Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education

1. Meaning of physical education

Physical Education is an integral part of the total education process and has its aim,
the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens
through the medium of physical activities which has been selected with a view to
realising their outcome.

2. Physical education- Definition: aims and objective.

According to Charles A Bucher, "physical education is an integral part of total

education process and has its aim in the development of physically, mentally,
emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which
have been selected with a view to realize these out comes.”
“Physical education is the sum of changes in the individual caused by experience
which can bring in motor activity.”

Cassidy’s: Views are “physical education is the sum of changes in the individual
caused by experiences centering motor activity.”
J.B.Nash: “Physical education is that phase of the whole field of education that
deals with big muscle activities and their related responses.
According to the Central Advisory Board of physical Education and Recreation.

“Physical education is the education through physical activities for the development
of the total personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in body, mind, and
spirit.

3. Aims of objectives of Physical Education:

“The aim of physical education must be, to make every child physically .Mentally
and emotionally fit and also to develop in him such personal and social qualities,
that will help him to live happily with others and built him up a good citizen”

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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
1. objectives :-

Aims and Objectives of Physical Education.

The target of physical education is to have complete personality development of

the concerned person or persons. It ensures more organized and better living.

Ministry of Education and National planning of Physical education and

Recreation, reaffirms “the aim of physical education must be to make every child
physically, mentally and emotionally fit and also to develop in him such personal
and social qualities that help him to live happily with others and build up in him a
good citizen.”

Aims of physical fitness and growth: Physical education undoubtedly ensures

proper regulating of the entire organic system and strengthening bones and
ensuring vigorous overall growth.

Mental Development: Quick reflexes and agility promotes alert brain, deeper
concentration, instantaneous response, proper estimation and measured movement.
All come out of extremely alert, intelligent, and focused brain, thus adding to the
mental capacity.

Body mind coordination: Mind thinks and decides, sends appropriate signals to
limbs to obey and act. Physical education emphasizes this further and helps to
establish better body mind relationship.

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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
Improvement in Health and growth: The most visible purpose of physical
education is improvement of health and growth. It inculcates good health related
habits.

Development of emotional control: Health education works on emotional aspects

as well as teaches its limit and where, when and how to control them.

Various Physical Education Courses available in India

For career preparation in the field of physical education the details about various
universities, colleges, institutions and degrees, diplomas and other courses, the
duration of these courses and eligibility to get admission in such courses are given
below:

The above-mentioned universities, institutes

Name of Name of Institute/ State Eligibility for Duration

Course University/College Admission of Course
Master's Guru Nanak Dev Punjab B.P.Ed. 1 year
degree in University, Amritsar
Physical
Education
(M.P.Ed.)
M.P.Ed. Punjab University, Punjab B.P.Ed./Graduate 2 years
Patiala in
Arts/Sc./Phy.Ed.
Diploma in SAI Netaji Subhash Punjab Graduation 2 years
Coaching National Institute of
Sports, Moti Bagh,
Patiala
Master’s do- Punjab Diploma in 2 years
degree in Coaching
Sports (M.S.)
M.P.Ed. Govt. College of Punjab Graduation 2 years
Physical
Education, Patiala
B.P.Ed. SAI Laxmi Bai Madhya 10 + 2 3 years
National Pradesh
College of Physical
Education, Gwalior
M.P.Ed. -do- Madhya B.P.Ed. 2 years
Pradesh
M.Phil, in -do- Madhya Master's degree 1 year
Physical Pradesh in
Education Physical
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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
Education/
M.P.Ed.
Ph.D. -do- Madhya -do- 1 year
Pradesh
M.P.Ed. Maharishi Dayanand Harvana Graduation 2 years
University, Rohtak
M.P.Ed. Kurukshetra Haryana Graduation with 2 years
University 45%
Kurukshetra marks in Phy.
Ed.
Ph.D. -do- Haryana M.P.Ed. 2 years
B.Sc (Sports) Gurunanak Khalsa Haryana 10+2 3 years
College,
Yamunanagar
M.A. (Physical Punjab University Harvana Graduation/ 2 years
Education) Chandigarh B.P.Ed.
Ph.D. -do- Haryana M.A./M.P.Ed. 2 years
Master of Indira Gandhi Delhi Graduation in the 2 years
Physical Institute respective
Education of Physical subject
Education and [otherwise
Sports Sciences. mentioned
New Delhi against the
course]
Diploma in -do- Delhi Graduation 1 year
Physical
Education
B.P.Ed. Kolkata University, West 10 + 2 3 years
Kolkata Bengal
Diploma in SAI National Sports West Graduation 2 years
Coaching East Bangalore Bengal Graduation 1 year
Centre, Salt Lake Karnataka
City
Sector-Ill, Kolkata
Bangalore University
M.P.Ed. Bangalore University Karnataka Graduation with 1 year
Bangalore additional degree
in
physical
education
Diploma in SAI National Sports Karnataka Graduation 2 years
Coaching South Centre,
University
Campus, Bangalore

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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
B.P.Ed. SAI Laxmibai Kerala 10 + 2 3 years
National
College of Physical
Education
Kanavattam,
Thiruvananthapuram-
695586
M.P.Ed. -do- Kerala B.P.Ed 2 years
MPhil. -do- Kerala M.P.Ed. 1 vear
Ph D. -do- Kerala M.Phil./M.P.Ed. 1 vear
Diploma in SAI National Sports Gujarat Graduation 2 years
Coaching West Centre,
Gandhinagar
M.P.Ed. Annamalai Tamil Nadu B.P.Ed, or 1 year
University Equivalent
PO, Annamalainagar
South Arcot-608002
M.P.Ed. Universitv of Madras Tamil Nadu B.P.Ed. 1 vear
Chepauk, Madras-
600005
B.P.Ec Ahgarh Muslim Uttar 10+2 3 years
University Pradesh
Akgarh-202002
M.P.Ed. Benaras Hindu Uttar B.P.Ed. 1 year
University Pradesh
Varanasi-221005

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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
Question for 1 Mark (30 words)
Q1. What is the aim of physical education?
Ans. The Aim of physical education is all round development of the personality of the

Q2. What do you mean by physical education?

Ans. Physical education is the sum of changes in an individual caused by experes
which can bring in by motor activity.

Q3. What do you mean by sports journalism?

Ans. Through sports journalism we mean that we can gather information regarding all
sports activities and to collect different types of material required for physical
education. Such physical education teachers who have skill in communicating by
oral or writing can avail the career option in the field of sports journalism.

Q4. What do you mean by Health related careers?

Ans In the modern world, people are more aware of their health related issues. Each
and every person is awake to his health. He remains to be hale and healthy. He
wants to adopt a healthy life style. So there is an increase in job opportunities in
health related careers in field of physical education. The number of health and
weight control clubs has increased tremendously. The another field related to
health career is athletics training.

Q5. What is the objective of physical education?

Ans. Physical education facilities and ample time for the individual and the groups to
participate in activities that are physically wholesome, mentally stimulating and
socially sound.

Question for 3 Marks (60 Words)

Q.1 Discuss the teaching career in physical education.

Ans. Physical education has traditional been declared as a professional field.
Appropriate career offers many rewards to the teachers whether they are
engaged in elementary school middle schools. High school, senior secondary
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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
schools. College or universities. This career is usually considered to have many
benefits. The teacher, in the field of physical education has deep respect among
the students because he makes a good contribution to society this career provides
internal satisfaction
• Elementary School
• Middle School
• High Secondary School
• College and university
These are teaching opportunities in the field of physical education at different
rules.

Q.3 Write a note on career in sports Industry?

Ans. Careers are also available in sports industry. A person who wants a careers in
sports industry, must have the knowledge of physical education and sports. One
may establish a sports industry at a small scale. It may be related to only T-shirts
and trits. It may be related to only sports footwear. The knowledge of research and
designing is also vital for such jobs, because new types of sports equipments and
new types of tracksuits or swimsuits which are beneficial for increasing the
performance of sport persons are always in demand.

Question for 5 marks

Q.1 What are the career option in physical education?

Ans. Career option in physical education

1. Teaching Career :-
(i) Elementary school level
(ii) Middle school level
(iii) High school and senior sec. s. level
(iv) College and university level

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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
2. Coaching Career :-
(i) Administration related career
(ii) Physical education department
(iii) Sports department
(iv) Industrial recreation
(v) Sports facilities
3. Healthy related career :-
(i) Healthy club
(ii) Athletic training
4. Performance related career :?
(i) As professional players
(ii) As official
5. Career in Communication and media :-
(i) Sports journalism
(ii) Book publication
(iii) Sports photography
(iv) Sports board casting

Q.2 What are the main objectives of physical education?

Ans. 1. Physical development: - Development of organ systems such as circulatory

system, nervous system, muscular system, digestive system etc.

2. Mental development: - Physical activities require alertness of mind, deep

concentration and calculated movement. This objective is related to the mental
development of an individual.
3. Social development: - This objective is related to the development of social
traits, which are essential for better adjustment in life. It is a better source for
attaining the qualities like. Co-operation, fair play, sports man ship. Tolerance
and sympathy.

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 Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education
4. Neuro Muscular Co-ordination:- This objective is centered with a better
relationship between nervous system. Education provide ample opportunities
of physical neuro muscular coordination.

5. Emotional Development:- The emotional development of an individual is

also the major objectives of physical education every individual has various
types of emotions viz. Pleasure, hope, jealousy, hateredness, fear, depression,
anger, wonder, lust, loneliness etc.

6. Development of Health:- This develops healthy related habits through health

education. This also provides education about the prevention of
communicable diseases.

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 Physical Fitness
Physical Fitness, Wellness, and Lifestyle
Physical fitness: - Physical fitness means the capacity to do the routine work without
any fatigue or exertion and after doing the work the person has power to do some more
work and recover is quicker.

Wellness: - Wellness is the capacity of an individual by which he leads a balanced life.

Components of Physical Fitness
There are five physical fitness components. They are directly related to each other
 1 Mark Questions (30 Words)
Q1. What do you mean by physical fitness?

Ans. It is the ability of a person to do daily routine work without fatigue; more over to
participate in playful activities and still reserves enough capacity to meet any
emergency.
Q.2 What do you mean by wellness?
Ans. The facts or condition of being physically and mentally healthy.
Q.3 What do you mean by health related Physical fitness?
Ans. Health related fitness is related witht he development and maintenance of fitness
components that can increase the level of health through prevention and remedies of
various deseases.

Q.4 Briefly explain the importance of wellness.

Ans. Importance of wellness-
1) It help in the improvement and tonning up the muscle.
2) It reduces the recovery time after injury or illness.
3) It help in fulfilling proper nutritional requirements.
4) It helps in better management of stress and tension.
5) Regulates and improves overall bodyfunction.
6) Motivate positive lifestyle habits or changes.
7) It helps people to meet the challenges of life and also unforseen situation as and
when required.

Q.5 Healthy in "an asset" comment.

Ans. 1. It is said that" a sound mind lives in a sound body". The low health status is a
border.
2. Unhealthy people has to depend upon others, more over, a lot of money is spent
on medicines to improve or maintain the health status.

5 Marks Questions

Q.1 How can healthy threat be prevented through lifestyle change? Discus in detail:
Ans. 1. Regular Physical Exercise: - It helps in preventing obesity, high blood pressure,
heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, some types of cancer, constipation, depression and
other healthy threats.

2. Healthy eating habits: - Healthy eating habits can help the individuals in preventing
as well as controlling the disease such as high blood pressure, heart disease,
diabetes, osteoporosis, muscular degenerating renal stones, dental diseases and
including certain type of cancer.
 3. Quit for Smoking: - Quitting smoking is significant for a healthy lifestyle. Infact
smoking, use of tobacco in any form increases the blood pressure which may cause
stroke and coronary artery disease.
4. Sufficient sleep: - Sufficient sleep is also very significant part of a healthy lifestyle.

5. Prevention of injury: - Prevention of various types of injuries owing to fatal

accidents plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Q.2 Enumerate the factors affecting physical fitness and wellness in detail.
Ans. The following factors usually affect the physical fitness and wellness of an individual :-

1. Regular exercise: - It is the most important factor which affects the physical fitness
of an individual.

2. Amount of Training: - The amount of training also affects physical fitness. If the
amount of training is not upto desirable level we will be incapable of improving his
physical fitness. It should be increased slowly.

3. Rest and Relaxation :- It also affects the physical fitness of an individual. If proper
rest and relaxation are taken, there will be positive effect on the physical fitness of
an individual.

4. Stress and Tension: - It tends to have a negative effect on physical fitness and
wellness. Stress and tension decreases the psychological power of an individual.

5. Age: - It is also one of the major factors which affects the physical fitness and
wellness of an individual.

6. Gender: - It also affects the level of physical fitness and wellness. Infact, there are
anatomical, physiological, and psychological differences between males and
females.

7. Environment: The environment, which includes climate, temperature, altitude,

social, and cultural factors affect the physical fitness and wellness of a person.

8. Diet: - It also influences the level of physical fitness and wellness. Good diet helps
not only in maintaining physical fitness but it also improves the level of physical
fitness.

Q.3 Explain the component of physical fitness.

Ans. There are five physical fitness components they are:-
1. Speed :- It is ability of perform movement at a faster rate or it is the ability to perform
movement in a short period of time and sports e.g. practicing with faster rhythm, speed
endurance, repetition method, acceleration runs etc.
 2. Strength: - It is an ability of muscles to overcome or to act against resistance exercise,
pushups etc.

3. Endurance: - It is the ability to sustain or continue activity. It is the ability to rest

fatigue. It is one of the important components for middle and long distance races and it
is required for almost all major games like football, hockey and basket ball.

4. Flexibility: - It is the capacity of a muscle to extend without any damage. Flexibility is

measured by range of motion around a joint. It is affected by muscle length, joint
structure and other factors. It is measured through flexometer.

5. Co-ordinate ability: - It is the ability of the body to perform movement with perfection
and efficiency. In other words it is ability to change movement or direction in the
shortest time without getting disbalanced.

Q.5 Describe the components of wellness.

Ans. Components of wellness:-
1. Physical Activity: - It makes the person fit and active. It improves various system of
body and improves our health. It also improves our growth and development.

2. Balanced Emotional life: - Wellness requires balanced emotional life and release of
emotions. More ever it should be under control.

3. Intellectual Attitude: - Wellness requires positive intellectual attitude. It improves our

behaviour, intelligence, alertness, futuristic and insight thinking.

4. Spiritual wellness: - It makes the person ethically good, morally good, peaceful more
over guides the value of life.

5. Occupational wellness: - It makes the person to be hard worker and earn the livelihood
with honesty. It helps to achieve the balance of work and leisure and gives satisfactions.

6. Managing Stress: - Wellness needs the proper management of stresses and tension of
life. It keeps us calm and controls our anxiety.

Q.5 Enlisht the different components of Health related fitness and explain them in
detail?
Ans. There are following components of Health related fitness:
(1) Body composition
(2) Cardio-respiratory Endurance
(3) Flexibility
(4) Muscular Endurance
(5) Muscular strength
1. Body Composition: The body composition means the amount of the fat-free body
weight. It is well known that a high percentage of body fat in relation to the total body
weight is harmful and may lead to obesity from the health point of view. The normal
percentage of body fat for young menand women should not exceed 15 and 25
percentage. It means that for health related fitness, an individual should have ideal body
weight and fat percentage.

2. Cardio-Respiratory Endurance: It is the maximum functional capacity of the cardio-

respiratory system to carry on the work or Physical activity involving large muscle
group over an extended period.

3. Flexibility: Flexibility is the range of movements of joints. It is important for all

individuals in daily life. It can be classified into passive flexibility and active flexibility.
Active flexibility can be further classified into static flexibility and dynamic flexibility.

4. Scular Endurance: Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles

to repeat muscular contractions against a force or to carry on contraction over a
maximum period.

5. Muscular Strength: Muscular strength is the maximum amount of force that can be
exerted by a muscle group against a resistance during a single contraction.
 Olympic Movement
• Ancient Olympic Games:
There are many stories regarding the origin of games, but the written record is found from
776 B. C. The games were held in the Honour of God Zeus, and The Olympics is derived
from the Lord Olympia - a valley where first seen games were held.

• Modern Olympic Games

Modern Olympic games started in 1896 with the efforts of Baron-Pierre de Coubertin of
France, he is also known as the father of Modern Olympics. The first Olympic games
were held in Athens in 1896. Nine countries participated in it. Since then the Olympic
Games are played after every four Years. 2020 Olympic Games will be held in Tokyo.

Summer Olympic Games

The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad (French: Jeux olympiques
d'ete"). first held in 1896, is an international multi-sport event that is hosted by a different
city every four years. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilThe
International Olympic Committee organizes the games and oversees the host city's
preparations In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals
are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third; this tradition
began in 1904.
Eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics. The United States has
hosted four Summer Olympics (1904. 1932, 1984, 1996), more than any other nation, and
Great Britain has hosted three Summer Olympics (1908, 1948. 2012). all in London. Four
cities have hosted two Summer Olympics: Athens (1896. 2004), Paris (1900, 1924). Los
Angeles (1932, 1984) and Tokyo (1964, 2020).

Olympic Symbols
The Olympic symbol was created and designed by Pierre-de-coubertin himself. He created
Olympic flag which is of a milky white texture in the background with five inter linked
rings of different colours. The rings symbolize the union of five continents and meeting of
the athletes from all over the world at Olympics. The five colours are Blue, Black, Red,
Yellow & Green.

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 Olympic Movement

Objectives of Olympics
a. To generate the sense of loyalty, brother hood and team spirit among the participants.
b. To bring the attention of the world community to understand the values of the
programmes of physical education.
c. To Promote amateurism among the sports men.
d. To remove the barriers of caste, creed, religion and colour.
e. To develop good habits among sports persons.
f. To encourage moral values and unbiased behaviour through sports.

