Chapter 8: Multidimensional
Arrays
Sections 8.1-8.5, 8.8
Textbooks: Y. Daniel Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, 3rd Edition
© Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
These slides were adapted by Prof. Gheith Abandah from the Computer Engineering Department of the University
of Jordan for the Course: Computer Skills for Engineers (0907101)
Updated by Dr. Ashraf Suyyagh (Summer 2021)
This is an updated odp/pdf version done by Dr Talal A. Edwan (Fall 2023) 1
Outline
• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
2
Introduction
Data in a table or a matrix can be represented
using a two-dimensional array.
3
Outline
• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
4
Declaring Two-Dimensional
Arrays
elementType arrayName[ROW_SIZE][COLUMN_SIZE];
• Example
int distances[7][7];
• An element in a two-dimensional array is
accessed through a row and column index.
int AmmanToZarqa = distances[1][5];
5
Two-Dimensional Array Illustration
6
Outline
• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
7
Initializing Arrays with Random
Values
• Nested for loops are often used to process a two-
dimensional array.
• The following loop initializes the array with random values
between 0 and 99:
for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)
{
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
matrix[row][column] = rand() % 100;
}
}
8
Printing Arrays
• To print a two-dimensional array, you have to print each
element in the array using a loop like the following:
for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)
{
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
cout << matrix[row][column] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
9
Summing All Elements
• To sum all elements of a two-dimensional array:
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < ROW_SIZE; row++)
{
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE; column++)
{
total += matrix[row][column];
}
}
10
Summing Elements by Column
• For each column, use a variable named total to store
its sum. Add each element in the column to total
using a loop like this:
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)
total += matrix[row][column];
cout << "Sum for column " << column << " is "
<< total << endl;
}
11
Which row has the largest sum?
• Use variables maxRow and indexOfMaxRow to track the largest sum and
index of the row. For each row, compute its sum and update maxRow and
indexOfMaxRow if the new sum is greater.
int maxRow = 0;
int indexOfMaxRow = 0;
// Get sum of the first row in maxRow
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE; column++)
maxRow += matrix[0][column];
for (int row = 1; row < ROW_SIZE; row++)
{
int totalOfThisRow = 0;
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE; column++)
totalOfThisRow += matrix[row][column];
if (totalOfThisRow > maxRow)
{
maxRow = totalOfThisRow;
indexOfMaxRow = row;
}
}
cout << "Row " << indexOfMaxRow
<< " has the maximum sum of " << maxRow << endl; 12
Outline
• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
13
Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays
to Functions
• You can pass a two-dimensional array to a function.
• The column size to be specified in the function
declaration.
• A program that for a function that returns the sum
of all the elements in a matrix.
PassTwoDimensionalArray Run
14
PassTwoDimensionalArray.cpp 1/2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int COLUMN_SIZE = 4;
int sum(const int a[][COLUMN_SIZE], int rowSize)
{
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)
{
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE; column++)
{
total += a[row][column];
}
}
return total;
}
15
PassTwoDimensionalArray.cpp 2/2
int main()
{
const int ROW_SIZE = 3;
int m[ROW_SIZE][COLUMN_SIZE];
cout << "Enter " << ROW_SIZE << " rows and "
<< COLUMN_SIZE << " columns: " << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < ROW_SIZE; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < COLUMN_SIZE; j++)
cin >> m[i][j];
cout << "\nSum of all elements is " << sum(m, ROW_SIZE)
<< endl;
return 0;
}
16
Outline
• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
17
Problem: Grading Multiple-Choice Test
GradeExam Run
18
GradeExam.cpp 1/2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 8;
const int NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS = 10;
// Students' answers to the questions
char answers[NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS][NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS]
=
{
{'A', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'D', 'B', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'E', 'D', 'D', 'A', 'C', 'B', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'C', 'B', 'A', 'E', 'D', 'C', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'A', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'B', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'B', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'E', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'} 19
};
GradeExam.cpp 2/2
// Key to the questions
char keys[] = { 'D', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'A', 'E', 'A',
'D' };
// Grade all answers
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS; i++)
{
// Grade one student
int correctCount = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS; j++)
{
if (answers[i][j] == keys[j])
correctCount++;
}
cout << "Student " << i << "'s correct count is " <<
correctCount << endl;
}
return 0; 20
}
Outline
• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
21
Multidimensional Arrays
• A 1D array is simply one row of
sequential data.
