun clauses following the past tense of realise, know, remember, think, etc. \
Ÿ He suddenly remembered what she had said (the noun clause refers to something
already done before the action of realising, knowing etc.)
3. to explain a past situation
Ÿ She was puffing and panting. She had run up three flights of stairs.

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4. reporting verbs in Present Perfect Simple/Past Simple

Ÿ "I have/had called him several times but to no avail," he said.
ð She told him that she had called him several times but to no avail.
5. third conditional
Ÿ If we had arrived earlier, we would have got better seats.
6. wish/if only + past perfect (to express regret for a past situation/event)
Ÿ I wish/if only I had accepted the job transfer to the mainland.
7. with adjectives in the superlative degree (past reference)
Ÿ It was the worst experience I had ever had.
8. with the expressions: It/That was the only/first/second (time) ..., etc. (past reference)
Ÿ That was the first time I had eaten in a Chinese restaurant.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(How long, when, for, since, after, before, by... etc.)
1. to express duration up to a certain time in the past or before another past event
Ÿ I'd been sleeping for two hours when the alarm clock went off.
2. to explain a past situation which caused visible results
Ÿ Her eyes were red. She had been crying for quite some time.

FUTURE SIMPLE (tomorrow, next week/month, in a week/month,…)

1. promises
Ÿ I'll always be here for you.
2. offers
Ÿ I'll pick you up after work.
3. requests
Ÿ Will you drop this off at the post office, please?
4. assumptions
Ÿ "The phone's ringing." "Oh, that will be Jane."
5. Invitation/offer/refusal
Ÿ Will you join us for dinner?
Ÿ Will you have another drink?
Ÿ He won't accept our offer.
6. willingness/determination
Ÿ I'll stay till we finish no matter how long it takes.
7. asking for advice
Ÿ What will/shall* I do about the broken gate? *see Modals
8. commands
Ÿ Will you please be quiet!
9. predictions or personal opinions about the future (what I know/believe/think/expect,...)
Ÿ I believe he will make a nuccess of his life.
10. first conditional
Ÿ We'll miss the train if you don't hurry up.
Ÿ If you say that again, I'll tell the headmaster.
11. Immediate reaction at the moment of speaking, or a decision that requires no thought

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Ÿ "We've run out of coffee.

" I’ll go and buy some."
12. future fact
Ÿ My son will be four years old in March.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
1. for an action happening at a certain time in the future which is already planned or
arranged
Ÿ At this time tomorrow, I'll be driving to Windsor.
2. to express an action in the future which is a regular occurrence
Ÿ I suppose they'll be going away to their cottage this weekend, as usual.
3. used for events already decided or going to happen anyway
Ÿ I'm afraid I'll be working on Saturday, so I don't think I can come.
4. polite requests asking indirectly for a favour
Ÿ Will you be needing the car tomorrow?

FUTURE with BE GOING TO

1. for plans or decisions that have already been made
Ÿ I'm going to study law after finishing high school.
2. to show intention
Ÿ I'm not going to give up now.
3. for predictions based on evidence
Ÿ The sky is overcast. It's going to rain today.
4. for actions in the past that had been planned but did not eventually occur.
Ÿ We were going to stay an extra day. but we ran short of money.

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE (by, by the time, before,...)

1. used for an action which will have been completed by a future time or action
Ÿ They will have completed the construction of the building by Friday.
2. to express an assumption by the speaker
Ÿ You won't have heard about the article in this morning's paper, of course.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. to show duration up to a certain time in the future
Ÿ By tomorrow morning we will have been working non-stop for 48 hours.

OTHER FUTURE FORMS/REFERENCES

1. the verb to be in calendar references
Ÿ My birthday is on the twenty-first of this month. (present simple),
2. the verb to be to describe formal arrangements
Ÿ Everyone is to be back at eleven at the latest. (to convey orders, instructions, plans)
3. after the verbs think, believe, expect, doubt if there is a future reference
Ÿ I expect he'll be late again.