Values through Olympics

Value

Olympics Ideal
Olympic Games are remembered for the Bishop Pennsylvania’s famous sermon “The
most important thing in Olympic is not to win but to take part. The important thing in
life is not to trump but to struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to
have fought well.”

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

For proper organization of Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee was
constituted. One representative was included in this committee from each country. The
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 Olympic Movement
head quarters of this committee is situated in Switzerland and five executive members of
this committee. This committee decides the venue and time for Olympic Games.

Indian Olympic Association (IOA)

Indian Olympic Association was formed in 1927. Mr. Dorabji Tata was its first president and
Dr. D.B. Noehren, secretary and Sh. G.D. Sondhi as Astt. Secretary. IOA is functioning and is
affiliated with International Olympic Committee.

Very Short Answer Question (1 Mark 30 Words)

Q.1 What is the motto of the modern Olympic Games?
Ans. Olympic Motto: Olympic motto is made from three Latin words.

Motto

Q2. Mention about Olympic flame.

Ans. The flame ignited by the Olympic torch is brought to the venue of modern Olympics by
a relay of torch bearers. Torch is kept burning through out the game at the venue of the
modern Olympics by a relay of torch bearers.Torch is kept burning through out the
games at the venue of the Olympic games. Olympic flame was kept burning through out
the Olympic games of Amstardam in Holland in the year 1928.

Q.3 Where will the Olympic game be held in the year 2020?
Ans. It (Olympic games) of 2020 will be held in Tokyo (Japan)

Q.4 What do you understand by Olympic awards?

Ans. The first, second and third position holders are awarded with gold, silver and bronze
medals and a certificate respectively. The next five position holders are also awarded
with certificates only.

Q.5 When did India first participate in Olympic games?

Ans. India first time participated in 1928Amsterdam Olympic Games.

Q6. Write a short note on the Olympic flag.

Ans. Olympic flag was created in 1913 by Baronde Coubertin. It was first inaugurated

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 Olympic Movement
in Paris in June 1914. Olympic flag is made of white silk and contains five inter locking
rings/circles in five colours representing five continents of the world namely America,
Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa, The five rings have different colours namely yellow,
green, red, blue and black. The inter locking of ring circle symbolizes
co-operation and friendship.

Q.7 Who was Baron de Coubertin?

Ans. Baron de Coubertin is known as the father of modern Olympic games. The credit to start the
modern Olympic games goes to Baron Perie de coubertin of France.

Short Question (3 Marks)

Q.1 Briefly explain the development of values through Olympic movement ?
Ans. The aim of Olympic games is to create peace and co-operation amongst the nations with
the spirit of sports competition, Olympic games play a significant role to develop the
following values :-

a) Friendship b) Solidarity
c) Fair Play d) Freedom from discrimination

a) Friendship:-
The value of friendship is steeped in the tradition of the ancient Olympics. The
athletes express this value by forming life long bonds with their teammates as
well as their opponents.

b) Solidarity :-
The Olympic movement is committed to developing programmes that, together
creates a meaningful and comprehensive social response.

c) Fair Play:-
Olympic movement ensures fair play. Athletes participate in the Games in loyal
competition with respecting the regulation . Fair play means without using any
doping aid to enhance the performance for winning medal and not using any
wrong method for winning medal.

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 Olympic Movement
d) Free of Discrimination:-
Main aim of Olympic is that there should be no racial discrimination of the
athletes. All are equal. They have equal right to participate in every event to show
their performance.

Q.2 What is Olympic Oath?

Ans. At the beginning of the game, the host country representative will take oath on behalf of
all participating athletes. That is "we swear that will take part in the Olympic games in
loyal competition respecting and abiding by the rule which govern them without the use
of doping and drugs in the true spirit of sportsman ship for the glory of sports and the
honour of our teams". The flag bearers of the competing nations also take up their
positions at the time of oath taking ceremony.

Long Question (5 Marks) (150 Words)

Q.1 Give a brief account of the ancient Olympic Games.
Ans. According to available history, the first ancient Olympic games were started in Olympic
valley in 776 B.C. A that time that the games were held in honour of God Zeus. Later
on, Hercules, started the games and sports in the honour of his father. Although there
was a lot of stories about the origin of ancient Olympic games, according to some other
learned person there was wrestling competition between God Zeus and God Koronus in
which the organization of games and sports was started. Whatever the reason behind the
beginning of the game Olympic game was in beautiful valley named Olympia, due to
this feet these games were called Olympic Games. During the games period or month,
any war or dispute that might be taking place, would be stopped at once and a truce
would be declared.
The games were conducted in following way:-
1. Opening Ceremony 2. Assembly
3. Oath 4. Events
5. Awards
The Ancient Olympic Games continued and were held for approximately thousand years
. In 394 A.D. the king of Rome stopped the organization of games. Stadiums were
destroyed and revived after many decades, that were called Modern Olympic Games.

Q.2 Give the important function of International Olympic Association.

Ans. The International Olympic Association consists of members from various countries.
President: The President of IOC is selected by its members for a term of eight years.
The current IOC president is Jacques Rogg.
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 Olympic Movement

Vice President: In the IOC, four vice presidents are elected. They are elected for four
years. Executive Board, The IOC executive board consist of President, Vice President
and other members. Main Function of International Olympic association committee:
1) It decides the venue and date of Olympic games.
2) It ensure the regular celebration of Olympic games.
3) For conducting the competition for the Olympics, fundamental rules are set by this
committee.
4) It also acts against any form of discrimination affecting Olympic movements.
5) It leads the fight against doping in sports.

Q.3 Describe the formation and objectives of Indian Olympic association.

Ans. Indian Olympic Association was established in 1927 sir Dorabji Tata and Dr. Noehren
became the founder President and General Secretary of the International Olympic
committee. The election of the office bearers of the Indian Olympic Association is held
after every four years. The council consists of various members:

a) President
b) Vice President-9
c) Joint secretaries-6
d) Secretary General -1

Executive Members: One honorary Treasurer, seven representative of state Olympic

associations and twelve representatives of national sports federations.

Objective of Indian Olympic Association:-

The main objectives of Indian Olympic Association are:
1) Enforcement of all rule and regulations of international Olympic committee and in
Indian Olympic association.

2) Development and promotion of the Olympic movement.

3) To take disciplinary action against any federation for misbehavior or any other
undesirable activity which can bring discredit to the nation

4) To co-operate with national sports federation, organize and control selection,

training, coaching of the team that will represent India.

5) Admitting the members of state Olympic association/national sports federations

which submit their annual reports and audited statements of accounts.
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 Physiological Aspects of Physical Education

8.1 Anatomy: Anatomy is the study of the shape and structure of the body
Physiology: It is the study of functions systems of human body.

8.2 Skeleton System: This is the bony frame work of body consisting of numbers of bones.
Total bones in human body are 206.

Types of Joints
1. Immovable Joints: These joints are fixed and do not
move eg. skull Joint
2. Slightly Movable Joints: The movement of such joints is very limited
eg. Inter-vertibrations.
3. Freely Movable Joints: Such joints are freely movable.

8.3 Muscular System Properties of Muscles

Decimation of Muscle: Muscle is the tissue composed of fibers capable to effect bodily
movement or muscle is the body tissue that can contract to produce movement.
• Movement is possible in human body due to movement contraction and expansion of muscles.
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 Physiological Aspects of Physical Education

• Human muscular system is made up of 600 muscles which act in group.

• The study of muscles is known as 'Myology'
• They also give shape to the individual.
• 40% to 50% of body weight is the weight of muscles in the body.
• Muscles also assist in the circulation of blood.

Structure of Muscle : Every muscle fibre made up of very large number of

microscopic threads called myofibril. Each myofibril consists of protein molecules called
Actine and myosin.

Respiratory System: Respiratory system is a system which regulates the exchange of gases
Structure of the respiratory system involves the following organ in human beings

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 Physiological Aspects of Physical Education

MODEL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

VERY SHORT ANSWER 30 (WORDS -1 mark)
Q.1 Define anatomy.
Ans. Anatomy is the study of the structure of human body. The term anatomy comes from Greek
words: ANA means apart and TOMY means to cut. It is because anatomy was first obtained
through dissection.
Q.2 Define physiology.
Ans. Physiology is the study of functions of human body. In other words physiology is the science
of mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, biochemical functions of human organs and the cells of
which they are composed of.

Q.3 Name any four physiological systems of human body.

Ans. (i) Skeletal System (ii) Muscular System
(iii) Digestive System (iv) Respiratory System

Q.3 What is tidal volume?

Ans. It is the volume of air that is taken in or given out during normal breathing.

Q.4 What is vital capacity?

Ans. If is the volume of air that can be breathed out by force expiration after taking a deep breath.
It is about 4800 cc in males and about 3100 cc in females.

Q.5. What is heart rate?

Ans. It is the number of pumping/contractions of heart in one minute. It is about 72 times per

minute under normal conditions in an adult.

Q.15 What is stroke volume?

Ans. It is the volume of blood pumped out by heart in one beat contraction. It is approximately 80

ml/beat in normal adult, whereas trained players have 110 ml/beat as stroke volume.

Q. 6 What is cardiac output?

Ans. Cardiac Output = stroke volume x heart rate. It is 5 to 6 liters at basal level. In untrained
person, it can go unto 20 liters and in trained athletes it can go unto 40 liters.

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 Physiological Aspects of Physical Education

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (60 WORDS - 3 MARKS)

Q.1 Define the phenomenon of second wind. What are its causes and symptoms?
Ans. The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercise is removed automatically by our body
within short span of time of such exercise. This sense of relief is called 'second wind'.
Causes of second wind: When we perform strenuous exercise, our body takes some time to adjust
according to the increased demand of energy. So, the second wind occurs before the
adjustment.
Symptoms of second wind:
i. Faster breathing
ii. Signs of tension and worry on the face
iii. Headache
iv. Suffocation in the chest appears
v. Pain in muscles
vi. Condition of giddiness appears. These painful feelings disappear with the onset
of second wind.

Q.2 Elucidate the importance of anatomy and physiology in the field of sports.
Ans. Study of anatomy and physiology plays very important role in the field of
sports because of following reasons.
(i) Helps in physical fitness: Strong and fit body is an inevitable asset in the field of
sports. Study of anatomy and physiology helps a sport person to understand the structure and
function of different parts of human body and to acquire a fit and healthy body.
(ii) Provides knowledge about body structure: on the basis of knowledge of body body
structure, a sport person knows about the strength and weakness of his body and accordingly
they can develop forte in the field of game which is suitable for the sport person as per their
body structure.
(iii) Helps in selection of games: on the basis of knowledge of body structure, the coach and player
can choose an appropriate sport/ game which is suitable for a particular sport. Like tall
students can be selected for basketball and volleyball. And short and stout students can be
selected for weight lifting.
(iv) Protects from sports injuries: on the basis of anatomy, sports equipments are designed that
help in safe play.

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 Physiological Aspects of Physical Education

(v) Helps in the process of rehabilitation: knowledge of ligaments, tendons and

muscles helps in rehabilitation from the injuries sustained during the game or sport.
(vi) Helps in maintaining healthy body: study of anatomy and physiology provides detailed
knowledge about all body parts, their nature and functions. This helps the player to adopt
good, safe and healthy use of body.
(vii) Helps to know about individual differences: there is a lot of difference between the body of
male and female. The knowledge of anatomy and physiology helps in understanding these
individual differences. On the basis of these differences, the size of the court, time of game
and equipment are designed differently for male and female players.
Effects of Exercise on Muscular System:
i. Exercise develops the length, breadth and width of muscles fibers.
ii. Through exercise the muscles become large and stronger, which maintain the posture even
in old age period.
iii. Exercise also improve the reaction time of body.
iv. Daily exercise improve the flexibility of muscles.
v. Daily exercise also improve the muscles tone.
vi. Daily exercise helps to maintain good posture of human body. It also cures the deformities
of human body.
vii. Regular exercise improves the supply of blood to muscles. Proper supply of blood to
muscles improves the working capacity of muscles.
viii. Daily exercise improves the storage capacity of energy in muscles.
Effects of exercise on Circulatory System:
i. During exercise Heart beat increases resulting in more blood supply the muscles.
ii. Regular exercise reduces the heart rate at rest position of the body.
iii. During exercise stroke volume increase. In normal condition, stroke volume (blood pumped by
heart in single beat) is between 70ml to 80 ml per beat. But during exercise it may reach up to
160 ml to 170 ml per beat.
iv. Regular exercise increases the Red Blood cells in human blood, it also increases the White
Blood Cells in human body.
v. Regular exercise improves the condition of high blood pressure.
vi. Regular exercise helps in lowering the cholesterol level in the body helping to reduce the risk
of heart disease.

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 Physiological Aspects of Physical Education

vii. A brisk walk for even one to two hours a week reduces your risk of having a heart attack or
stroke, developing diabetes of premature death.

Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System.

When a human being takes part in physical activities regularly, following important physical
changes take place in respiratory system.
i. Regular physical activities improves the strength of diaphragm and inter coastal
muscles.
ii. A large diffusion capacity is observed in the athletes than in the non-athletes during rest
and exercise.
iii. Regular exercise improves the gas exchange capacity of the lungs resulting more oxygen
will reach the working muscles and help in reducing the fatigue.
iv. Regular physical activities improve the strength of muscles of thoracic cavity which
helps to increase the tidal volume.
v. Regular exercise also improves the vital capacity of lungs.
vi. Regular exercise increase the resistance power of the body.
vii. Regular physical activities improves the endurance capacity of athlete.
Effects of exercise on Digestive System.
Regular exercises have permanent effects on our digestive system. Some of them are given
below:
i. Regular exercise helps an individual to improve his digestion.
ii. Regular physical activities help in maintaining proper body weight by balance in between
taking food and burning calories.
iii. Regular exercise improves the appetite capacity.
iv. Regular physical activities improve the efficiency and functioning of various glands related
to digestive system and provide exact amount of secretion at right time.
v. Regular exercise improves the capacity of metabolism of human body. It also helps in
reducing the extra fat from the human body.
vi. Regular physical activities solve all the problems regarding constipation.

Page 6
 Unit – 12
Doping
12.1 Concept and classification of doping
12.2 Prohibited substances and methods
12.3 Athletes responsibilities
12.4 Side effects of prohibited substances
12.5 Ergogenic aids and doping in sports
12.6 Doping control procedure.

Meaning of Doping :- When an athlete uses banned substances or methods to improve performance in sports it
is called as doping.
Example: - Drugs and steroid used.

Prohibited Substances Methods

Prohibited Substances Methods

Page1
Doping Controlling Agencies-
WAdA-World anti doping agency
NADA-National anti doping agency.
Responsibilities of athletes
1. To follow the law and order made by Wada
2. Comply with sample procedure
3. To maintain control of your sample until it is sealed
4. Give proper address of residence and office.
5. Give your Identy proof
6. To be available for a sample collection at all times
7. To co-operate with athlete testing progrmme.

Prohibited Substances and Methods

Page2
Ergogenics aids and doping in sports
Ergogenic aids are eternal inducer that can be determined to enhance
performance in sports. There includes :-
1. Mechanical aids
2. Pharmacological aids
3. Physiological aids
4. Nutritional aids
5. Psychological aids

Doping Control Procedure:

Doping tool is done on athlete by WADA (World anti doping agency). This agency checks and control
doping in sports. In India, the co-ordinating body under the WADA is named or national anti doping
agency. (NADA).

Short Answer Questions (1 Mark each)

Q.1. What do you mean by doping?
Ans. Doping means the use of banned substances like drugs and steroids by a sports person to improve his
performance.
Q.2. How many types of doping are there?
Ans. There are three types of doping:-
(i) use of drugs
(ii) Blood doping
(iii) Gene doping

Q.3. What is out of-competition testing?

Ans. This is the testing when the athlete is not taking part in a competition.
Q.4 . What do you mean by narcotics?
Ans. Narcotics are drugs like morphine, heroin which are used by athlete to reduce pain and anxiety to improve
sports performance.

Short Answer Question (3 Marks)

Q.1. Make a list of performance enhancing substances and describe any two?
Ans.

1. Stimulants :- The athlete uses cocaine, amphetamines, Modafinil etc. as a tablet, injection or spray to
improve his level and performance on sports. It reduces the reaction time and the rate of fatigue of the
athlete.
2. Anabolic steroids :- The athlete uses these substances to improve the strength and growing of the uscles.
These are taken orally or by injection to enhance their performance in sports.

Page3
Q.5. What is the main objective of international body WADA?
Ans. The main objective of WADA is to eliminate doping from all kinds of sports competitions.

Q.5. Give any two responsibility of an athlete to control doping?

Ans. 1. To be knowledgeable of and comply with all applicable anti-doping policies and rules
2. To be available for sample collection at all times.
3. To remain in direct observation of doping control officer until the sample is sealed
4. To co-operate with athlete during doping test programme.
5. Athlete must show proof of identification when ever needed.

Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

Q.1 . Explain in detail the side effects of the use of banned or prohibited substance is sports.
Ans. The athletes uses different types of banned substances to

1. Stimulants -
a. Cause insomnia, anxiety and aggressiveness
b. Poor Judgement
c. Increases hypertension and body temperature
2. Anabolic steroid
a. Can cause Sudden heart attack
b. High blood pressure
c. Mood swings, aggresion/depression
d. Can cause impotency and bald ness in males
e. Can cause facial hair growth and deep voice in females
3. Cannebinoids :-
a. Reduce concentration and co-ordination
b. Reduce lung capacity
c. May cause heart decease and lung cancer
d. Loss of memory
4. Beta Blockers :-
a. Reduces endurance
b. Headache and weak digestion.
c. Risk of heart attack due to slow heart rate.
5. Narcotics :-
a. Loss of balance and coordination
b. May cause drowsiness, vomiting, constipation
c. May cause fainting and coma

Page4
 6. Diuretics :-
a. Can cause dehydration
b. May lead to kidney damage
c. Mineral imbalance and low blood pressure and drowsiness

7. Beta-2 Agonists
a. Cold hands, drowsiness
b. Headache, vomiting etc.
c. May cause insomnia and depression.

Q.2 What are the side effects of prohibited substances?

a. Increased heart rate and Blood pressure

b. Sexual dysfunction
c. Features like male in females
d. Physical and mental weakness
e. Complications like stroke, cardiac problems and even death
f. Breast enlargement in males
g. Premature baldness
h. Enlargement of the prostate gland
i. Irregularity in menstruation
j. Problem of depression & aggression

Page5
 Psychology and Sports
a. Psychology: Psychology is the study of mind and behaviour.

b. Sports Psychology : Sports Psychology is an applied Psychology involving applications of psychological

principles to the field of physical education and sports.
c. Importance of sports psychology

d. Plateau and causes of Plateau

Plateau:- A period of little or no apparent progress in an individuals learning, marked by an inability to
increase speed, reduce number of errors etc and indicated by a horizontal stretch in a learning curve
or graph.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(CARRYING 1 MARK) (30 WORDS)

Q.1 Give definition of Psychology?

Ans. Psychology is the science of human behavior.

Q.2 What do you understand by term Sports Psychology

Ans. Sports psychology is the application of psychological Principles to sports and physical activity at all levels
of skill improvement.
Q.3 Define the term Growth and development?
Ans. Growth - The term growth in physical education means the growth of the parts of the body, may be in size,
height and weight Development can be defined as progressive series of changes in an orderly coherent
pattern.

Q.4 DefineAdolescence?
Ans. Adolescence is the period of great stress and strain, storm and strife or Adolescence is the period of change
from childhood to adulthood.

Q.5 Which type of physical activities can be played in early childhood?

Ans. The play activities in the age group should not be strenuous because physical capacities develop slowly.
The fundamentals of various games and sports which are simple should be introduced.

Q.6 Which type of physical activities can be played during adolescence?

Ans. In this age group team sports, individual sports, athletics, gymnastics, swimming and floor dancing etc. can
be played.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(60 WORDS) CARRYING 3 MARKS
Q.1 Mention the importance of sports psychology.
Ans. Improve performances - The Knowledge of sports psychology helps to improve performance and
ersonality of players's by scientific ways of modifying behavior.

2. Motivation and feedback -proper motivation and proper feedback enhances the performance of players. It
gives counseling to players. This can be guided by sports psychology.

3. Better selection: The knowledge of sports psychology guides the coaches for better selection of players.

Q.2 Explain the law of exercise.

Ans. Law of exercise - Repetition of experiences increase the probability of a correct response but it will not
enhance learning without satisfying effect following the response. This law is also known as law of use and
disuse. Practice makes the learning bond stronger thus more we practice or use the better is learning.

Q.3 Highlight the differences between growth and development

Ans. Growth Development
(i) Growth is used in (i) Development implies
purely physical terms. It changes in shape, form or
generally refers to change in structure resulting in
size, length and weight of improved functioning or
and individual. working.
(ii) Growth is one of the (ii) Development is a wider
aspect of development and comprehensive term; it
process refers to overall changes in
the individual
(iii) Growth does not (iii) Development is a
continue continuous process
Q.4 Give the ways to overcome Plateau?
Ans.
(i) Develop interest : Develop interest and bring recreation in
training. This gives enjoyment and pleasures
to perform activity.
(ii) Reduce competition : Too much competition should be avoided
and equal levels should be considered for
competition.
(iii) Proper rest and recover : Proper rest and recovery should be taken to
overcome plateau. Care should be taken that
it should not be too long.

Q5. What is Plateau? Mention its causes.

Ans. The general trends of rapid beginning continues for some time after it slows down and reaches a level
where no further improvement occurs. The learning curve travels in almost a horizontal plane. These
horizontal stretches indicative of no apparent progress are called plateau.
Causes of Plateau
(1) Boredom - Some routine work often brings boredom, it is one of the cause of boredom
(2) Lack of Practice - Lack of practice often causes plateau and stagnated performance
(3) Dirty environment - Poor, dirty and unsafe environment may plateau.
(4) Lack of Motivation - Lack of Motivation and less feedback often causes long learning plateau.

Definition of Psychology
Psychology is a word derived from the combination of two words, i.e, ‘Psyche’ means mind or soul and
‘Logos’ means science or study of some psychologists have given the definition of Psychology as under:

i. The science of activities of an individual in relation to his environment. (Woodworth)

ii. A science that aims to give us better understanding and control of the behaviour of the organism as
a whole. (Mc Dougal)
iii. The scientific study of behaviour and mental processed of humans and other animals.
(Crooks & Stein)

Need of Psychology in Physical Education:

Phsical education involves movements of the body in an environment related to physical activities.
Moreever, physical education being a field of education, the need of psychology automatically arises on
account the applicability of the4 principles of psychology in education. Since, the start of an organized
programme of physical education and sports, we cannot do well without proper knowledge of growth
development, heredity and environment, interests, attitudes, emotions and individual differences, etc.
Psychology can, therefore help in achieving the objectives of physical education.
Physical capacities, although limited to a certain extent, can be modified under certain
psychological conditions. Therefore, there is a need to exploit this capability through the application of
Psychology. Physical education teachers and coaches, therefore, should apply its knowledge to enhance
individual development and achievements.

Achievement:
Achievement is generally understood as a gain of our actions or behaviour. We can say in other
words that achievement is the goal of our actions but it is not always possible that the outcome of our
actions or efforts may result in success.
The achievement effort is, very closely, related to motivation. This effort and achievement itself
are, generally dependent upon:
i. Desire to receive social status, and
ii. To demonstrate ability and superiority over other.
Motivation:
Crooks and Stein defined motivation as “Any condition, that might energise and direct our actions.

Theorise of Motivation:
Various theories of motivation are:
i. Instinct theory iv. Incentive Theory
ii. Need theory v. Expectancy Theory
iii. Drive theory

i. Instinct Theory: This theory of motivation is based on the assumption that instincts or inner forms
of behaviour are the basic cause of our behavioural motivation, A psychologist James laid more
emphasis on this theory because human beings are not only influenced by the biological instincts,
as in the case of animals, but are also influenced by some other instincts such as: sociability,
jealousy and sympathy etc, which come under the category of psychological instincts.
ii. Need theory: This theory states that the inborn biological and psychological needs of individuals
are motivators of abehavioural pattern. Strength to this theory of motivation has been given by a
psychologist Henry Murray, who has laid emphasis on a variety of human needs influencing
behaviour such as:
a. Desire to achieve something
b. To acquire or gain possession of something.
c. To obtain recognition by seeking excellence and by demanding respect.
d. To enquire and explore.
e. To play, and
f. To nourish and to protect.
iii. Drive Theory: This theory states that the basic biological needs create certain inner tensions,
known as drives, which are the primary cause of motivation for a peculiar behaviour. These drives
can be divided into two categories i.e., those due to :
a. Physiological needs, such as: hunger, sex etc, and
b. Those which are due to psychological needs such as seeking recognition and acquiring
something etc.
iv. Incentive Theory: This theory is based on the reason that external incentives such as monetary
rewards, awards and promotions tec. Motivate people to act in a certain direction. Many people do
things without expecting any such reward or award.
v. Expectancy Theory: It states that in individual mayor may not be able to get the reward or award,
but the expectation or possibility or getting such a reward or award, etc. is an incentive itself. So,
this theory is just an outcome of the incentive theory.

Method s of Motivation:
a. Healthy Environment: Healthy surroundings, seasons and situations etc. have a positive effect
in motivating individuals. Facilities, both, in literary pursuit and in the sports field form a part
of an environment. In education and training of children, these play a very important role. A
good playground, swimming pool, an athletic track or a nice badminton court etc. are a great
motivating force for participation in sports activities.
b. Methodology: The method of teaching or coaching children, adopted by the persons involved,
has an important bearing in motivating children. The children are affected by not only what we
teach them but how we teach them is also of great importance. An easy and attractive method
adopted by the teacher exerts a great motivating force.
c. Competition: To compete with others for psychological reasons in a universal behavior of
individual because it may lead to their achievement of rivalry, ego satisfaction or achievement
of goals. Therefore, healthy competition should be organized to motivate children by
 organizing interclass, inter, school, interstate and international competitions. The following
points should be noted while organizing competitions:
1. Individual competitions should not lead to jealously or ill will among competitors.
2. Group competitions under proper supervision are more desirable.
3. Emphasis should be laid on taking part and not winning in a competition.
4. Use of unfair means should be checked.
d. Knowledge of progress: Records of achievements that help an individual to gain the
knowledge of improvement made by him, act as a motivating force. The knowledge of these
records not only helps in sustaining interest but also helps in improving standards. For this
purpose, tests should be held at regular intervals. However, these tests should not be held very
often to lose charm. Moreover, these tests should be neither too difficult nor too easy to be
unchallenging. Lastly, the tests held should serve the purpose.
e. Praise or Blame: This method is very effective in motivation of children. Longing for praise is
a general psychological weakness of individuals. Therefore, a single word of praise serves as a
great means of motivation or encouragement of child. Sometimes, blame also plays an
important role in motivation because it tries to check negative or undesirable tendencies.
f. Rewards or Awards: Rewards or awards in the form of cash, certificates or medals have a
good effect in motivation. Giving promotions is also a form or reward, However, this method
or motivation, sometimes, fails to motivate some individuals.
 Introduction to Physical Education

Definition:
Education which takes place through physical activity of the body parts is
called Physical Education. It is the study of the development of physical and mental
health. It leads to healthy living, improvement in life style and social life.
The literal meaning of ‘Physical’ is ‘body’ which directly relates to physique,
health, strength, endurance, speed agility, flexibility and physical performance on the
sports ground. The meaning of ‘Education’ refers to ongoing process of learning and
total development that occurs throughout one’s life span.
‘Physical’ when combined with education makes education a complete
process, which aims at the education of an individual through big muscle activity
wherein an individual’s intellectual capacity is also stimulated, resulting in all-round
development of the personality. As an outcome, one is physically balanced, socially
adjusted, morally true and spiritually uplifted.

Aims and Objectives:

Physical Education is important to achieve the following objectives:
1) To develop Physical health i.e. to develop a better physique and muscle movement
efficiency. This can be achieved through various sports activities.
2) To develop mental health i.e. improvement in higher intellectual functions of the
brain. Physical activities are learned through the acquisition of knowledge of rule,
regulations and techniques involved in them.
3) To improve the standard of life i.e. to create a well adjusted and productive citizen.
Physical activities help to develop in an individual a sense of leadership, working in a
group as team and cooperation.
4) To improve social life i.e. to create a well adjusted and productive citizen. Physical
activities help to develop in an individual a sense of leadership, working in a group as
team and cooperation.

Page 1
 Benefits:
1. Physical Development: Physical education helps an individual to improve upon his
existing physical performance, thus making him physically fit.
2. Mental Development:Physical
hysical education comes as a need for
for thinking on the part of
the intellectual mechanisms. This promotes mental health.
3. Social Development: Physical education plays an important
important role in schools,
colleges,offices
ffices and business organizations to build friendship amongst the colleagues.
It strengthens public
ublic relations.
4. Life Style Development:
evelopment: Physical education provides a society of responsible citizens
who are closely related to each other by means of their sportsmanship qualities.

Mental Physical
Development Development

Physical
Education

Social Emotional
Development Dervelopment

Moral
Development

ATHELETICS

INTRODUCTION
The term ‘athletics’ has been derived from a Greek word
ord ‘athlos’,
meaning ‘contest’. Athletics is the basic requirement for every
game. It commonly refers to track and field events like running,
walking, throwing or jumping.
An athlete is he who takes part in the events of running’s, throwing,
wing,
jumping etc. or who takes part in track and field events.

Page 2
 HISTORY OF ATHLETICS
The history of athletic sports dates as far back as 3000 BC. They can be traced back
to the Mesopotamian Civilization or more than 4000 years ago, much before the
games in ancient Greece. But Greece became the first to organize the games in a
systematic way. The ancient Olympic Games were held in Greece wherein only
athletic events were held. It comprised of events like marathon, discuss throw, javelin
throw, long jump and short distance races. The first Olympic Games took place in
Athens in 776 BC. The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896 and athletics
were the key element of the games, with the competition being divided into track and
field events.

TYPES OF ATHLETICS
Athletics has two types(i) Track Events (ii) Field Events
The track events include sprints or short distance running, middle distance running
and long distance running etc.
The field events include jumping events, e.g. long jump, high jump, pole Vault, triple
jump and throwing events like shot put, discus throw, javelin throw and hammer
throw etc.

1. Track Events – Following events are include in track events:

a. Sprint Race = 100 m, 200 m, 400 m
b. Middle Distance Race = 800 m, 1,500 m
c. Long Distance Races = 3,000 m 5,000 m, 10,000 m Marathon race
(42.195 km or 26 miles), Cross Country race, 20 km walk and 50 km walk
d. Hurdle Races = 100 m , 110 m , 400 m
e. Relay races = 4 × 100 m , 4 × 400 m
f. Steeplechase Race = 3,000 m
2. Field Events – Field events are sub-divided into two types:
a. Jumping Events – Long jump, high jump, triple jump and pole vault.

Page 3
 B .Throwing Events – Shot-put,
Shot discus-throw, hammer-throw,
throw, javelin-throw.
javelin
Diagrammatic Presentation

Athletics

Track Events Field Events

Short Distance Race Middle Distnace Race long Distance Race throwing Events Jumping Events

100 m Shot Put Long Jump

800 m
200 m Discus Throw High Jump
1500 m 3000 m
400 m Javelin Throw triple Jump
5000 m
100 m Hurdles Hammer Throw pole Vault
10000 m
110 m Hurdles
3000 m Steeple Chase
400 m Hurdles
marathon
4× 100 m Relay
(42.195 km or 26 miles)
4 ×400 m Relay
Cross Country Race
20 km Walk
50 km Walk

TRACK: A track is a narrow path laid in a ground on which an athlete runs. There
are two types of tracks
(1) 200 m Practical Track (2) 400 m Standard Track
MARKING OF A STANDARD TRACK
A standard track is not less than 400 metres in dimension and should have 8 lanes. It
consists
sists of two straights and two curves. The
The straights of a standard track may vary
from 70 to 90 metres.
Standard Track
rack (400 m) = 2 straights + 2 curves
2 straights = 84 m + 84 m = 168 m
2 curves = 400 m – 168 m = 232 m
c = 2πr[[ ‘c’ is circumference and ‘r’ is radius]
r= = = = = 36.90 m
π π

Running radius = 36.90 m

Marking radius = 36.90 m – 30 cm = 36.60 m

Page 4
STAGGERS
Staggers are lines marked for the starting positions in each lane of the track except
first lane. These are so marked that each athlete runs equal distance in his/her own
lane from start to finish.
Staggers are given in 200 m, 400 m and 800 m races.
To find the staggers the following formula is used:
[w (n – 1 ) – 10 cm] × 2 π
W = width of lane
N = number of lane
π=

Lane Staggers for 200 Staggers for 400 Staggers for

m run m run 800 m run
1st 0.00 m 0.00 m 0.00 m
2nd 3.52 7.04 m 3.52 m
3rd 7.35 m 14.71 m 7.37 m
4th 11.19 m 22.38 m 11.26 m
5th 15.02 m 30.05 m 15.15 m
6th 18.86 m 37.72 m 19.09 m
7th 22.65 m 45.39 m 23.02 m
8th 26.52 m 53.06 m 26.97 m

Page 5
Page 6
 TRACK EVENTS
Every track event has running as its essence, sometimes alone, sometimes with ateam,
and sometimes between obstacles.
obstacles. Track events are conducted on a standard track of
400 metres. These include (a) short distance races or sprints, (b) Middle distance
races (c) Long distance races (d) Hurdle races

(A) SHORT DISTANCE RACES / SPRINTS

Sprint is a short distance race which
which is run at full speed. It requires speed and
muscular strength. Sprint includes 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres, 4×100 m
relay and 4×400 metrerelay
relay.. The ‘start’ and ‘finish’ play a major role in sprints.

TYPES OF SPRINT STARTS

There are three
ree types of sprint starts:
1. Bunch Start 2.Medium
Medium start 3. Elongated start
1. Bunch Start: For this type of start the distance between blocks should be 8 to 10
inches. The next block should be 19 inches away from the starting line. An athlete
bends in the block in forward direction so that the toes of his back foot and the heel of
the forward foot are in the same line. The hand should form a bridge on the starting
line and behind the line. In this start at set position, hips
hips are brought up ward.
2. Medium Start: In this start the distance between block is from 10 to 13 inches and
between first block and the starting line is about 15 inches. This is more common
start among athletes. In this, knee of the lagging leg and the central part of the leading
leg are in the same line. At the set position, hips and shoulders are at the same height.
3. Elongated Start: Generally,
Generally tall athletes use this type of start. In this start, the
distance between two blocks is 60 cm to 70 cm or 24″
24″ to 28″.
″. The knee of the back
leg is almost with the heel of the front leg.
leg
Page 7
 START OF RACE
Step 1: When a command is given, get into position on the mark line.
a. Take a kneeling position with hands placed flat on the ground, behind the starting
line in your lane;
b. Place rear foot on the starting blocks first and the front foot on the front block with
toes touching the block.
The body weight should be uniformly distributed between the legs and hands.
Step 2: Lift the waist gradually and slowly up to the shoulder level. The front leg should
be bent at an angle of 1200.
Step 3: No sooner the command is given, propel your body forwards and get to top speed.
A little inward swing of the arms helps in this regard.

