WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

[Wireless Communication]

[These technologies allow drastic reductions in network deployment costs, particularly for last-mile

connectivity in low-density areas. More important, the technologies make possible an infrastructure development model based on community-shared resources, small-scale investments, and user experimentation. , for this potential to be realized governments must rethink current assumptions about spectrum management and universal service policies.]

By Guru Vashist [12-May-2012]

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

To develop a working model of Wireless Request Management System

A report submitted In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By Guru Vashist (0830531011)

Under the supervision of Mr. Shashank Joheri Lecturer

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Aryabhatt College of Engineering & Technology, Baghpat (U.P.)
Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow May, 2012

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

UNDERTAKING
I declare that the project work presented in this report entitled To develop a working model of Wireless Request Management System, submitted to the department of electronics and communication, Aryabhatt College of Engineering and technology, Baghpat, for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Gautam Budhh Technical University, Lucknow is my original work. The contents of the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution. Further I have not plagiarized or submitted the same work for the award of any other degree. In this case undertaking is found incorrect; I accept that our degree may unconditionally be withdrawn.

May., 2012 A.C.E.T, Baghpat Name of student: Guru Vashist (0830531011)

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Certificate
It is Certified that Guru Vashist (0830531011) has carried out the project work presented in this report entitled To develop a working model of Wireless Request Management System for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronic & Communication from Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow under my supervision. The report embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by the myself and the contents of the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

Supervisor

(Mr. Shashank Joheri)

(Lecturer)

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering Aryabhatt College of Engineering & Technology Baghpat- 250 601, Uttar Pradesh, India Date: ..

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Acknowledgement
I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to my head of department Mr. Vijendra Singh and supervisor Mr. Shashank Joheri. I am thankful; to all faculty members and lab staff members of the department who helped me directly or indirectly in completing the work. Last, but not the least, I am thankful to the management members and director of Aryabhatt College of Engineering and Technology, Baghpat (U.P.) who permitted and supported us for completing this project work.

Project associates:

Guru Vashisht (0830531011)

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

These technologies allow drastic reductions in network deployment costs, particularly for last-mile connectivity in low-density areas. More important, the technologies make possible an infrastructure development model based on communityshared resources, small-scale investments, and user experimentation. , for this potential to be realized governments must rethink current assumptions about spectrum management and universal service policies. Wireless networks enable new applications Owing to the requirement for low device complexity together with low energy consumption (i.e., long network lifetime), a proper balance between communication and signal/data processing capabilities must be found. This motivates a huge effort in research activities, standardization process, and industrial investments on this field since the last decade. This report aims at reporting an overview of wireless network technologies in case of handling request in hotels, hospitals and in industries, which reduces human efforts as well as the complexity of handling the wired networks

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Contents
Abstract List of figures List of tables v ix x

CHAPTER-1 Overview of the project 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Review of literature 1.2.1 History of wireless communication 1.2.2 Recent development 1.3Aim of the project 1.4 Wireless communication 1.4.1. Radio Frequency and its necessity 1.4.2 Brief Description of RF
1.4.3 Properties of Radio Frequency

1 1 1 2 5 6 6 6 7
7

1.5 Unique feature of our project 1.6 Block diagram 1.7 List of major component used 1.8 Requirements for RF communication 1.8.1 Power Supply 1.8.2 Regulated Power Supply
1.8.3 Diode rectifier- Full wave bridge rectifier 1.8.4 Capacitor Filter 1.9 Modulation techniques 1.10 Applications

7 8 9 9 10 10
11 12 14 16

CHAPTER-2 Microcontroller
2.1 Introduction

18
18

2.2 Reason to use microcontroller 2.3 General Description about Microcontroller 89S52 2.4 Features of ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller 2.5 Comparison between 89S52 & 89C51 2.6 Block Diagram of Microcontroller
7

18 19 19 20 20

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 2.7 Description of Pin Diagram ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller 2.7.13 Special Function Registers 2.7.14 Memory Organization 2.7.15 Program Memory 2.7.16 Data Memory 23 27 27 28 28

CHAPTER-3 Transmitting and Receiving Sections 3.1 RF module introduction

3.2 RF Transmitter 3.2.2Pin Description

29 29
30 30

3.2.2General Description 3.3 Circuit diagram of Transmitting port 3.3.1 Detail working of Transmitter port
3.4 RF receiver module

31 31 31
32

3.4.1General description 3.4.2 Detail working description of receiving port 3.5 LCD 3.5.1 Reason to use 16x2 LCD display 3.5.2 Pin Description