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2. MODALS (PRESENT FUTURE)

A. MODAL AUXILIARIES:
MUST - MAY - CAN - COULD - MIGHT - WILL - SHALL - SHOULD - OUGHT TO - WOULD -
HAD - BETTER
B. PRINCIPAL AUXILIARIES: TO BE, TO HAVE (GOT) TO, TO DO
C. SEMI-MODALS: USED TO, DARE, NEED
A. MODAL AUXILIARIES
MUST expresses:
strong necessity:
Ÿ I must get this passport renewed immediately.
prohibition (negative):
Ÿ Tourists must not take photographs in this area.
deduction/strong possibility:
Ÿ Look at the ambulances. There must be an accident ahead.
invitations:
Ÿ You really must come to my country house.
strong suggestion:
Ÿ You really must visit Florence when you go to Italy.
obligation MUST NOT è It is forbidden
absence of obligation
DO NOT HAVE TO è It isn't necessary
I don't have to get to work before ten, but I must not leave before six.
Interrogative (external obligation)
It is always safer to uso have to instead of must in questions.
Ÿ Do you have to go back next week?
Ÿ Does she have to come in our car?
MAY - CAN express:
polite request:
Ÿ May I use your computer for a couple of minutes?
polite request (informal):
Ÿ Can I leave my luggage at the reception desk, please?
formal permission:
Ÿ Visitors may smoke, but only in the corridors.
informal permission:
Ÿ You can use my apartment while I'm abroad.
possibility:
Ÿ It may be a bit chilly, so take a jacket.
Ÿ "Where's Simon?"
"I'm not sure. He may be downstairs."
prohibition:
Ÿ You can't go out tonight.
ability:
Ÿ I can swim much better now than I could last year.
impossibility:

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Ÿ Pigs can't fly,

Ÿ They can't go on holiday this year, unfortunately.
concession (although clauses-may):
Ÿ He may be in charge, but he has no right to speak to me like that.
Ÿ Fast though he may be, he'll never win the race.

COULD expresses:
suggestion:
Ÿ You could always stay with Claire in Rome, couldn't you? (possibility/ability)
polite request:
Ÿ Could I possibly have a little more cake, please?
impossibility (negative only):
Ÿ We couldn't afford to buy a new car at that time.
possibility (uncertainty):
Ÿ I think he could be the one you're looking for./ This could be his car.
could + comparative adj. (possibility/impossibility):
Ÿ Things couldn't be worse./I could be better.
past general ability (for an ability on a specific occasion, in the affirmative we use be able
to):
Ÿ When he was in primary school, he could do advanced mathematics.
Ÿ She couldn't fix my hair on Friday, but she was able to do it on Saturday. (Here we do not
say: she could do it on Saturday).
weak probability:
Ÿ He could become mayor, I suppose.
conditionals 2nd & 3rd type:
Ÿ We could go if we were lucky enough to find two tickets.
Ÿ He could have brought the files himself if you had told him early enough.

MIGHT expresses:
suggestion:
Ÿ If you can't find him at Lucy's, you might try Maria's.
conditionals:
Ÿ If my money comes through, I might go to the Seychelles.
indirect speech (may → might):
Ÿ "I may be out when you get back," she said.
ð She said she might be out when I got back.
possibility:
Ÿ Go on without me; I might be delayed.

MAY/MIGHT*
may/might as well (= the only thing left to do)
Ÿ Everyone has left so we may/might as well call it a day
Idiomatic expression with "try"
Ÿ Try as he may, he'll never succeed, (present)

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Ÿ Try as he might, he didn't succeed. (past)

Ÿ The Prime Minister may/might raise the tax issue in Parliament today.
(*might suggests less possibility than may)
REMEMBERI
The interrogative form of may is used for polite requests. When we want to ask about
future possibility, we use:
think+ (that) clause.
be likely inf./(that) clause
Ÿ Do you think (that) we'll be invited?
Ÿ Is it likely (that) we'll be invited?
Ÿ Is Jonathan likely to remember his cousin's birthday?

WILL SHALL express:

threat:
Ÿ You'll be sorry if you ever get on the wrong side of him!
request:
Ÿ Will you make sure your grandmother gets a lift home?
promise:
Ÿ I'll take them back home if you haven't got time.
assumption:
Ÿ That will be John at the door. I'm expecting him.
first conditional:
Ÿ If I have enough money, I'll pay for it.
Immediate reaction (requiring no thought):
Ÿ "The telephone's ringing." "I'll get it."
prediction:
Ÿ They'll be sorry for their actions one day.
suggestions:
Ÿ Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
offers:
ŸMary needs help. Shall I go and give her a hand?
asking for advice:
Ÿ I need a holiday, but where shall I go?
formal rules and regulations:
Ÿ No members of the public shall be allowed in.
refusal:
Ÿ I won't take your money!
insistence:
Ÿ I will go through with the operation.