• A 2D array is a group of rows on
top of one another forming a
table of rows and columns.
• A 3D array is a group of tables.
• A 4D array is a group of a group
of tables, and so on.
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
22
Multidimensional Arrays
You can create n-dimensional arrays for
any integer n.
For example, you may use a three-dimensional array to store exam
scores for a class of 6 students with 5 exams and each exam has 2
parts (multiple-choice and essay).
double scores[6][5][2];
row column table
23
Multidimensional Arrays
You can create n-dimensional arrays for any integer n.
double scores[6][5][2];
Essay
Multiple Choice
With initialization:
double scores[6][5][2] = {
{{7.5, 20.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 33.5}, {13, 21.5}, {15, 2.5}},
{{4.5, 21.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 34.5}, {12, 20.5}, {14, 9.5}},
{{6.5, 30.5}, {9.4, 10.5}, {11, 33.5}, {11, 23.5}, {10, 2.5}},
{{6.5, 23.5}, {9.4, 32.5}, {13, 34.5}, {11, 20.5}, {16, 7.5}},
{{8.5, 26.5}, {9.4, 52.5}, {13, 36.5}, {13, 24.5}, {16, 2.5}},
{{9.5, 20.5}, {9.4, 42.5}, {13, 31.5}, {12, 20.5}, {16, 6.5}} }; 24
Problem: Daily Temperature and
Humidity
• Suppose a meteorology station records the temperature
and humidity at each hour of every day and stores the
data for the past ten days in a text file named
weather.txt.
• Each line of the file consists of four numbers that
indicates the day, hour, temperature, and humidity.
A program that calculates the average
daily temperature and humidity for the 10 Weather Run
days. 25
Weather.cpp 1/2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int NUMBER_OF_DAYS = 10;
const int NUMBER_OF_HOURS = 24;
double data[NUMBER_OF_DAYS][NUMBER_OF_HOURS][2];
// Read input using input redirection from a file
int day, hour;
double temperature, humidity;
for (int k = 0; k < NUMBER_OF_DAYS * NUMBER_OF_HOURS; k++)
{
cin >> day >> hour >> temperature >> humidity;
data[day - 1][hour - 1][0] = temperature;
data[day - 1][hour - 1][1] = humidity;
}
26
Weather.cpp 2/2
// Find the average daily temperature and humidity
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_DAYS; i++)
{
double dailyTemperatureTotal = 0, dailyHumidityTotal = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < NUMBER_OF_HOURS; j++)
{
dailyTemperatureTotal += data[i][j][0];
dailyHumidityTotal += data[i][j][1];
}
// Display result
cout << "Day " << i << "'s average temperature is "
<< dailyTemperatureTotal / NUMBER_OF_HOURS << endl;
cout << "Day " << i << "'s average humidity is "
<< dailyHumidityTotal / NUMBER_OF_HOURS << endl;
}
return 0;
}
27
Exercise
Modify the Weather.cpp program to
compute the average temperature and humidity
for each hour in a day.
Hour 1 average temperature is …,
Hour 1 average humidity is …,
Output format → Hour 2 average temperature is …,
Hour 2 average humidity is …,
Hour 24 average temperature is …,
Hour 24 average humidity is …,
28
Example – Chess Board
Write a C++ program to generate a chess board
pattern.
Sample output →
29
Example – Chess Board (cont.)
#include <iostream>
for(i=0; i<8; i++)
using namespace std; {
int main() for(j=0; j<8; j++)
{
if(x[i][j] == 'B')
char x[8][8]; cout << "\u25A0"; // character for
int i, j; // black square.
else
for(i=0; i<8; i++) cout << " "; // character for
for(j=0; j<8; j++) // white square.
{ cout << endl;
if ((i+j+1)%2 == 0)
x[i][j] = 'B'; }
else
x[i][j] = 'W'; return 0;
} }
30
Outline
• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
31
