Name: Nouman Ahmad
Roll No: L-BSCS 2258623
Subject: Intro To Information and Communication Technology
Section: BSCS-M1(1st Semester)
Submitted To: Mr. Umair Aslam
Department OF Computer Science
National University OF Modern Languages
Types of Computer Memory
The diagram presents the hierarchical structure of computer memory, dividing it into Internal
Memory and External Memory, and further sub-classifying them into various types and subtypes.
Computer memory is broadly divided into two main types based on how data is accessed and where
it is stored:
Internal Memory
Also known as primary or main memory, this type of memory is directly accessible by the CPU.
It is fast and temporary (volatile), except for ROM, which is non-volatile. Internal memory is
essential for executing programs and storing data during operations.
External Memory
Also referred to as secondary memory, this is used for long-term data storage. It is not directly
accessed by the CPU and is non-volatile, meaning data remains even after the power is turned off.
External memory typically has much larger capacity than internal memory but is slower.
1. Internal Memory
Internal memory is essential for system performance and processing speed. It stores data that the
CPU is currently using.
A. ROM (Read-Only Memory)
ROM is a non-volatile memory that retains its contents even when the computer is shut down. It
is used to store firmware or BIOS, the instructions needed to start up the computer.
Types of ROM:
a) PROM (Programmable ROM):
Can be programmed only once after manufacturing.
Used in systems where fixed instructions are needed.
b) EPROM (Erasable PROM):
Can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet (UV) light.
Can be reprogrammed multiple times.
c) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM):
Can be erased and reprogrammed using electrical signals.
More flexible than EPROM and widely used in modern systems.
ROM is critical during the booting process, as it holds instructions the system needs to start.
B. RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is a volatile memory, meaning it loses data when the computer is turned off. It temporarily
holds data and instructions that are actively being used by the CPU.
Two main types of RAM:
• SRAM (Static RAM):
Uses flip-flops to store each bit of data.
Faster and more reliable than DRAM.
Commonly used for CPU cache memory.
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM):
Uses capacitors, which need constant refreshing.
Cheaper and slower than SRAM.
Used as the main memory (system RAM) in most computers.
Subtypes of DRAM:
• SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM):
Works in sync with the system clock.
Improves performance by coordinating memory access.
• RDRAM (Rambus DRAM):
High-speed memory developed by Rambus Inc.
Used in high-performance graphics and gaming systems.
• DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM):
Transfers data on both rising and falling edges of the clock signal, doubling speed.
Versions of DDR SDRAM:
• DDR1: The first version, now outdated.
• DDR2: Faster and more efficient than DDR1.
• DDR3: Offers better performance and lower power consumption.
• DDR4: Latest mainstream version with higher bandwidth and efficiency.
Each new DDR version brings improvements in speed, efficiency, and data handling capacity.
3. External Memory
External memory is used to store data permanently. It is not directly accessed by the CPU but is
vital for saving files, installing software, and backups.
Examples of External Memory:
• HDD (Hard Disk Drive):
Traditional magnetic storage.
High capacity, relatively cheap.
Slower due to mechanical parts.
• SSD (Solid-State Drive):
Uses flash memory, no moving parts.
Faster and more durable than HDD.
More expensive but offers quick data access.
• CD (Compact Disc):
Optical storage used for music, media, and software.
Becoming outdated due to lower capacity and slower access.
• USB (Universal Serial Bus) Flash Drive:
Portable and compact.
Used to store and transfer files between devices.
Non-volatile and rewritable.