SHOULD - OUGHT TO express:

advisability:
Ÿ I should/ought to try and cut down on sweets.
certainty:

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Ÿ He should/ought to be able to find us.

It's easy enough.
uncertainty:
Ÿ Should leave the keys on the table?
assumption:
Ÿ Luke should/ought to be getting to New York about now.
conditionals:
Ÿ I should (= would) be grateful if you helped me.
duty/strong advice:
Ÿ You should/ought to stop him right now.
obligation:
Ÿ You should/ought to pay back that money soon.
a right to something:
Ÿ They should/ought to be given an hour off for lunch.
recommendation:
Ÿ I think you should/ought to consult a lawyer.
criticism:
Ÿ You shouldn't/ought not to smoke so much.

SHOULD (special structures) verb + that + (should)

(advise, arrange, ask, command, demand, insist, intend, order, prefer, propose, recommend,
request, require, specify, suggest, urge,...)
Ÿ Our lawyer advised caution. è Our lawyer advised that we should be cautious.

SHOULD + VERBS OF THINKING + (THAT)

(believe, consider, krow, think,...)
Ÿ I should think (that) you would know what to do.
Ÿ I should have known (that) you wouldn't show up.

ALSO:
in case ð I'm taking an extra sweater in case it should get cold.
lest ð He said nothing lest they should find out.
for fear ð She wore dark glasses for fear (that) she should be recognised.

WOULD expresses:
past habit:
Ÿ When I was young, would spend hours watching TV.
refusal (past):
Ÿ He wouldn't give me her address.
conditionals:
Ÿ What would you do/would you have done if it (had) happened to you?
polite request:
Ÿ Would you mind waiting for a couple of minutes, please?
would + rather preference:

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Ÿ I'd rather be living in a warm climate than a cold one.

after doubtful, (un)likely, doubt whether:
Ÿ It's doubtful/unlikely that he would say such a thing/ doubt whether they would
remember to call.
as part of an incomplete conditional sentence:
Ÿ No one would agree. (le, if they were asked)

HAD BETTER + bare infinitive expresses:

advisability with threat of bad result:
Ÿ He'd better pull his socks up or the coach will drop him from the team.
the best thing to do:
Ÿ It's late. I'd better call them to see what's happened

B. PRINCIPAL AUXILIARIES & MODALS

TO BE expresses:
strong expectation; to convey orders, plans or instructions
PRESENT - FUTURE
Ÿ You are to be home before eleven.
Ÿ No one is to touch anything until the police arrive.
PAST
Ÿ You were to be home before eleven.
Ÿ No one was to touch anything until the police arrived.
HAVE (GOT) TO expresses:
necessity:
I have (got) to be there by six, whatever happens.
I had to be there by st, whatever happened.
habitual obligation:
I have (got) to get up at the crack of dawn every day.
I had to got up at the crack of dawn every day.

DO (auxiliary):
forming questions:
Ÿ Where do you normally go for your holidays?
and negative sentences:
Ÿ She doesn't seem to have taken to her new job.
emphatic request:
Ÿ Do try and look a little enthusiastic!
emphasis:
Ÿ "You didn't give me that cassette back."
"I certainly did give it back."

DO (ordinary verb):
Ÿ He always does exactly what he wants.

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• It's nothing to do with me.

C. SEMI-MODALS à USED TO - DARE - NEED

USED TO:
- repeated action in the past
- discontinued habit or past situation which contrasts with the present
Ÿ I used to love horror shows when I was young.
Ÿ She used to swim regularly, but now she doesn't
(NO PRESENT FORM)
I usedn't - I used not to - I didn't use to - Used you...? à FORMAL
Did you use to...? à INFORMAL

BE/GET USED TO + ING

be/become accustomed to
Ÿ She couldn't get used to living in the Far East.

NEED (ordinary verb):

Ÿ We need more money to set up our organisation.
Ÿ I don't really need him telling me how to organise my life.
Ÿ Does he need to have the spare key for tonight?
modal auxiliary: question and negative forms
You needn't repeat yourself. I understood the first time. (rarely used in the affirmative)
Ÿ Need you go on about your problems quite so much?