FINISH OF THE RACE

The finish of a race is very important. Generally, players use the following three
methods to finish a race.
1. Run through 2. Lung 3.The Shoulder Shrug
1. Run through : This method of finishing is one of the easiest methods. In this method
the athlete fixes his finishing
finishing point about 5 to 10 m. ahead of the finishing line. One
runs at the top speed as usual without keeping into consideration the finishing line, the
athlete reaches run over the finishing line at top or full speed.
2. Lunge: In this method of finishing the race,
race, the athlete approaching the finishing line(
just one step ahead) takes his arms backward and try to touch the finishing line at top
or full speed.

Page 8
3. The shoulder Shrug: In this method, the athlete moves one shoulder, may be left or
right, forward towards the finishing tape and other shoulder moves
backward. The hand position is semi-fixed (semi-bend) forward and backward
direction.

B) Middle Distance Races

These races are events longer than sprints and up to 3000 metres. Events commonly
contested are: 800 metres, 1000 metres, 1500 metres, one mile, 3000 metres and 3000
metres steeplechase.
1. Standing Start: It is the type of start in which the athlete does not sit on the ground
but remains in a standing position. In middle distance races standing start is taken.
Only commands given are – ‘on your marks’ and ‘Go. The command ‘set’ is not
given. This race should be finished by ‘run through’ with full speed.
2. Running Technique: In the beginning some strides should be taken quickly. Speed
and balance should be maintained throughout the race. The runner should keep his
body relaxed.
3. Finishing the Race: The race should be finished with run through at full speed.

C) LONG DISTANCE RACES

As the name signifies, the Long Distance Races cover a very long distance.
Generally the distance to be covered is more than a mile 1500 m race, 5000 m race,
3000 m steeple chase races are considered as Long Distance Races. The stamina of
the athlete counts much in these races. The athlete has to put his energy and stamina
to the right use. Those athletes who learn this art get success in Long Distance Races.
In the races of this kind, except in the beginning, the athlete keeps his body
straight, bends a little in the forward direction, keeps head straight and eyes fixed on
the track. The arms are loosely lifted in the forward direction and bend at the elbow
and fists are naturally closed without any tension. The forward action of legs and
arms should be a natural one, without much effort and use of strength.
While running, the toe part of the foot should come in contact with the ground.
The heel of the foot should be touching the ground. Greater push is obtained with the

Page 9
 help of toes. In such races, the strides should be short and uniform. The body should
be relaxed throughout the race.
While finishing such a race, the body must possess enough stamina and speed
which may enable the athlete to aim the finishing point 5 to 10 m ahead of the
finishing line.

D) HURDLE RACES
Hurdle races are of two types:
1. High Hurdles are of 110 m for men with the height 106.7 cm.
in this race there are 10 hurdles. These hurdles are of 100 m
for women with the height the hurdle height of 84.0 cm.
2. Low Hurdles are of 400 m for both men and women. For men
height is 91.4 cm and for women 76.2 cm. There are 10
hurdles for both men and women.

TECHNIQUE OF HURDLE RACE

1. Start and take off: The runner starts like a sprinter. He accelerates in his first 4
strides, and then prepares to run over or cross over the hurdle by straightening his toes
in other 4 strides and takes off between 1.9 m and 2.35 m before the hurdle.
2. Flight :The athlete tips his body forward and looks forward next hurdle.
3. Landing:The hurdler lands about 1 m away from the hurdle and immediately regains
impetus for the next stride. The angle plays a major part in his forward movement.
4. Run over between hurdles:The athlete accelerates for 3 strides. The last stride
before the next take off is shorter and higher. Speed is maximum between the hurdles
and stride rhythm must never be interrupted.

FINISHING THE RACE:

1. Run through : The hurdler runs at maximum speed 8 10 m away from finish line and
crosses the finish line as quickly as possible.
2. Lunging :The action begins one step before the finish line. The athlete touches his
torso to the finishing tape.
Page 10
3. Shoulder Shrug :The
The hurdler bends one shoulder forward along with hand. The
other shoulder remains backward. The hurdler tries to touch the finishing tape quickly
be bending forward.

Page 11
 Distance Distance
Race Hurdle Last hurdle
start to 1st between
distance height to finish line
hurdle hurdles

110m 1.067m 13.72m 9.14m 14.02m

Men

400m 0.914m 45m 35m 40m

100m 0.838m 13m 8.50m 10.50m

Women

400m 0.762m 45m 35m 40m

E) RELAY RACES
These are the only true team events in athletics.
athletics. A relay race is usually run by 4
athletes. The relays are generally of 4×100 metres and 4×400 metres. In all relay
races, the baton (a smooth tube 280 – 330 mm long with a circumference of 120 –
130 mm) is passed to the next runner of the team.
tea

1. Baton Exchange
The rules of relay competition require the baton to be exchanged within a 20
metres changeover zone. So that the outgoing runner can achieve maximum
acceleration at baton exchange the athlete can commence his/her run 10 metres before
be
the changeover zone. The baton exchange should occur 5 metres before the end of the
changeover zone. Because of this, each athlete has to sprint more than 100 metres:
a) 1st athlete – 105 metresb)) 2nd and 3rd athletes – 125 meters
c) 4th athlete – 1200 metres
2. Check Mate

Page 12
 The following is a general guide on the distance of the check-mark
check mark form the outgoing
runner’s starting point:
a) Men – 7 to 9 metres b) women – 6 to 7 metresc) Children – 5 to 6 metres
The first athlete will use a sprint start and will have
hav to modify the right hand position in
order to securely hold the baton.
3. Passing Technique
a) Up-Sweep: The receiving hand is placed with the palm facing down and a wide
angle between the thumb and the rest of the fingers. The incoming athlete passes the
baton
on in an upward movement into the receiving hand.
b) Down-Sweep: The receiving hand is placed with palm facing up and a wide angle
between the thumb and the rest of the fingers. The incoming athlete passes the baton
in a downward movement into the receiving hand.

Rules of Track Events

1. Athletes should wear clean clothes, not subject to any objection.
2. An athlete can participate in a game bare-footed
bare footed or with footwear on one foot or both.
The foot wear should be such as does not give them additional
additional help or play.
3. Each athlete shall bear marks distinctly on his chest and back. He will not be able to
run without number.
4. In lane races,, a computer shall confine himself to his lane from the beginning to the
end of a play.
5. An athlete knowingly, running
unning out of his lane may be disqualified. If in the opinion of
the reference he has not done it knowingly, the referee may or may not disqualify him.
6. A player leaving his track of his own will not be allowed to continue his race.

Page 13
7. Use of intoxicants and such other drugs is forbidden for an athlete. He cannot even
keep them with him during the event. The competitor keeping such drugs is liable to
be disqualified.
8. If an athlete crosses the start line before the pistol shot, his start be a foul. He shall be
given a warning for it. If he persists in it he shall be disqualified.
9. The position of the competitors is decided on the finish line. The athlete who crosses
first with toes is considered to have reached across first.
10. A competitor in hurdle race shall be disqualified if
i. He obstructs other player by extending his hand and feet.
ii. He covers the hurdle of others lane.
iii. In the opinion of a referee he fells the hurdle knowingly.

VIVA VOCE
Q1. What is Physical Education?
Ans. Education which takes place through Physical activity of the body parts is called
Physical Education. It is the study of the development of physical and mental health.
Q2. What are the components of Physical Education?
Ans. (i)Physical development (ii) Mental Development
(iii) Social Development (iv) Life style Development
Q3. What do you mean by Athletics?
Ans. Athletics means such events which include running, jumping and throwing
etc.
Q4. What are the field events?
Ans. Field events include jumps and throws such as Long jump, High Jumps, Pole Vault,
Triple Jump, Shot Put, Discus Throw, Javelin Throw, Hammer Throw etc.

Q5. How many types of track are there?

Ans. There are two types of tracks STANDARD TRACK and PRACTICE TRACK.
Q6. What is the practice track?
Ans. 200 m track is called a practice track.
Q7. Which is called Standard Track?
Page 14
Ans. 400 m track is a standard track and it will have minimum 6 lanes and maximum 8
lanes.
Q8. Which are called sprint races (Full Speed Races)?
Ans. Sprint races are those races which are run with full speed and strength to cover a short
distance. It includes 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4×100 m relay race and 4 × 400 m relay
race etc.
Q9. What is distance of Marathon Race?
Ans. The distance of Marathon race is 42.195 km.
Q10. What is a Lap?
Ans. One round of the track is called a lap.
Q11. What is height of the hurdle of 400 m for men?
Ans. 91 cm
Q12. What are the major divisions in Athletics?
Ans. Athletics are divided into two major branches – Track events and Field
events
Q13. What are Sprints?
Ans. Sprints are short distance race events.
Q. What is a Standing Start?
Ans. It is the type of start in which the athlete does not sit on the ground but remains in a
standing position.
Q14. What is the standard hurdle height for 400 m men and women?
Ans. Standard hurdle height for 400 m men is 0.914 m and for women it is 0.762
m.
Q15. In which zone is the baton exchanged in a relay race?
Ans. The baton has to be exchanged within a 20 metres change over or exchange
zone.
Q16. How many lanes are there in a standard track?
Ans. There used to be 8 lanes but now in international tracks 9 lanes have been
introduced.
Q17. What are staggers?

Page 15
 Ans. Staggers are lines marked for the starting positions in each lane of the track
except first lane. These are so marked so that each athlete runs equal distance in
his/her own lane from start to finish.
FIELD EVENTS
Field events include jumping and through events jumping events:
Jumping Events :(1) Long Jump (2) High Jump(3) Triple Jump(4) Pole Vault
Throwing Events:(1) Shot Put(2) Discuss Throw (3) Hammer Throw
(4) Javelin Throw

LONG JUMP
The long jump is a field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in
an attempt to leap as far as possible from a takeoff point.
There are five main components of the long jump:
1.TheApproach Run 2. The Last Two Strides
3. Take off 4.Action in the Air5. The Landing
1. The Approach Run: The objective of the approach run is for the athlete to achieve
the ideal speed. Rhythm in the approach run is important to ensure the ideal speed is
achieved at takeoff and accuracy in hitting the takeoff board. The length of the
approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete and varies between 12 and 22
strides.
2. The Last Two Strides: The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body
for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible. The second last stride is
longer than the last stride. The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity
to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The last two strides are extremely
important because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter
the jump. The greater the velocity, the better the jump.
3. Take off: The long jumper prepares for takeoff by sinking the hips and then raising
the hips into the takeoff Phase. At takeoff ensure the hips are slightly forward of the
shoulders.
The head should be carried in a normal position, in line with spine, and the eyes should
be focused forward and slightly up.

Page 16
4. Action through Air:Speed and lift generated on the runway and through take off can
result in a good distance. After a takeoff, the athlete tends to have forward rotation
that, if not corrected, will result in the feet hitting the sand early and a loss of distance
in the jump. The cyclic forward movement of the legs and arms, as seen in the hitch-
kick for example, will correct this forward rotation.
5. Landing: The important technique in landing is to get good leg extension. In landing,
the jumper must work through the jump in order not to sit back. This is done by
dropping the chin to the chest and driving the arms back carefully behind the body.

Page 17
 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PLAYFIELD FOR LONG JUMP
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PLAYFIELD AND SHPORTS EQUIPMENTS
FOR LONG JUMP
1. Length of run way = 40 m
2. Landing area in long jump = 9 m × 2.75 m
3. Width of the runway = 1.22m
4. Marking Lines = White lines 5 cm in
width
5. Maximum lateral inclination of the run way = 1:100
6. Overall inclination in the running direction = 1:1000
7. Take – off board is white, rectangular, made of wood or other suitable rigid
material and measures 1.22m ± 0.01m long, 20 cm ± 20 cm ± 2mm wide and 10
cm deep.
8. The indicator board is 10 cm (± 2mm) wide and 1.22m (± 0.01m) long and is
painted in a contrasting colour to the take-off board
9. The landing area has a minimum width of 2.75m and a maximum width of 3m.

Basic Principles Related to Long Jump

1. Immediately get set into proper position on the mark line. This will provide extra
speed at the time of the start.
2. A controlled fast speed towards the approach line is necessary for the efficient
coordination of the subsequent moves.
3. The ability to convert horizontal momentum of the run to vertical lift at the take off
without deceleration. It may prove to be a single important step in winning the event.
4. The ability to execute two and half steps while suspended in midair. This is made
possible only with extremely powerful lift at the take-off.
5. Aim for perfect landing. This can be learnt with proper training and practice.

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 TRIPLE JUMP
The triple jump is a field event that involves hop, bound and jump. The competitor
runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit.
The triple jump comprises of 5 phases
1. Approach2.Hop phase3.Step phase4.Jump phase 5. Landing
1. Approach: The objective of the approach run is to create the greatest amount of speed
that can be controlled. The athlete sprints down a runway to a takeoff mark, from
which the triple jump is measured. The approach run is about 35 – 40 m.
2. Hop Phase: The athlete places his foot on the takeoff board and jumps in it. The
take-off leg is fully extended. While in air, the athlete uses his arm to keep his
balance as the take-off leg goes from behind to front. The athlete lands on the same
leg from which he has taken off.
3. Step Phase: The take-off leg is fully extended with the drive leg thigh just below
parallel to the ground. The drive-leg thigh is held parallel with the ground, lower leg
vertical. The drive-leg extends with a flexed ankle (creating a long lever) and snaps
downward for a quick transition into the jump phase.
4. Jump Phase: The take-off leg (the drive leg in the previous Phases) is extended
forcefully upon contact with the ground. The free-leg thigh is driven to waist level.
During the jump phase emphasis is laid on arm action and foot strike.
5. Landing: When landing in the sand pit, the jumper should aim to avoid sitting back or
placing either hand behind the feet.

Page 19
 POLE VAULT
Pole Vault is a field event in which a person uses a long flexible pole as an aid to
jump over a bar.
There are eight basic techniques of pole vault.
1. The Grip 2.The Carry 3.The Run 4.The Plant 5.The Take-off
6. The Pull, Turn and Push 7. The Clearance 8.The Landing
1. The Grip : To start with, an athlete should take a light pole about 3.5 metres long. A
beginner should make grip at about 2 metres and towards the tapering end. A right-
handed vaulter should have his right hand as the top hand with the left hand about 70
to 90 metres apart.
2. The Carry: The position of advancing towards the pit is called “The Carry”.
Generally the pole is carried towards the right side. The front end of pole is kept
roughly in level with the head by keeping the grip of the top hand below the hips
pressing down the pole and keeping both arms bent at the elbows.
3. The Run: The proves of advancing with the pole is called “The Run”. The running
distance is not fixed and is to be decided by the athlete on the basis of his experience.
He should have two check-marks. One at the starting point about 100 feet from the
planting box and the other at about 50 feet. A right-handed vaulter should start the
run with left foot and should attain the vaulting speed while crossing the second
check-mark.

Page 20
4. The Plant: Putting the front end of the pole into the planting box is known as “The
Plant”. While lowering the front end of the pole for plant, the top hand changes
position from guiding the pole to gripping and the rear end is moved upwards and
forward. A beginner has to use visual approach for the plant but gradually with
practice he can make it by reflex action.
5. The Take-Off: The next step after plant is the take-off. The take-off is from directly
underneath the top hand keeping the take-off foot facing straight towards the vault.
After take-off the athlete should ride the pole hanging directly behind it.
6. The Pull, Turn and Push: While handing directly behind the pole with legs a bit low,
give a swing to bring the hips in level with the shoulders. Next pull up the body
taking advantage of the swing. Now the pole should come nearly to a vertical
position, and vaulter is put to a hand stand position on the pole. At this stage the
push-off starts and the athlete attempts at bar clearance.
7. The Clearance: When the vaulter has completed the push-off and extends the arms
fully he releases the left hand from the pole and applies a final force with the right arm
before leaving the pole and leaps over the bar.
8. The Landing: Landing depends upon the type of pit available. Normally an athlete
should give a natural rotation to the body to make balanced landing on legs followed
by a roll over.

Page 21
 SPECIFICATION FOR POLE VAULT
1. Landing Area - Length : 5 metres
- Width : 5 metres
2. Distance between Upright - Minimum 3.66 metres
- Minimum 4.32metres
3. Length of Cross Bar - Minimum 3.86 metres
- Minimum 4.52metres
4. Weight of Cross Bar - Minimum 2.26 metres
- Kilogrammes
5. Support for Cross Bar extension- 75 Millimetres
6. Planting box - length : 1 metre
Width at Front end: 600 millimetres
Thickness Metal Sheet: 2.5 millimetres
Length of the sheet form the front of the box towards stop
Board - 800 milimetres.

Page 22
 HIGH JUMP
High Jump is a field event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar
placed at measured heights without the aid of any device.
The high jump comprises of the following four steps:
1. Approach 2.The Take – off 3. Flight and Clearance 4.Landing

1. The approach: The “J” approach is used by most jumpers. This is a run of 3,4 or 5
strides straight ahead, then, 3,4 or 5 strides on a curve. Speed is very important in the
approach, so the jumper must lean to the side of the arc in order to maintain velocity
into the bar. The stride next to the last is longer to enable the jumper to lower the
centre of gravity (C.G.) for the jump. The last stride is from the outside foot, the foot
farthest from the bar, and is shorter so that the body is in a lean back position.
2. The take-off: The most important technique at take-off is the foot plant. The take-off
foot is planted directly in the line of the run at 40 degree to the bar. It is a heel-ball
rocker action. During the rocker action the body weight is gradually moved forward
over the take-off foot. An upward thrust is given to the body by bending the body
slightly while the body weight is shifted forward by the rocker-action. A slight bend
at the inner shoulders helps to shift the centre of gravity of the body over the bent
take-off foot. Then give vigorous extension to the take-off foot and exert upward
drive by the other leg.
3. The Clearance: In the straddle clearance, the take-off leg trails behind whereas in
Western Roll clearance the take-off leg is brought up in a bent position between the
body and the clearance bar. In straddle clearance the competitor should straddle the
bar on his stomach with the chest down, pulling his head back to look at a spot close
to the take-off point.
4. The Landing: The athlete lands on the outer foot and the outside hand, and attempt
should be made to let momentum roll in over into pit.
5. Flight and clearance:Once of the ground, the inside knee stays up at bar level, heels
are pulled back towards the head, knees bent and wide apart, arms in a crucifix
position or held by the side. Once the hips are over the bar the legs are snapped
straight from the knees landing on the shoulders

Page 23
 VIVA VOCE

1. What is a Long Jump?

Ans. The long jump is a field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in
an attempt to leap as far as possible
po from a takeoff point.
2. What are the components that an athlete
athlet needs to balance to achieve maximum
distance in long jump?
Ans. To achieve maximum distance in the long jump the athlete will have to balance three
components – speed, technique and strength.
stren

3. What is the length of runway for long jump?

Ans. 40 m
4. What is the width of landing area for long jump?
Ans. The landing area has a minimum width of 2.75m and a maximum width of 3m.