DARE: have the courage to do something

(semi-modal)
a. In negatives and questions
Ÿ He dares not show his face in that store again.
Ÿ Dare we try and get away without telling her?
b. in certain informal expressions to show Indignation/objection
Ÿ Don't you dare suggest such a dreadful thing!
Ÿ How dare he treat me like one of his servants!
c. In questions, negatives and statements. (ordinary verb)
Ÿ Does she dare to question my word?
Ÿ I don't dare to break the news that I'm leaving.
Ÿ If she dares to speak to me like that again, I'll tell her mother.
d. (dare + sb + full Infinitive): challenge
Ÿ His friends dared Alan to ask the girl for a date.

REMEMBER!
didn't need to • You didn't need to call. (it wasn't necessary, and you probably
didn't)
needn't have • You needn't have called. (it wasn't necessary but you did anyway.)

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3. REPORTED SPEECH
Introductory Verbs

INFINITIVE GERUND THAT CLAUSE

agree accuse sb of add
advise ab admit (to) admit
allow sb apologise for agree
ask sb avoid announce
beg sb boast about answer
claim blame (sb) for argue
command sb complain to sb about assure sb
demand deny boast
encourage sb forgive (sb) for claim
*explain to sb what/how inform (sb) about complain
forbid sb insist on deny
implore ab object to estimate
instruct sb prefer exclaim
invite ab offer propose explain
offer recommend be informed
order sb regret inform sb
permit sb report observe
plead with sb reprimand (sb) for notice
promise scold (sb) for point out
refuse suggest promise
remind sb protest
request (sb) recommend
tell sb regret
threaten remark
urge sb remind sb
warm sb reply
want sb report
*wonder request
where/what/how/whether say
NOTE state
*explain to sb what/why/how + suggest
clause threaten (sb)
*wonder why + clause warn (sb)

ADVERBIAL CHANGES: TIME AND PLACE

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
now ² then, at that time/moment
today/tonight ² that day/that night
yesterday ² the day before/the previous day
the day before yesterday ² two days before

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tomorrow ² the next/following day

the day after tomorrow ² in two days' time
next week/year ² the following week/year
last week/year ² the previous week/year, the week/year
²
a year ago before
²
ago ² a year before/the previous year
this ² before
these ² the/that/it
here they/them/those
there/in that place

4. CLAUSES OF PLACE – REASON - MANNER

A. CLAUSES OF PLACE
(where, wherever, only (every)where, no matter where, as near as, as far as, as
high/low as)
Ÿ No matter where he goes, he always makes friends.
Ÿ I found my keys exactly where I had left them.
Ÿ This is as far as we go.

Note:
Future Simple is not used in clauses of place.
Ÿ Wherever I will go, I see them,
Ÿ No matter where you will go, I'll find you.

B. CLAUSES OF REASON:
as, because (of), since, for, now that, seeing that, on the grounds that, the reason
for/why, due to, owing to, in view of, on account of, participles
Ÿ We had to sleep in the car because of the fact that the hotels were overbooked.
Ÿ The match was called off owing to/in view of/on account of the bad weather.
Ÿ The train crash was due to the driver's negligence.
Ÿ Now that/Seeing that/As we've lost the tickets, we can't go to the concert.
Ÿ He was punished for not doing his homework.
Ÿ Not wanting to be late, we took a taxi.

The reason why + clause

The reason for+noun/pronoun + gerund/ infinitive
Ÿ The reason why he was arrested is not clear.
Ÿ The reason for his arrest/his being arrested is not clear.
Ÿ There must be a reason for him to say/saying that.

C. CLAUSES OF MANNER
are introduced by: as, the way, in the same way as, as if/though, how
Ÿ That's not the way (in which) to handle a newborn baby.
Ÿ They make these rugs in the same way as they did a hundred years ago.

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Ÿ I'll show you how to operate the mixer.

as if/though
(present tense - real possibility in the present)
They look as if/though they know each other very well.
(past tense showing improbability in the present)
• He talks/talked about the subject as if/though he knew something about it.
(past perfect - real or imaginary action in the past)
Ÿ He looks as if/though he had worked all through the night.

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