Page 24
5. What is the size of landing area in Long Jump?
Ans. 9m X 2.75m
6. What is triple jump?
Ans.Triple jump is a field event that involves hop, bound and jump. The competitor runs
down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit.
7. What are different phases of triple jump?
Ans. Triple jump comprises of 4 phases: Approach phase, Hop phase, Step phase and
Jump phase.
8. With which foot should the athlete attempt take-off?
Ans. The takeoff foot should be the athlete’s strongest leg, as it will be used in the Hop
and the Jump Phases.
9. What is the length of approach run in triple jump?
Ans. The approach run is about 35 -40m.
10. Which factors will determine the up distance and speed covered by athlete in
triple jump?
Ans. The athlete’s strength and technique will determine the optimal run up distance and
speed.
11. What is the correct way of making a foot strike while landing in triple jump?
Ans. In an active landing the athlete’s leg is extended, the ankle flexed and the leg pulled
down forcefully striking the ground mid-foot.
12. What is the length of take-off board for men in triple jump?
Ans. 13m
13. What is the length of take-off board for women?
Ans. 11 m
14. What is High Jump?
AnsHighJump is a field event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed
at measured heights without the aid of any device.
15. What is the standard length for a high Jump crossbar?
Ans. Length of crossbar is 3.98m – 4.02 m.
16. What should be the length of runway in high Jump?
Ans. The length is not specified but it should not be less than 15m. Generally it is about
18m.
Page 25
17. Give the dimensions of the Landing pit.
Ans. 5m X 4m
18. In Straddle Roll, what is the angle of the athlete at the time of approach?
Ans. 35o – 40 o
19. What is Pole Vault?
Ans. Pole Vault is a field event in which a person uses a long flexible pole as an aid to jump
over a bar.
20. State the criteria for pole selection in pole vault.
Ans. The appropriate pole to use is determined by weight of athlete. A pole rated below the
body weight of athlete should not be used.
21. How many stride approach should be used in pole vault?
Ans. A 10 or 12 stide approach can be used.
22. What should be the target of athlete at the time of take off in pole vault?
Ans. Athlete must take off with as much forward speed as possible but your body must be as
extended as possible so that the pole is as near to vertical as can be.
23. How should a turn be taken to gain maximum vertical height?
Ans. The turn should be delayed to gain maximum vertical height.
24. What is the length of the runway for pole vault?
Ans. 1.22m ± 0.01m
25. Which material is used for making the pole vault box?
Ans. Fibre glass, Metal or Wood

FIELD EVENTS
( THROWING EVENTS )

The four standard throwing events — shot put, discus, hammer, and javelin — all
involve the use of implements of various weights and shapes that are hurled for
distance. In all throwing events, the object being thrown must land in a specified
landing area. White lines 5cm wide delineate the area.

Page 26
 Shot put
The shot put involves ‘putting’ (throwing in a
pushing motion) a heavy metal ball (called the
shot) as far as possible. The shot put facility
includes a throwing circle, a stop-board
stop and a
landing sector. Competitors take their throw from
inside a circle 2.135m in diameter, with a toe
board approximately 10cm high at the front of the
circle. The distance thrown is measured from the
inside of the circumference of the circle to where
the shot lands at its nearest disturbance of the soil.
The inside diameter of the throwing circle
measures 2.135m (±5mm) and the rim at least 6mm in thickness, 70mm to 80mm deep
and painted white.
The stop board is white in the shape of an arc so that the inner edge coincides with the
inner edge of the rim of the circle. It is placed mid-way
mid way between the sector lines, and
constructed so that it can be firmly fixed to the ground. The board is 1.22m long on
the inside, 11.2cm wide and 10cm high when firmly in position.
The surface of the landing sector must allow for the shot put to make a mark upon
landing. It is made of natural grass or other suitable material. The landing sector must
be laid
id from the middle of the circle with an angle of 34.92° and marked by 50mm
wide white lines, the inside edges of which form the boundary of the sector. The
length of the sector is 25m. The angle of 34.92° is attained if the two sector lines at a
distance of 25m are spaced 15m apart.
The maximum allowance for the overall downward inclination of the landing sector,
in the throwing direction, shall not exceed 0.1 per cent.
TECHNIQUES USED IN SHOT PUT THROW
There are five basic skills of putting the shot as follows
fo
1. The Grip2.The Stance 3.The
The Glide 4.The Delivery 5.The
The Reverse
1. The Grip: The shot is held in hand between fingers and the thumb and the little
finger on the sides for balance. Thus holding and balancing the shot placed against
the neck in the hollow
llow formed near the joint of the collar bone. Keeping the elbow
Page 27
 about 8 to 9 inches from the side the weight of the ball is carried on fore-arm
fore little
above and directly in front of the shoulder.
2. The Stance: Initial stance is taken behind the circle keeping
keeping the upper part of the
trunk slightly turned backward creating an angle of 40 degree at the arm-pit
arm of the
throwing hand. The fore--arm
arm of other hand is stretched across the chest about 8 to 10
inches in front. Right foot takes the weight of body and toe of left foot touches the
ground in front of right foot.
3. The Glide: While moving across the circle the athlete must not hop but he should
glide. The gliding action should be so that the right foot is carried very low so much
gliding that the spikes off the shoe almost graze the ground. The foot glides over a
distance of about 30 to 36 inches and comes to almost centre of the circle and the left
foot is just touching the front of the circle. The athlete glides his right foot to the
centre of the circle.
e. Keeping his knee bent and planting it solidly and flatly with the
toes pointing about 40 degree to the rear of the circle. Keeping the right hip flexed
and left hip facing the direction in which the shot will travel he gives a vigorous drive
from the right foot and arm to deliver the shot.
4. The Delivery: The putting action is the application of additional force by lifting the
entire right side of the body, thereby applying power and weight of the body in the
action of putting the shot.
5. The Reverse: After
ter the shot leaves the hand a quick reverse movement of the feet
transfers the body weight on the right foot again and the right foot takes the forward
position. Care is
taken to ensure
that the athlete
does not cross over
the front end of the
circle while
making the reverse
in which case he will
fall.

Page 28
 SPECIFICATINS OF EQUIPMENTS FOR SHOT PUT

1. Weight of the Shot = 7.260 gm (Men) 4 Kg (Women)

2. Angle of Sector = 34.92 degrees
3. Diameter of Circle = 2.135 m
4. Length of Wooden Stop Board of Toes Board= 1.21
.21 to 1.23 m
5. Width of Wooden Stop Board or toe Board = 112 mm to 300 mm
6. Height of Wooden Stop Board or Toe Board = 98 mm to 102 mm
7. Length of the landing sector = 25.00 mm
8. Diameter of Shot = 110 mm to 130 mm
9. White Line = 5 cm wide and 0.75 m long both sides
side

Discus
Discus throw is a throwing event where athletes throw a 2kg platelike implement from
a 2.5m circle. The discus is launched after the thrower, starting at the back of the
circle, has completed one-and-a-half
one half turns. The facility for discus throw includes
in a
throwing circle, protective cage and landing sector.
. The inside diameter of the circle measures 2.5m (±5mm) and the rim at least 6mm in
thickness, 70mm to 80mm deep and painted white.
All discus throws are made from an enclosure or cage to ensure
ensure safety of spectators,
officials and athletes. The cage is designed,
manufactured and maintained to be capable
of stopping a 2kg discus moving at a speed
of up to 25m per second. There must be no
danger of the discus ricocheting or
rebounding back towardss the athlete or over
the top of the cage.
The cage is U-shaped.
shaped. The width of the
mouth is 6m, positioned 7m in front of the
centre of the throwing circle. The end points of the 6m wide mouth are the inner edge
of the cage netting. The height of the netting
netting panels or draped netting at their lowest
point is 4mThe netting is made from suitable natural or synthetic fibre cord or from a
Page 29
 mild or high tensile steel wire. The maximum mesh size is 44mm for cord netting and
50mm for steel wire.
The surface of the landing
anding sector must allow for the discus making a mark upon
landing. It is made of natural grass or other suitable material. The landing sector is
laid from the middle of the circle with an angle of 34.92° and marked by 50mm wide
white lines, the inside edges
edges of which form the boundary of the sector. The length of
the sector is 80m. The angle of 34.92° is attained if the two sector lines at a distance
of 80m are spaced 48m apart.

TECHNIQUES USED IN DISCUS THROW

1. The Grip 2. The Pivot 3.The
3. Reverse
1. The Grip:: The Discus is held in hand in such a fashion that palm of hand is over it
with first joints of the fingers turned to grip the edge of the discus. The thumb is
spread away to balance the Discus.
2. The Pivot: The athlete with the Discus in hand stands at the rear of the circle keeping
the feet apart. The right foot is placed on the imaginary line of throw and left foot
slightly to the right of this line. The weight of the body is taken by the right foot.
3. The Reverse:: The recovery after the Discus Throw is similar to that of putting the
short. In this also the feet are reversed to help to again balance of the body after the
throw and to avoid stepping out of the circle.

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 SPECIFICATIONS OF EQUIPMENTS FOR DISCUS THROW
Gender / 11 – 12 13 – 14 15 – 16 17 – 19 Adult
Age
Male 1 kg 1.25 kg 1.5 kg 1.75 kg 2.kg
Female 0.75 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg

1. Diameter of the throwing circle 2.50 m

2. Outer diameter of metal rim for men 219 mm to 221 mm
3. Outer diameter of metal rim for women 180 mm to 182 mm
4. Weight of Discus for men 2 kg
5. Weight of Discus for women 1 kg
6. Angle of Sector 34.92 degrees
7. Length of the Landing sector 80 m
8. Safety Cage is used

HAMMER THROW
The hammer throw is a throwing event where the object thrown is a heavy steel ball
attached with a longg wire (maximum length 122cm) to a handle. The facility for the
hammer throw includes a throwing circle, protective cage and landing sector. The
throwing circle is the same as for the discus
and shot put throw but has an inside diameter
of 2.135m (±5mm). The
he surface finish to the
concrete circle is slightly smoother for
hammer throw than for discus..
The hammer throw cage is designed,
manufactured and maintained to be capable of
stopping a 7.260kg disc moving at a speed of
up to 32m per second.
The cage is U-shaped.
shaped. The width of the mouth
is 6m, positioned 7m in front of the centre of
the throwing circle. The end points of the 6m wide mouth are the inner edge of the
cage netting. The height of the netting panels or draped netting at their lowest point

Page 31
 are att least 7m for the panels/netting at the rear of the cage and at least 10m for the
2.80m panels to the gate pivot.
pivot
TECHNIQUES USED IN HAMMER THROW
There are six basic skills of the event:
1. The Grip 2.The
The Stance 3.The Swing
4. The Pivot and the Turn 5.The Release 6.The
The Reverse
1. The Grip :The
The triangular handle at the other end of the chain connected to the
hammer is held by both hands. Generally the handle is gripped with left hand at the
second joint and right hand is placed
p over the left.
2. The Stance. The initial standing position for Hammer Throw is at the back of the
circle with athlete’s back towards the line of throw, knees slightly bent and the ball of
the hammer on his right side.
3. The swing: A series of swing are given to the hammer before release. During the
swing the hammer climbs upward on the left side of the athlete and descends to his
right during the swing. It reaches the highest position at his back above his head and
lowest in his front. In order to give
give momentum the body of the athlete should follow
the rhythm
4. The Pivot and the Turn: Making a pivot on heel and toes, a turn is given to the body
keeping control on body and swing. Generally three turns
are taken while the ball is in swing. The athlete should
follow the hammer in its rhythm. During first turn the
athlete follows the hammer and on second turn the hammer
follows him. The third turn is to control the momentum
and to prepare the body for the throw. Keeping the body
weight on the left the Hammer
H swings towards the right
foot.
5. The Release: After
fter the third turn the body weight is
working against the force of the hammer. At this stage the left leg is slightly bent to
prepare for the final throw, and the thrower should attempt the release by exerting
ex
additional force on the hammer by a vigorous lifting action with the legs, trunk, chest
and arms.

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6. The Reverse: The athlete requires a reverse immediately after the release of hammer
to keep control on the momentum; he will find himself steady after the swing,
turnabout and release.

JAVELIN

The javelin throw is a throwing event where the object to

be thrown is a spear-like
like object made of metal, fibreglass
and, in some cases, carbon fibre. The facility for the javelin
throw includes a runway, a throwing
thro arc and a landing
sector. The minimum length of the runway is 30m and the
maximum 36.5m. It is marked by two parallel white lines
5cm wide and 4m apart.
The throw is made from behind an arc of a circle drawn
with a radius of 8m. The arc consists of a strip painted or
made of wood 7cm wide. It is white and flush with the
ground. Lines are drawn from the extremities of the arc at right angles to the parallel
lines marking the runway. These lines are white, 75cm long and 7cm wide. The
maximum lateral inclination
lination of the runway is 1:100 and the overall inclination in the
running direction 1:1000.

TECHNIQUES OF JAVELIN THROW

There are five basic skills of the events:
1. The Grip2.The Carry3.The
The Approach4.The
Approach Delive5.The
The Reverse
1. The Grip : Normally two types of grips are used:
a. One – finger grip
b. Two – finger grip
In one – finger grip the index finger is placed above the cord and takes hold at the top
with the thumb and other fingers gripping the javelin at the cord. In two-finger
two grip
the index finger and the finger
finger next to that go above the cord and test of fingers take
hold at the top with the thumb. However, in both the cases the javelin is placed across
the palm of the hand at the top of the cord.
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2. The Carry : Normally the javelin is carried over the shoulders,
shoulders, the front end is held
pointing above and towards the line of throw.
3. The Approach: Generally a run of hundred feet or so is required to gain the initial
momentum before the throw. Three check marks are normally made-one
made at the start,
the second about eight
ght strides from the first and third at seven or eight strides from the
second. When the athlete approaches the third check point the javelin is lowered and
drawn back to take the final throwing position. The left side of the body faces the
direction of the throw with the weight of the body on the right foot.
4. The Delivery: The distance achieved in throw greatly depends on this stage. At this
stage the left foot is planted in front to reduce the momentum of the body, while the
trunk continues to move forward,
forward, transferring the body power to the javelin by upward
and forward extension of the right leg and rotation of the hips. The left shoulder is
pulled down and the throwing arm, bent at the elbow pulls the javelin forward. This
will bring the athlete in a position when the body weight is one the left leg and the
javelin is released with the full strength of the body.
5. The Reverse: As explained in case of other throws, it is necessary to check the
forward momentum at the time of release by reversing of the feet.

SPECIFICATIONS OF SPORTS EQUIPMENTS FOR JEVELIN THROW

1. Weight of Javelin for men 800 gm
2. Weight of Javelin for women 600 gm
3. Length of runway 36 m
4. Two parallel lines 4 m apart
5. Length of Javelin for men 260 – 270 cm
6. Length of Javelin for women 220 – 2300 cm
7. Angle of Sector 290

Page 34
 Gender / 11-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 Adult
Age
Male 400 600 700 800 800
grams grams grams grams grams
Female 400 600 600 600 600
grams grams grams grams grams
VIVA VOCE
1. What is the weight of a shot for men and women in shot put?
Ans. Weight of the shot for men is 7.260gm and for women 4 kg.
2. From where is the through made in shot put?
Ans. The throw is made from a 2.135 metre circle with a 1.22 metre wooden stop board
(10cm high) at the front. The thrower must commence the throw from a stationary
position and leave the circle under control from the rear half after completing the
throw.
3. Where should the shot land?
Ans. The shot must fall within a 40 degree sector at the front of the circle.
4. What is the angle of Sector in shot put?
Ans. 34.92 degrees.
5. What is the length of Wooden Stop Board or Toe Board?
Ans. 1.21 to 1.24 m
6. What is the diameter of shot?
Ans. 110mm to 130mm
7. In Discus throw what are the components that an athlete needs to balance to
achieve maximum distance?
Ans. To achieve maximum distance in the Discus the athlete will have to balance three
components – speed, technique and strength.
8. In the initial position how does the discus thrower stand?
Ans. The Discus thrower stands in the circle with his/her back towards the throwing
direction holding the discus in position.
9. In Discus throw, what should be the angle of release?
Ans. The release angle (angle between the horizontal and the right arm) should be about 35
degrees for best results.
10.What is the protective equipment used in Discus throw?
Ans. Safety Cage is used.
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 11.What is the weight of Discus for men and women?
Ans. 2 kg for men and 1 kg for women
12.What is the Hammer Throw technique based on and why?
Ans. It has been based on the lengthening of the acceleration path of the hammer head,
because it allows increasing the delivery velocity and consequently the distance
achieved.
13.What are the phases in hammer throw?
Ans. There are four phases in hammer throw – Preliminary swings, turns Accelerating the
hammer and Delivery.
14.What are the skills that an athlete should master in hammer throw?
Ans. Athlete needs to master the technique of holding the hammer and its throwing
techniques.
15.What is the weight of hammer for hammer throw?
Ans. Weight of hammer for men is 7.257 kg and for women it is 4 kg.
16.What are the most important factors in hammer throw?
Ans. The two most important factors for a long throw in hammer throw are the angle of
release and the speed of the ball.
17.What are the skills involved in hammer throwing technique to increase the
turning radius while taking turns?
Ans. The hammer path is lengthened by increasing the turning radius through bending of
the hip joint and an inclination of the trunk.
18.What are the phases of hammer throw?
Ans. The phases in hammer throw are – Preliminary Swings, Turns, Accelerating the
hammer and Delivery.
19.What is the length of hammer for men and women?
Ans. 121.5cm for men and 119.5cm for women.
20.What is the Angle of Sector?
Ans. 34.92 degrees
21.What are the standard weights of Javelin for men and women?
Ans. Weight of javelin for men is 800 gm and for women it is 600 gm.
22.What type of grip be used to hold the javelin?

Page 36
Ans. A string, stable grip is acquired. The grip must remain firm behind the ledge made by
the binding (cord), and the javelin must run down the length of the palm and not cross
it.
23.How many strides are usually taken by throwers in javelin throw?
Ans. Experienced throwers will use an approach run of 13 to 17 strides, inexperienced
throwers will use fewer strides.
24.What is the correct position at delivery?
Ans. Right leg drives upwards and forwards bringing the hips at 90o to the direction of
throw.
25.What is the amount of space needed to stop before the scratch line after delivery
of javelin?
Ans. The amount of space needed to stop before the scratch line after delivery of javelin
depends on the amount of horizontal momentum. This is typically 1.5 to 2 metres.
26.What is the length of runway?
Ans. 36m
27.What is the length of Javelin for men and women?
Ans. 260 – 270cm for men and 220 – 230 cm for women.
28.What is the Angle of Sector for javelin throw?
Ans. 29o

Page 37
 PHYSICAL FITNESS
Physical Fitness is a simple term with a wide meaning. Physical Fitness for a common
man means the capacity to do the routine work without any fatigue or exertion and
after doing his work he has power to do some more work and the recovery is quicker.
Physical Fitness is more than the possession of strength and endurance. It means
having the best possible health with the capacity to do one’s everyday task to engage
in recreational pursuits and to meet emergencies, when they arise. As a matter of fact,
physical fitness is possessed by individuals, who remain enthusiastic, work cheerfully
and do the emergency work with vigour and vitality. Physical Fitness implies a
relation between the task to be performed and the individual’s capacity to perform it.
To understand physical fitness in a better way, it would be more beneficial to go
through the following definitions of physical fitness: According to Webster
Encyclopedia, “It is the ability of the person to do daily routine work without fatigue,
moreover to participate in playful activities and still reserves enough capacity to meet
any emergency”. According to David R. Lamb, “Physical Fitness is the capacity to
meet the present and potential physical challenges of life with success”. According to
Kroles, “Physical Fitness is the successful adaptation to the stresses of one’s
lifestyle.”
Thus, it can be said that Physical Fitness is the ability to function effectively and
efficiently, to enjoy leisure, to be healthy, to resist disease and to cope with the
emergency situations. For physical fitness, we require an efficient motor mechanism
and an efficient mental functioning.
FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL FITNESS
Following factors are liable to affect the physical fitness of an individual:
1. Regular exercise 7. Environment
2. Amount of Training 8. Standard of Living
3. Rest and Relaxation 9. Balanced Diet
4. Proper Conditioning 10.Stress and Tension
5. Good Posture 11.Drugs and Intoxication
6. Heredity 12.Scientific Way of Training.

Page 38
Page 39
 SKILL TEST OF GAMES/SPORTS

VOLLEY BALL

History
Volleyball is approximately 108 years old game. It was invented by William
Morgan an, American in the year 1895. The first National volleyball championship
was organized by Y.M.C.A in New York in 1922.
The game gained its popularity during the Second
World War the Federation Internationale de
Volleyball (FIVB) was formed after the Second
World War in 1947. The first volleyball
Championship at world level was held at Prague,
(Czechoslovakia) in 1949.Volleyball was
introduced in the Olympics in the year 1964 at
Tokyo, Japan.
YMCA introduced Volleyball in India in 1950.

LATEST RULES OF VOLLEYBALL:

The new rules of Volleyball are given below.

1. Now, the breadth of the service area is 9 m instead of 3m.
2. The attack line has been extended upto 1.75 m outside on both sides in dotted
marking.
3. According to the new rule, ‘Libero’ is a special player in a team. He is the player of
backline. He is not allowed to attack from the attacking area. He can play only for
defence. He wears coloured t-shirt different from other players. Neither he can do
service nor block. A libero has a fixed position during the game. He cannot take part
in rotation.
4. ‘Libero’ must be printed on the back side of the T-Shirt. A libero can be changed any
number of times.
5. Each service has a point .
6. A coloured ball is permitted in competitions.
Page 40
7. Let service is allowed.
8. First four sets consist of 25 points each whereas fifth set consists of 15 points.
9. The first service can be received by any part of body but it should be only a single
touch.

Page 41
Court:

Page 42
 FUNDAMETAL SKILLS OF VOLLEYBALL:
1. Service
i) Underhand and Overhand Serve ii) Sky Ball Serve
iii) Line and Cross-Court Serve iv) Top Spin
v) Floater vi) Jump Serve
vii) Jump Float viii) Round-House Serve
ix) Hybrid
2. Pass
i) Underarm Pass ii) Overhand pass
3. Set
i) Overhand set ii) Bump set iii) Front Set iv) Jump Set
4. Dump
i) Throw ii) Toss
5. Attack
i) Backcourt (or back row) /pipe attack
ii) Line and Cross-court shot
iii) Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat
iv) Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse
v) Off-speed hit
vi) Quick hit/ ″One
vii) Double quick hit / “Stack” / ″Tandem
viii) Slide
6. Block
i) “Roof ”
ii) Soft Block
7. Dig
i) Dive
ii) Pancake
iii) Roll

Page 43
 Some of the fundamental skills have been explained below:
1. Tennis Service: The server stands in the service area with body facing the net and
one foot slightly ahead of the other. The ball in held in the left hand and tossed
above the head of server. As the ball moves up the server’s body, the body is bent
backwards, right arm is swung backward with bent elbow and open palm. The ball
is struck with a forward swing of right arm as it moves down. The arm should be
opened while striking the ball.
2. Overhead Floating Service: In this service the ball is tossed higher. As the ball is
in the air the server takes one or two steps forward and jumps vertically to smash
the ball with forward swing of right arm.
3. Overhead Pass: While executing an overhead pass, the body of the player is
crouched, knees bent, feet apart leaning forward. Hands are in front of the face with
elbows bent close to the body. The ball is passed with finger tips in front of
forehead. Knees and arms should be extended in the direction of the pass.
4. One man Blocking: The player comes close to the net where the smash is
expected. He/she jumps with hand raised above the net, facing the net. The ball is
intercepted at this time .The blocking can be done by two or three players.
5. Smashing: The player runs towards the net from a distance of 3-4 metres with last
steps taken fast. The leg carrying the body weight touches the ground on heel, other
leg joins the forward leg quickly. The legs are bent at knees to get the thrust for
jump. Arms are pulled maximum backwards. The player jumps on his toes and then
straightens the body. Arms are swung in circular motion. As the body reaches the
maximum height in jump it is bent like an arc. The smashing hand is raised up, it
reaches the back of head, bent at elbow. Smashing is executed with the hit of hand.

TERMS USED IN VOLLEYBALL:

Smash, Spiker, rotation, Blocking, Volley pass. Dig pass, Switch,

Overlapping, booster, love, dig, net fault, netball, double hit floater, hook service,
tennis service, double fault, forearm pass, set up antenna, libero, holding, diving and
rolling.
Page 44
 The brief explanation of some of the terms is given below:
1. Diving: Trying to play a ball falling on the ground in front. Diving is done to do so.
2. Boosting: Boosting means to lift the ball up for the smasher to smash.
3. Booster: The player who lifts the ball for a smasher is called booster.
4. Smasher: The player who smashes the ball that is lifted by the booster is called
smasher.
5. Block: An attempt to check a smash by a player/players close to the net by taking
jump and raising of hands is called block.
6. Antenna: The two flexible rods, fixed at the outer edge of each side, are called
antenna. The ball must pass to the opponents’ court between these antennas.
7. Libero: He is a special player of the team. He can play for defence only. He is not
allowed to smash a ball from attacking area. His dress is different from other
players. He cannot take part in rotation.
8. Dig: a dig is made by a player who first contacts the ball over the net.
9. Rally: a rally is the exchange of hits between the teams. The team that wins the
rally gets the service.
10. Ace. It is a point scored on an unreturned service.
11. Rotation: It is a change of position of players in clockwise direction after getting a
chance to serve.

VIVA VOCE
1. Who invented volleyball and in which year?
Ans.The game of Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan, then
physical director at Y.M.C.A. Holyoke, Massachusetts, U.S.A., in the
year 1895.
2. Which movement spread this game worldwide?
Ans. Y.M.C.A. movement was instrumental to spread the game worldwide.
3. When was the FIVB formed?
Ans. The Federation Internationally de Volleyball (FIVB) was formed in the
year 1947.
Page 45
4. When and where did the game attain Olympic status for both men
and women?
Ans. The game attained Olympic status for both men and women category in
the year 1964 at Tokyo, Japan.
5. Who popularize the game in early stages in India?
Ans. Y.M.C.A. college of Physical Education, Madras was instrumental in
popularizing the game in the early stages.
6. Who is Libero in the game?
Ans. The “Libero”, is the specialized defensive player who must wear a
different colur uniform with number.
7. What is the word “game” now called?
Ans.The word “game” is now referred to a as “set”.
8. How many substitutes are there in game?
Ans. The substitutes in each team are 6.
9. How many officials are there in a Volleyball match?
Ans. There are 7 officials i.e. (Referee – 1 , Umpire – 1 , Scoree – 1 , Lines
men – 2 to 4).
10. Is libero allowed to serve?
Ans. Libero is not allowed to serve

KHO_KHO
History:
Kho- Kho is one of the most popular games of India. It is difficult to trace its
origin. In kho –Kho, the participants simply need
to chase and touch their opponents to win the
game in specified time. In ancient time, Kho-Kho
was played on ‘raths’ or ‘chariots’ in Maharashtra
and was known as ‘Rathera’. A committee was

Page 46
 formed at Gymkhana, Poona in 1924 for framing the rules of Kho-Kho. The rules
were published in 1924. The Kho-Kho federation of India was formed in 1960.
The men and women championships were started in 1961 and 1962. It has not been
included in Asian Games till date.

LATEST GENERAL RULES OF KHO-KHO

1. The length and breadth of the Kho-Kho court is 29m × 16m.

2. Pole to Pole distance is 23.50 m.
3. Each team plays for 9 minutes instead of 7 minutes.

4. A runner shall not touch any sitting chaser. If he does so, he will be given a
caution. But if he does it again, he will be declared out.
5. If three runners are making out, consecutively by an active chaser, he cannot touch
the fourth runner; he will have to kho to any sitting chaser.
6. Sitting chasers are not allowed to create any obstruction, in the way of runners. If
any runner is touched by any active chaser due to such obstruction, the runner will
not be considered out.
7. A team consists of 12 players out of which 9 players form a playing team and the
remaining 3 players act as substitutes or extra players.
8. A toss of coin should decide the right to choose chasing or defending.
9. The captain may end their turn before allowed time.
10.When the turn starts, a chaser should not leave the square without getting a ‘Kho’.
11.The team which scores more points wins a match.
12.Once all the runners are out before time, they send their runners again in the same
order.
13.A ‘Kho‘ by a chaser should be given form behind a sitting chaser loudly.
14.After giving Kho, an active chaser should sit immediately on the vacated square.
15.A defender is declared out, if he is touched by hand by an active chaser without
breaking any rule.

Page 47
SPECIFICATIONS OF KHO-KHO
KHO FIELD

Page 48
 KhoKho
field

TERMINOLOGY
Runners, Chasers, Free zone, Cross lane, Active chaser, Square, Tapping, Fake kho,
Giving kho, Shoulder
der line, Entry, Out of limits, Receding.
The brief explanation of some words is given below:
1. Chaser : The players sitting in the squares are known as chasers. An attacker
(active chaser) is a player who pursues the players of the opposite side (runners)
with
ith a view to tag and touches them.
2. Runners : The players of the side other than the chasers side are known as runners.
The runners who are inside the limits for their turn of running are
a known as
defenders.
3. Shoulder line : An imaginary line running through
through the centres of the shoulders of a
player is known as shoulder line.
4. Entry : A runner is said to have entered the limits as soon as he loses the contact
with the ground outside the limits with his feet and comes in contact with the
ground inside the fieldd with his feet.
5. Out of limits : If a defender loses his contact of the ground within the limits and
comes in contact with the ground outside the limits, he is said to have gone out of
limits.
6. Square : It is place for the chasers to sit down.
7. Active Chaser : Active chaser is that player who persuades the runners to put them
out.

Page 49
 8. Inning: The nine minutes duration of the game which may be chasing or running is
known as inning.
9. Fake Kho : Pretending to give a kho but actually he does not do so.
10.Feet Out : If the feet of the runner touch the ground beyond side lines, the player is
given out.
11.Extra Period : Any period played after the end of a regulation game in order to
break a tie is called extra period.
FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF KHO-KHO
1. Chasing Skills
a. Giving Kho b. Taking Direction c. Sudden Change d. Tapping
e. Turning round the Post f. Trapping g. Diving h. Fake Kho i. Late Kho
2. Running Skills
a. Position on the Court
b. Running
c. Avoiding Trapping
d. Positioning near the Post
e. Dodging
i. Front dodge
ii. Back dodge
iii. Round the post dodge

The brief explanation of the fundamental skills is given below:

1. Giving Kho: A chaser must say the word ‘Kho’ when he is touching the sitting
chaser. It is a foul if he does not say this word.
2. Taking Direction: After receiving the Kho, a chaser should take his first step out of
the cross lane with care because that step will decide his direction of move
3. Fake kho: In such kho, the chaser pretends to give kho but actually he follows the
runner.
4. Tapping: Tapping is touching an active runner by extending an arm. Tapping
should be done when the runner is on the post while tapping the body should lean
forward and arm should be extended completely.

Page 50
5. Trapping: For trapping, the active chaser should try to bring two or three runners to
one side or towards the post. This situation is called Trapping.
6. Diving: In this technique, a chaser pounces on an active runner to touch him
spontaneously. It requires a lot of courage and practice for being an expert diver.

VIVA VOCE
1. What does KKFI stand for
Ans. Kho – Kho Federation of India (K.K.F.I).
2. What are the conditionsl under which a chaser can leave the square?
Ans. After the commencement of the turn, no chaser shall leave the square without
getting ‘Kho’ or change the face of the square.
3. According to the new rules what are the changes in time duration of play?
Ans. According to the new rules each team plays for 9 minutes instead of 7 ½ minutes.
4. What is the size of playfield for men and women?
Ans. Size of playfield for men:29 m × 16 m and for women 27 m × 16 m.
5. How many squares are there in each lane?
Ans. Number of squares in each lane is 8.
6. Who is a chaser and active chaser?
Ans. The players sitting in the squares are known as chasers. An attacker (active
chaser) is a player who pursues the players of the opposite side (runners) with a
view to tag and touches them.
7. How many players are there in a Kho-Kho game?
Ans. There are 12 players in a Kho-Kho game out of which 9 are the playing in the
game and three are the substitutes.
8. How many innings are there in a Kho-Kho match?
Ans. There are two innings, in a Kho-Kho match.
9. How many points are scored when a runner gets out?
Ans. One point is scored when a runner gets out.
10.Tell the length and diameter a of Kho-Kho game?
Ans.length of the Pole is 1.20 metre high above the ground and its diameter is 20 cms.
11.What are number of officials in Kho-Kho game?

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Ans. The officials for conducting a game of Kho-Kho are
1. One Referee, 2 Tow Umpires, 3. One Scorer, 4. One Time Keeper.
12. When is a player considered ‘out’ in Kho-Kho?
Ans. When a chaser touches the runner or the runner goes out of the ground he is
considered to be ‘out’.
13.What is the situation of a draw in Kho-Kho?
Ans. If both the teams score equal points another innings is played is the match is yet
undecided. If the match remains undecided the whole match a played again.

KABADDI
History:
Kabaddi originated in India. It is known by different names in different
states of India. It is known as “Hu-Tu-Du” in Bengal and Bihar; Hu-Tu-Tu in
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, “Chadu-gudu” in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
The first All India Kabaddi competition was
started in 1938. Kabaddi received International
recognition during the Berlin Olympic Games
in 1936. It was included in Indian Olympic
Games in Kolkatta in 1938. In 1950 the All
India Kabaddi Federation came into existence
and compiled standard rules. In National School Games, Kabaddi was included in
1962 for boys and in 1975 for girls. It has been included in the Asian Games and is
popular game in India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Combodia, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and Bangladesh.

LATEST GENERAL RULES OF KABADDI:

1. A Kabaddi team consists of 12 players, out of which 7 players form a playing team
and rest of the 5 players act as substitutes or extra players.

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2. The duration of the ,match should be two halves of 20 minutes each for men and 15
minutes each for women. The interval between the two halves should be of 5
minutes.
3. In the second half the courts shall be changed.
4. The game will be continued, with the number of players, playing at the end of first
half.
5. The team that wins the toss may choose either court or raid.
6. Only one raider should enter the opponent’s court at a time. If more than one raider
enters in the opponent’s court, then the side loses their turn of raiding.
7. A player shall be out if any part of his body touches the ground outside the
boundary. If any player goes out of the boundary during the course of play he shall
be out.
8. If a raider, while in the opponent’s court, loses his cant he shall be out.
9. The opponents shall send their raider within five seconds after a raider reached his
court or is out in the opponent’s court.
10. Two points are awarded for a “Lona”.
11. A raider or an anti is only to be held by his limb or trunk. The one who violates the
rule shall be declared out.
12. For getting a bonus point, there should be at least six players in an opposite team. If
any player is made to sit in the sitting lobby due to some technical foul, he will be
considered a playing member for a bonus point.

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Page 54
Page 55
 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF KABADDI
1. To pronounce the word ‘Kabaddi’
2. Dodging
3. Movement of hands and feet
4. Attention and sight
5. Attack or Raid
a. Sudden leg thrust
b. Squat leg thrust
c. Front kick
d. Side Kick
e. Mule kick
f. Round kick
g. Aero kick
h. Swing kick
i. Swing kick
j. Toe touch
6. Holding or catch
a. Wrist catch
b. Over the shoulder catch
c. Trunk catch
d. Wrist and ankle catch
e. Single knee catch
f. Doubl knee catch
g. Angle catch
h. Dive and catch
7. Formation
a. Whole round
b. Half round
c. Single cover
d. Double cover

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 The brief explanation of some fundamental skills is given below:

1. To pronounce the word” Kabaddi”: A raider must keep the cant with ‘Kabaddi’ the
word for sounding. He must start the cant before he touches the opponent’s court.
2. Starting a Raid: A raider should always start his raid from one side of the
opponent’s court. If he does so, he can keep an eye on the movements of all the
anties.
3. Dodging: Dodging is very significant skill during a raid. In fact, pretending to move
in one direction but attacking an anti in opposite direction is called dodging. It
should be done now and then for getting a point.
4. Movements of Hands and Feet: A raider should keep on moving from one side to
the other in opponent’s court. By doing so, the defenders may not be able to
understand his plan. In order to change his direction of movement, he may do quick
pivoting on one leg. While performing such movements, he should extend his hands
and knees should be bent. He should keep his body feet one both feet. In such
movement, one leg should be ahead of the other.
5. Sudden leg thrust: An anti may be touched with a sudden leg thrust or extension
on the ground when the anti and raider are close. At the time of extension of leg, the
balance of the body should be maintained. Leg thrust can be done in stationary
position or in moving position.
6. Mule kick: The mule kick consists of kicking backward like a mule. It should be
used to touch the anties who try to follow the raider. Mule kick should be performed
all of a sudden.
7. Aero Kick: the aero kick is similar to the side kick but it is executed with a jump
into the air.
8. Toe touch: It may be done be stretching a leg completely. Ankle should also be
extended while touching the ground with toe, the body weight must be on other
foot.
9. Ankle Catch: The ankle catch is usually attempted when a raider tries to touch the
anti with a leg swing. It is also attempted when the raider remains in stationary
position with his back towards the anti. The ankle can be caught with normal grip or
by interlocking the fingers.
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10.Double Ankle Catch: Double ankle catch is used when both the legs of the raider
are close to each other and seem to be stationary. At this moment, the catcher may
dive all of a sudden and hold both the ankles of the raider. Generally, this type of
catch is very successful.

TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO KABADDI

1. Baulk Line, march line, lobby, block, chase, catcher, lona, struggle, Bonus point,
cant, Aero kick, mule kick, toe touch, pursuit, raider, anti, dodging, penetration.

The brief explanation of some of the terms is as follows:

1. Lobby: Each of the strips on the sides of the playfield measuring one metre in width
is known as lobby.
2. Midline or marchline: a line that divides the playfield into the two halves is known
as midline.
3. Baulkline: Each of the lines in the court parallel to midline is known as baulkline.
Its distance from midline is 3.75 m. for men and 3m for women.
4. Cant: The continuous or repeated sounding the word “Kabaddi” in a single breadth
is called cant.
5. Raider: A player, who goes into the opponents court with the cant in called raider.
6. Anti: Every playing member of team in whose court the raid is being made is called
anti.
7. Struggle: when a raider touches an anti or anti touches a raider the struggle begins.
8. Pursuit: It is and art of chasing a raider into his court just as he is returning from a
cant.
9. Touch: If the raider touches the anti or anties by any part of his body even with
clothes or shoes, it is called touch.
10. Stance: when a Kabaddi player maintains a suitable alert body position during an
attack or defence, it is called a stance.
11. Raid: When a player goes into the opponents court with a cant, is called a raid.
12. Pivoting: Turning around for the purpose of changing the direction of raid by using
one leg as a pivoting leg.
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13. Lona: When a team puts out all the opponent players, it is called a Lona. The two
additional points are given for a lona.
14. Penetration: Raiding deep in opponent’s court is called penetration.

VIVA VOCE
1. What is length and breadth of the Kabaddi ground?
Ans.The length of Kabaddi ground is 13 metres and breadth 10 metres. For junior boys
and girls length and breadth is 11 and 8 metres respectively.
2. What are the number of players in Kabaddi?
Ans. There are 12 players in Kabaddi game. Out of them 7 players actually play and five
are substitutes.
3. What is the time duration of the game of Kabaddi?
Ans. The duration of Kabaddi game is 20-5-20 and for junior boys and girls is 15-5-15.
4. How many scores does Lona have?
Ans. Lona has two extra points.
5. Mention the number of officials conducting the game of Kabaddi.
Ans. Officials in Kabaddi are:
1. One referee, 2. Two Umpires, 3. Two linesmen, 4. One Scoree
6. What do you understand by a Bonus for Raider?
Ans. When a raider comes after having crossed bonus line he gets one point.
7. When was Amateur Kabaddi Fedration of India founded?
Ans. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) was founded in 1973.
8. When a raider shall be declared out while in the opponent’s court?
Ans. If a raider, while in the opponent’s court, loses his cant he shall be out.
9. How can a raider or an anti be held by an opponent?
Ans. A raider or an anti is not to be held by any part of his body deliberately other than
his limb or trunk.
10.What is the size of the court for men and women?
Ans. The size of the court for men is 13m × 10m and for women is 12m × 8 m.
11.How many players are there in Kabaddi?
Ans . There are 7 players and 5 substitutes in each team of Kabaddi.

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 12.What are different types of kicks in Kabaddi?
Ans. Different type of kicks are: Side Kick, Front Kick,, Round Kick, Sitting Kick.
13.How is “a court (home) or first raid” decided?
Ans. The team winning the toss shall have a choice either of the court (Home) side or the
first raid. In the second half of the match, the court shall be changed.
14.How can a defending team score a point?
Ans. If a raider having been touched or held by any of the defenders fails to reach his
court or fails to touch the mid-line inside the pala within a struggle the defending
team shall score a point.
15.How a player is penalized for committing a foul?
Ans. Any players who commit these fouls shall be penalized by awarding one point to
the opposite team, and also liable for further disciplinary action.

BASKETBALL

History :
Basketball was invented in USA by Dr.
James Naismith in December 1891 at spring
Field College. The game was played first time
on 22nd January, 1892. First time, 5 players
were fixed in a team. From 1895 to 1900 A.D.
a number of amendments were done in the
rules of the game. Basketball was included in
the Berlin Olympics in 1936. The
international Basketball Federation was constituted in 1932. Basketball was
introduced in India by YMCA college, Madras about 85 years ago. The Indian
Basketball Federation was formed in 1950.

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Page 61
 LATEST GENERAL RULES OF BASKETBALL
The following rules of Basketball have now been changed which are described
below:
1. The length and breadth of basketball court is 28 × 15 m.
2. The leather ball is used in Basketball competitions.
3. The last 2 minutes ‘play before the end of the game should be played in real sense
and not to pass the time.
4. Three time-outs can be provided during the second half of the game to each team
whereas two time-outs are given in first-half to each team. It means that one time-
out in 1st, 2nd and 3rd period and two time-outs in 4th period of the game are given to
each team. The time-out period shall be of 1 minute.
5. The Basketball poles should be at least 2 m away from the end line.
6. The throw can be given from the end line.
7. The 30 seconds rule has been changed to 24 seconds.
8. There are four periods of the game, i.e. 10-2 (Rest)-10-10 (Interval)-10-2 (Rest)-10
minutes.
9. A rectangular shaped restricted area has been introduced.
10.The distance of three point line has been extended to 6.75 m, whereas, earlier it was
6.25 m.
11.No-charge semi-circles have been introduced. The radius of the circles shall be
1.25 m from the point on the floor beneath the exact centre of the basket to the inner
edge of the semi-circle.

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 SPECIFICATION OF BASKETBALL
Basketball
1. No. of teams 2 8. Thickness of the backboard 3 cm
2. No. of court players in a 5 9. Height of lower edge of 2.90 m
3. team 7 board from the floor
4. No. of substitutes in a 12 10. Circumference of ball 75-78
5. team 28×15m 11. Weight of ball cm
6. Total players 1.80 m 12. Duration of game 600-
7. Size of court 5 cm 650gm
Radius of the centre circle 10-2-10-
Breadth of boundary lines 10-10-2-
10
SPECIFICATIONS OF PLAYFIELD AND RELATED SPORTS
EQUIPMENTS

1. No. of teams 2 10. Circumference of ball 75-78

2. No. of court players in a team 5 11. Weight of ball cm
3. No. of substitutes in a team 7 12. Duration of game 600-
4. Total players 12 650gm
5. Size of court 28×15m 13. Interval between two durations 10-2-10-
6. Radius of the centre circle 1.80 m 14. Officials 10-10-2-
7. Breadth of boundary lines 5 cm 5(Referee,Umpire, Scorer, 10
8. Thickness of the backboard 3 cm Timekeeper, 10 min.
9. Height of lower edge of board 2.90 m 24- Second Operator – One
from the floor each)
Basketball

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 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF BASKETBALL
1. Handling the Ball
2. Passing
a. Chest or push pass (f) Hook pass
b. Baseball pass (g) Flip pass
c. Underhand pass (h) Tip or Volley pass
d. Overheas pass (i) Back pass
e. Two-handed bounce pass
3. Pivoting
4. Dribbling
a. High dribble (b) Low dribble
5. Shooting
a. Two hand shot (c) Hook shot
b. Lay up shot (d) Jump shot
6. Rebounding
7. Defense
8. Dodge
a. To dodge with singles
b. By speed
c. By escape
9. Free Throw
10.Offensive Strategy
a. Faking (c) Triangular attack
b. Screening (d) Zonal attack
11.Defensive Attack
a. Blocking (d) Guarding
b. Tacking (e) Man to man defence
c. Zonal Defence

The brief description of some of the fundamental skills of Basketball is given

below:

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1. Holding the Ball : Holding the ball is very significant for passing, throwing,
shooting and dribbling in basketball game. So, the ball should be held in hands with
fingers spread and the thumbs tilted inwards. The ball should not be held between
palms while holding the ball, the hands should be relaxed but the grip should be
firm. The ball should be close enough to the body.
2. Chest Pass. For performing a two-handed chest pass accurately, the ball should be
held properly in front of the chest. The arms should be relaxed and elbows also
should be close to the body. At this juncture, the knees should be slightly bent and
the body weight must be on heels of both the feet. The ball should be passed by
extending the arms completely. The legs should also be extended at this time.
3. Bounce Pass. In bounce pass, the holding of the ball, body position and passing
action is approximately the same as in two hand chest pass. However, in bounce
pass, the ball is thrown in such a way that the ball should bounce at a specific place
so that it may bounce up to the waist level of the receiver easily. This type of pass
can be performed with one hand only.
4. Baseball Pass. In this type of pass, the ball should be taken just behind the head on
right or left direction with a support of upper portion of palm and fingers. One foot
should be kept in front of the other and the ball should be thrown with a swing with
fingers. This pass is usually applied for long passes.
5. Pivoting. Pivoting means turning the body to either side by using any one leg as a
support. In pivoting, one foot must be fixed on the floor and the other foot or leg
may be moved in any direction. During this movement the ball should be kept close
to the chest. The pivoting is very useful for getting rid of an opponent.

TERMINOLOGY
Some of the terms used in Basketball have been briefly described below:
1. Air ball :a shot that misses the backboard and rim of the basket.
2. Alley-oop :A pass where the receiving player catches the ball in the air and shoots
the ball without touching the ground.
3. And one :The is when a player gets fouled while in the act of shooting but still
scores the basket. He then gets the opportunity to make it a three-point play by
getting one free throw attempt.
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4. Bank shot :A shot where the is bounced (or banked) off the backboard and then
drops into the basket.
5. Dead ball : The ball becomes dead when any goal is made, any violation occurs, a
foul occurs while the ball is alive or in play, held ball occurs or ball lodges on the
basket support, it is apparent that the ball will not go into the basket; on a free throw
for a technical foul by coach, assistant coach or team follower, official’s whistle is
blown while the ball is alive or in play, the 30 seconds operator’s signal is sounded
while the ball is alive or time expires for a half or extra period.
6. Dunk :When a player close to the basket jumps and slams throws the ball down into
it.
7. Man-to-Man defence :The defensive style where each defensive player is
responsible for guarding one opponent.
8. Point guard :Usually a team’s best ball handler. He leads the offence and
distributes the ball to the team’s best scorers.
9. Screen :When an offensive player stands between a teammate and a defender to
gives his teammate the chance to take an open shot.
10.Squaring up: When a player’s shoulders are facing the basket as he releases the
ball for a shot.
11.Starting lineup :The five players who begin a game for one team.
12.Three-point shot :A field goal worth 3 points because the shooter was standing
behind the 3-point line when he releases the ball.
13.Throw-in :Inbounding the ball.
14.Time-out :When play is temporarily suspended by an official or at the request of a
team to discuss strategy or respond to an injured player.
15.Traveling :When the ball handler takes too many steps without dribbling; also
called walking.
16.Three second violation :When an offensive player is in the “lane” more than three
second.
17.Zone defence : A defence where each defender is responsible for an area of the
court and must guard any player who enters that area.

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 VIVA VOCE
1. How many players take part in Basketball Game?

Ans: There are twelve players in a basketball game. Out of which 5 are taking part
and seven are the substitutes.
2. What is length and breadth of a Basketball Court?

Ans: Basketball court is 28 metres in length and 15 metres in breadth.

3. How many fouls are there in Basketball Game?

Ans: There are five fouls in Basketball game for example:

a. Personal Foul
b. Technical Foul
c. Double Foul
d. Multiple Foul
e. International Foul
4. How many time-outs are there in Basketball game?

Ans: In Basketball game one time outs are there in each half for each team and two
after the interval each team can take.
5. What is foul rule?

Ans: If any team commits four fouls in any half, the opponents get two free throws
after each foul.
6. What is eight second rule?

Ans: According to eight second rule a team is allowed only 8 seconds to bring the
ball in front court(opponent’s court) within ten seconds. The same team cannot
come back from front court.
7. What is three second rule?

Ans: When a player stays more than three seconds in opponents’ restricted area,
three seconds is given and opponents are awarded throw in.
8. How many officials are there to officiate the Basketball game?

Ans: There are following officials in a Basketball game:

a. Refree=1
b. Umpire=1
c. Scorer=1
d. Time keeper=1
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 e. 30-Second operators=1
9. When was International Basketball Federation (IBF) constituted?

Ans: IBF was constituted in 1932

10.How many quarters/periods are there in basketball?

Ans: There are 4 quarters/periods in basketball.

11.What is fouled out?

Ans: If a player commits more than 5 fouls in a match, he will be removed from the
game is called a fouled out.
12.What is Bank shot?

Ans: A shot where the ball is bounced (Or banked) off the backboard and then drops
into the basket is called as bank shot.
13.What is boxing out?

Ans: A player’s attempt to position his body between his opponents and the basket
to get rebounds and prevent the opponents from doing so is known as boxing out.
14.What is crossover Dribble?

Ans: Dribbling the ball across the body from one hand to the other is called
crossover dribble.
15.What is goaltending?

Ans: No player may interfere with the basket or ball on its downward flight to the
basket. If they do so, the violation is known as goaltending.
16.What is air ball?

Ans: A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as
an air ball.
17.What is brick?

Ans: A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called
a brick.

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 FOOT BALL
History:
The history of football begins from Egypt. It was also known as Harpaston. It was
also played in China during 300 B.C to 500 A.D. It became popular in Rome and
they took it to England. The game was developed
in England in the 12thcentuary. The first club of
football named “Shefield Football Club” was
established in England on October 27, 1857. The
London football association was formed in 1863.
The first competition of football was held in 1871.
The first International level Match was played
between England and Scotland in 1873. FIFA (Federation of International Football
Association) was constituted to organize the international level football matches on
May21, 1904. Football was introduced in Olympic games in 1908. The name
“soccer” was given to football by the Americans. All India Football Federation was
founded in India in 1937.

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 LATEST GENERAL RULES OF FOOTBALL:

1. Sudden Death: The rule of ‘Sudden Death’ has been implemented in the game of
football.
2. Substitutions: Now three players can be substituted from extra players in a match.
3. Movement of Goal-Keeper: Now the Goal-keeper can move on the goal line at the
time of penalty kick. Earlier, the goal-keeper was not allowed to do so until the
execution of penalty kick.
4. Golden goal rule: Now the golden goal rule has been implemented. The goal made
during the extra time 15-15 minutes is called the Golden goal.
5. Movement of Goal-Keeper: Now the goal-Keeper can run while holding the ball
without bouncing but he can do it without any delay.
6. Number of players: Now there can be 18 players instead of 16, out of these, seven
players are called substitute players. If there are 16 players then 5 players will be
substitute players.
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 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF FOOTBALL:
1. Kicking:
a. Toe Kick
b. Instep kick
c. Outstep Kick
d. Low kick
e. High kick
f. Lofted kick
2. BallControl
3. Dribbling
a. Shift position dribbling
b. Jaggle dribbling
c. Feint dribbling.
4. Tackling
a. Front Block Tackling
b. Sideway Tackling
c. Back Tackling
d. Interception Tackling
5. Trapping
a. Sole Trap
b. Inside foot trap
c. Front step trap
d. Outside foot trap
e. Thigh trap
f. Shin Trap
g. Chest trap
h. Hollow Trunk Chest trap
i. Head trap
6. Passing
a. Short Passes
b. Long Passes
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 c. Through Passes

The brief description of some of the fundamental skills of football is given

below:
1. Short Passes:Short passes are usually given to the teammate who is very close. In
these passes, instep or out step kick is given to the ball gently so that the teammate
may collect the ball easily. To learn this fundamental regular practice is must.
2. Instep Kick: For execution of instep kick, the non-striking foot should be brought
alongside of the ball, slightly away from it. The ball should be kicked with a relaxed
forward swing of the kicking leg. This is executed after taking a few steps towards
the ball. The ball should be contacted with the inside of the kicking foot. At this
time the body should be slightly in leaning forward position. The head should be
above the ball at the time of kicking, the eyes, knee and the ball should be in a
straight line.
3. Out step Kick: This kick is executed with the outside of the upper part of the toe.
To do so, a slight twist of the foot to the right or left is required before striking the
ball. Rest of the technique is the same as described in instep kick. This type of
kicking is generally used in short distance passes.
4. Heading: Heading is an important skill which is used by player. To head a ball
accurately, a player should judge the flight of the ball and wait for the proper time
to take jump. When the ball comes near to the player he should take proper jump
into the air and by bending his body backwards from the waist, he should strike the
ball with a forward swing of his head. At this moment, his neck must remain stiff to
prevent the neck injury. To learn this skill requires courage and hard practice.
5. Dribbling: For proper dribbling, a player should use light strokes of his feet to
direct the ball in a desired direction. For dribbling, he may use inside or outside of
his feet to control the ball, this can be done with one foot or change from one foot to
another. The novice or the beginner should use the inside of his foot. He must tap
the ball with front part of his foot. While doing so, he should watch the ball and it
should not be allowed to go far away from his legs. He should take proper strides in
coordination with the movement of the ball. He should not use hard strokes while

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 dribbling. The practice of dribbling can be done by placing some obstacles in a
straight line.

SPECIFICATIONS OF FOOT BALL FIELD AND RELATED

EQUIPMENTS

1. Number of players in a team : 11 + 7 Extra = 18 Players

2. How many players are substituted in a match : 3(Two players and one goalkeeper)
3. Shape of the playfield : rectangular
4. Length of the playfield (National Matches) : 100 yards to 130 yards (90m-120m)
5. Width of the playfield (National Matches) : 50 yards to 100 yards (45m – 90m)
6. Length of the playfield (International Matches) : 110 yards to 120 yards (100m -110 m)
7. Width of the playfield (International Matches) : 70 yards to 80 yards (64m – 75m)
8. Time duration for the match : two halves of 45 minutes each
9. Interval during the match : 5 to 10 minutes
10.Officials for the match : 4(1 referee, 2 linemen, 1 table
officer)
11.Distance in between goal posts : 8 yards (7.28 m)
12.Height of corner flag : minimum of 5 feet
13.Height of cross bar : 8 feet (2.4 m)
14.Wight of the ball : 14 to 16 onces
15.Circumference of the ball : 27″ to 28″ (inches)

TERMINOLOGY
The brief description of some of the terms related to football is given below:
1. Loose Ball. The ball, which is not under the control of any player during the game,
is usually called the loose ball.
2. Direct Free Kick. It is a free kick from which the kicker (Player) may score from
the initial contact.
3. Golden Goal. The goal, which is made in extra time is called golden goal.
4. Volley. To kick the ball before it bounces.
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 5. Throw In. The act of throwing the ball into play with both hands and from above
the head after it has crossed one of the touch lines.
6. Scissors Kick. Kick made by jumping, raising one foot and kicking the ball with
the other foot.
7. Loft. To kick the ball into the air is called loft.
8. Lob. To kick the ball high, usually into the goal mouth.
9. Dribble. To move the ball forward by light strokes.
10.Trackle. A technique used for taking the ball away from opponent players.

VIVA VOCE

1. What is the full form of FIFA?

Ans. Federation of International Football Association.
2. When was it established?
Ans: It was established on 21st May, 1904?
3. When was football introduced in Olympic Games?
Ans: Football was included in the Olympic games of 1908.
4. What is dribbling?
Ans: Dribbling is a technique in football which enables a player to keep possession of a
ball while moving.
5. When is a penalty Kick awarded?
Ans: A penalty kick is awarded if a player commits a foul on the opposite player inside
his own penalty area.
6. How many players can be substituted in a match?
Ans: 3 players (1 goalkeeper and any two players)
7. What are the dimensions of a play field?
Ans: Length (90m-120m); Breadth (45m – 90m)
8. What is the weight and circumference of football?
Ans: weight: 14 to 16 onces ; Circumference: 28´´ inches.
9. What is meant by ‘Heading’ in football?
Ans: Heading means to hit the ball by head. It is allowed in football.
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 10.What is hand ball?
Ans: If the football touches the hand of a player during play, it is called handball. The
team is penalized for handball.
11.What is Golden- Goal?
Ans: The goal scored during the extra time of 15-15 minutes is called the Golden Goal.
12. What is penalty shot?
Ans.Penalty shot is a kick taken from the penalty spot by a player against the opposing
goalie without any players closer than 10 yards away; awarded for the most severe
rule violations and also taken in a tiebreaker to decide a match.
13.What is Corner Kick?
Ans. When the ball crosses the goal line due to kicking by the defending team, then a
player form the attacking team will kick the ball, placed inside the corner arc is
called Corner Kick.

14.What do you mean by red card in a game?

Ans. Red Card is a playing card-sized card that a referee holds up to signal a player’s
removal from the game; the player’s team must play the rest of the game
shorthanded; presented for violent behavior or multiple rule infractions (two yellow
cards = one red card).
15.What does a Yellow Card means in a game?
Ans. Yellow card is a playing card-sized card that a referee holds up to warn a player for
dangerous or unsportsmanlike behavior; also called a caution.
16.What is Crossbar?
Ans. A Crossbar is the horizontal beam that forms the top of a goal and sits on top of the
two posts; it is 24 feet long and supported 8 feet above the ground.

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 CRICKET
History:
The game of cricket originated in
England in the 16th century. In 1744, the laws
of cricket begin from the establishment of
MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club) in England
in 1787. The first cricket match was played at
Lord’s, the famous cricket ground on June
27, 1788. The first official match was played
between England and Australia in 1877.
Cricket got International Recognition in 1909 under the name of Imperial Cricket
Conference. The name was changed to “International Cricket Conference” (ICC) in
1956. At present England, Australia, India, Srilanka, West Indies, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Holland, Ireland, etc are its members.
The first one-day International match was played on 5th January, 1971. Cricket
was introduced in India by the Britishers. The Ranji Trophy was started in 1934.
The first ICC twenty-20 World Cup was started in 2007.

LATEST GENERAL RULES OF CRICKET

1. The players. (a) A match is played between eleven players on each of the two
sides. One of the players on each side shall be the captain. If the captain is not
availabel, the vice-captain shall act as a captain. (b) Before the toss for innings,
players shall be nominated by the captain.
2. Boundaries. Though no distance of the boundaries from the wicket is fixed but it
should be 75 to 85 yards. Due to this the playing grounds vary in size everywhere.
3. Batsman Getting out. (a) When he is bowled. (b) When he is caught from a stroke
off his bat and the ball is held by the fielder before it touches the ground. The
fielder’s both feet must be in playing area. (c) When he handles the ball. (d) When
he hits the ball twice. (e) Leg before wicket (LBW). (f) He is run out if he is out of
his crease while the ball is in play and his wicket is put down by a fielder. (g) When
he hits the wicket with his bat, body part or dress. (h) He is stumped. (i) When he is
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 obstructing the fielder intentionally. (j) He is out; timed out if he takes more than
two minutes intentionally to enter the field at the fall of the wicket.
4. New Balls. Now in One Day International matches, each fielding team shall have
two new balls for its innings, to be used in alternate overs i.e. one ball from each
end.

5. Power
plays and Fielding Restrictions. There would be two blocks of Powerplays in an
ODI, instead of existing three. “In an uninterrupted innings, the first Powerplay will
be restricted to the first 10 overs with only two fielders will be allowed outside the
30-yard circle. The second five-over batting Powerplay (in an uninterrupted
innings) will have to be completed by the 40th over and only three fielders will be
allowed outside the fielding restriction area at the time of deliver. “In the non-
Powerplay overs, not more than four fielders will be permitted outside the 30-yard
circle.
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6. Obstructing the Field. Now batsman can be given out obstructing the field if he
changes his course while running to prevent a run out chance. This change is
applicable for test, ODI and T-20 matches.
7. Runners. A runner for a batsman in case of injury is not permitted now. It is also
applicable in test, ODI and T-20s.
8. To Runout a Non-striker Batsman. Now the bowlers will be able to attempt to run
out non-striker before delivery.
9. Duration of Intervals. Although the duration of the lunch and tea intervals remain
unchanged i.e. 40 and 20 minutes respectively, the host team, with the consent of
the otherside, can apply to the ICC for an approval for intervals of 30 minutes each.
It is applicable for test matches.
10.Bouncers. In One Day Internationals, a bowler can bowl only tow bouncers in an
over. Earlier only one bouncer was allowed. It is not applicable for Twenty-20
International matches.
11.No Ball. Every dismissal that is possible on a legitimate delivery, the third umpire
will check for a foot fault ‘No Ball’ and inform it to the on-field umpire. If the
delivery was not a fair deliver, the third umpire shall advise the on-field umpire by
two-way radio who should recall the dismissed batsman, indicate that the batsman is
not out and signal no-ball. It is applicable to Tests, One Day Internationals and
Twenty-20 Internationals.
12.Tie-breaking. (Twenty-20 Internationals). If a game ends in a tie, each team
nominated three batsmen and a bowler for super overs or One Over Per Side
Eliminator. The two teams come to the crease. For one over (six balls), the first
team bowls and fields, while the second team bats. Then, the second team bowls an
over, and the first team bats. The team that scores the most runs wins the match.

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 SPECIFICATIONS OF RELATED EQUIPMENTS

1. Number of players in a cricket team : 11 + 5 (Extra) = 16

2. Number of umpires in a match : 2 + 1 (Third empire)
3. Weight of the ball : 156 gm – 163 gm (5 ½ - 5 ¾ ounces)
4. Circumference of the ball : 22.4 cm to 22.9 cm (8 – 9 inches)
5. Length of the bat (maximum) : 96.5 cm (38 inches)
6. The widest part of the bat : 10.8 cm (4 ¼ inches)
7. Breadth of the pitch : 3.05 m (4 feet 4 inches)
8. Length of pitch (distance between the
stumps from wickets to wickets) : 20.12 m (22 yards)
9. Number of scorers : 2
10.Bails : 4 (2+ 2)
11.Playfield : Oval with a radius of 68.58 m (75 – 85
yards)
12.Colour of ball for a match : During the day: Red
During the night: White
13.Types of matches : one day, Two day, Three day, Four day,
Five
day, T-20
14.Height of wickets from ground : 71.1 cm (28 inches)
15.Diametre : 3.49 cm to 3.81 cm

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Page 80
 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF CRICKET
1. Batting
a. Grip
b. Stance
c. Stroke
d. Bat lift
e. Defensive batting
2. Strokes
a. On drive
b. Straight drive
c. Cover drive
d. Off drive
3. Cut
a. Square cut
b. Gully cut
c. Late cut
4. Leg glance
5. Hook
6. Pull
7. Sweep
8. Bowling
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 a. Grip
b. Off break
c. Leg break
d. Out-swinger
e. In-swinger
9. Types of Bowling
a. Full toss
b. Short pitch
c. Good length
10.Speed of bowling
a. Fast bowling
b. Medium pace bowling
c. Bumper
d. Spin bowling
i. Leg Spin
ii. Off Spin
iii. Googly
11.Fielding
a. Catch
b. Stopping the ball
c. Throwing the ball back
12.Wicket-keeping
The brief explanation of some of the fundamental skills is given below:
(a) Batting. A team always requires good batsmen because a team’s success usually
depends upon the batting performance. A good batting can be learnt by practice,
concentration and hard work. To be a good batsman, one should be able to judge
the flight of the ball. This ball should be faced confidently and foot work should
also be efficient. A good batsman has a good anticipation power.
(b) Bowling. A team must be comprised of various types of bowlers, e.g. , fast bowlers
are various types of bowling viz. out-swing, in swing, top spin, leg break, googly,
etc.

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(c) Fielding. A good fielding by a team plays an important role in cricket. If there is
good fielding runs can be checked and catches can be taken easily. It is necessary
for the fielders that they should have
have good anticipation, agility and good throwing
capability of the ball on to the wicket. These skills can be developed by practice
and hard work.
(d) Wicket-keeping. The wicket-keeper’s
wicket keeper’s job is to collect every ball that is missed by
the batsman. He has to be active and agile all the time. He should be fit. He should
have proper concentration and anticipation. He should try to catch the ball with two
hands instead of one hand.

TERMINOLOGY

The brief description of some of the terms is given

below:
(a) Maiden over. A maiden over is that over in which the
batsmen are unable to make a run.
(b) Hattrick. When a bowler takes three wickets on three
consecutive balls he is said to have scored a hattrick.
(c) Rubber. In the series of international test matches, a
team, whoo wins more matches that the other team, is
called to have won the runner.

(d) Over. Series of deliveries (6 in England and 8 in

Australia) make consecutively by one bowler
form one end of the field before the bowling is
taken up by another bowler at the other
othe end.
(e) Seam. Slightly raised hand of stitches round a
cricket ball which enables bowlers to make it spin.
(f) Spin. To twist the ball when bowling, so that on pitching it changes direction.
(g) Sweep. It is stroke in which the ball is played behind the wicket on the leg side with
a sweeping movement of the bat.

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 (h) No ball. A ball is called ‘no ball’ when either umpire considers that the bowler’s
delivery is not fair.
(i) Gully. It is an off side fielding position between the slips and point.
(j) Bouncer. Ball pitched short by a fast bowler so that it rises sharply, often over the
batsman’s head.
(k) Extras. Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as extras due to error
made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways:
i. No ball – A penalty of one extra that is conceded
conceded by the bowler if he breaks the
rules of bowling either by (a) using an inappropriate arm action; (b) overstepping
the popping crease; (c) having a foot outside the return crease. In addition, the
bowler has to re-bowl
bowl the ball.
ii. Wide – A penalty off one extra that is conceded by the bowler if he bowls so that the
ball is out of the batsman’s reach; as with a no ball, a wide must re-bowled.
re
iii. Bye-Extra(s)
Extra(s) awarded if the batsman misses the ball and it goes past the
wicketkeeper to give the batsmen time to run in the conventional way (note that the
mark of a good wicketkeeper is one who restricts the tally of byes to a minimum)
iv. Leg by – Extra(s) awarded if the ball hits the batsman’s body,
body, but not his bat, and it
goes away from the fielders to give the batsmen
batsmen time to run in the conventional
co
way.

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 VIVA VOCE

1. How many players are there in a cricket team?

Ans: There are eleven players in a team who play and five substitutes.
2. Name the first ever cricket club?
Ans: Marlyeborne Cricket Club (MCC)
3. What is the length of the Cricket Pitch?
Ans: The length of the Cricket Pitch is 22 yards.
4. What does ICC stand for?
Ans: ICC stands for “International Cricket Council”.
5. What does BCCI stand for?
Ans: BCCI stands for Board of Control for cricket in India.

6. What are the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed?

Ans: (a) When he is bowled. (b) When he is caught from a stroke off his bat and the
ball is held by the fielder before it touches the ground. The fielder’s both feet must
be in playing area. (c) When he handles the ball. (d) When he hits the ball twice. (e)
Leg before wicket (LBW). (f) He is run out if he is out of his crease while the ball is
in play and his wicket is put down by a fielder. (g) When he hits the wicket with his
bat, body part or dress. (h) He is stumped. (i) When he is obstructing the fielder
intentionally. (j) He is out; timed out if he takes more than two minutes intentionally
to enter the field at the fall of the wicket.
7. What is the length of a cricket bat?
Ans: The length of a cricket bat is 38cm.
8. Write the weight and diameter of a cricket ball
Ans: The weight of the cricket ball is 1.55 grams and the diameter is 22.9cm.
9. Write the number of officials in a cricket match?
Ans: Umpires=2, scorers=2, Third Umpire= 1, Refree=1
10.What does the term runout mean in cricket?
Ans: If a member of the fielding side has broken down wickets with the ball while
a batsman while attempting a run fails to reach the crease in time.

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11.When did India play the first Cricket Test Match?
Ans: India played her first test at Lord’s on June 25, 1932.
12.What is ‘over’ in criket?
Ans: An ‘over’ comprises of 6 legal deliveries bowled by a bowler to a batsman.
13. What is a ‘no-ball’?
Ans: No ball is a penalty of one extra that is conceded by the bowler if he breaks
the rules of bowling by overstepping the crease.
14.What is spin bowling?
Ans: Spin is the twist of ball at the time of delivery by abowler. It comes off the
pitch and changes its direction.
15.What is a bouncer?
Ans: When a bowler bowls a ball that bounces of the pitch and comes towards the
head of a batsmen, it is called a bouncer.
16.What is a sixer?
Ans: When a batsman hits a ball and it goes out of the boundary without touching
any part of the ground, it is called a sixer. A batsman gets 6 runs for a sixer.
17.Name the most popular types of matches?
Ans: Five day matches; one day matches; 20-20 matches.
18.What is free hit?
Ans: if a bowler bowls a no-ball. He has to re-bowl it. The batsman can hit the ball
without any danger of given out. This is called free hit.

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