32 34 34 34 36

CHAPTER 4 Encoder and decoder 4.1Reason to use encoder and decoder 4.2 Introduction of encoder IC used 4.2.1Features 4.2.2 Description of pin diagram 4.3 Introduction of decoder IC used 4.3.1 Features 4.3.2 Pin description

37 37 37 37 38 41 41 43

CHAPTER 5 Hardware Implementation of wireless request management system 45 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Circuit diagram of transmitter port 5.3 Implementation of transmitter port circuit diagram 5.4 Circuit diagram of receiver port
8

45 45 46 47

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 5.5 Implementation of receiver port circuit diagram 5.6 Data sheets 48 49

Appendices Conclusion Future scope References

74 80 81 82

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

List of figure
Figure 1.1 Block diagram of request management system Figure 1.2 Regulated power supply voltage regulator IC 7805 Figure 1.3 Full wave rectifier Figure 1.4 Circuit Diagram and the respective output waveforms of Capacitive Filter Figure 1.5 Block diagram of ASK modulation Figure 2.1 Simple architecture of microcontroller Figure 2.2 showing Block Diagram ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller Figure 2.3 Pin diagram of 89S52 microcontroller Figure 3.1 ST-TX-01-ASK Transmitter Figure 3.2 Circuit diagram of transmitting port Figure 3.3 Pin diagram of ST-RX02-ASK Figure 3.4 Circuit diagram of receiver port Figure 3.5 Pin diagram of 16x2 LCD Figure 4.1 Block diagram of encoder IC HT12E Figure 4.2 Pin diagram of HT12E Figure 4.3 Block diagram of HT12D decoder Figure 4.4 Pin diagram of HT12D decoder IC Figure5.2 Circuit diagram of transmitter port Figure 5.3 Implementation of transmitter port circuit diagram Figure5.4 Circuit diagram of receiver port Figure5.5Implementation of receiver port circuit diagram Figure 5.6.1: Types of capacitors Figure 5.6.2: principle of working of capacitor Figure5.6.3: A simple demonstration of a parallel-plate capacitor Figure 5.6.4: Operation of pressure switch 10 12 13
13

15 21 22 23 30 31 32 33 35 38 39 42 43 45 46 47 48 63 64 64 72

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

List of table
Table2.1 Comparison between 89S52 & 89C51 Table2.2 Different functions of port1 Table2.3 Different functions of port3 Table3.1 LCD pin description Table4.1 Pin description of HT12E IC Table4.2 Pin description of HT12D IC 16 21 22 33 38 42

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1 Overview of the project

1.1 Introduction
In this project, we present the concept of transmitting information wirelessly, because in wired network there arise many problems like handling management maintenance cost factor reliability safety which is almost eliminated by wireless network.

1.2 Review of literature

It consist of theories, backgrounds and recent work going on these days related with Wireless request management system

1.2.1 History of wireless communication

We know that wireless networking has emerged as its own discipline over the past decade. Wireless communication can be used for cellular voice telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking etc. wireless networks have profoundly impacted our life-style. After a decade of exponential growth, todays wireless industry is one of the largest industries in the world. The use of light for wireless communications reaches back to ancient times. In former times, the light was either modulated using mirrors to create a certain light on/light off pattern. All optical transmission systems suffer from the high frequency of the carrier light as every little obstacle shadows the signal rain and fog make communication almost impossible. At that time it was not possible to focus light as efficiently as can be done today by means of a laser, so actual wireless communication did not actually started until the discovery of electromagnetic waves and the development of the equipment to modulate them. It all started with Michael Faraday demonstrating EM waves induction in 1831 and James C. Maxwell (1831-79) laying the theoretical foundations for electromagnetic fields with his famous equations. And finally, Heinrich hertz (1857-94) was the first to demonstrate the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1886), thus proving Maxwells equations. Today we are using that HZ. After that Nikala Tesla (1856-1943) soon increased the distance of EM waves.
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The ability to communication with people on the move has evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radios ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel. We can say that the name, which is most closely connected with the success of wireless communication, is certainly that of Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937). He gave the first demonstration of wireless telephony in 1895 using long wave transmission with very high transmission power (>200 kW). In 1907, the first commercial transatlantic connections were set up. Huge base stations using up to 30 hundred meter high antennas were used on both sides of the Atlantic ocean. The first radio broadcast took place in 1906 when Reginald A. Fessenden (1866-1932) transmitted voice and music for Christmas. In 1915 the first wireless voice transmission was set up between Newyork and Sanfrancisco. The 1st commercial radio station started in 1920, but at that time sender and receiver required huge antennas and high transmission power. Again in 1920 Marconi developed short waves, using short waves it is possible to send short radio waves around the world bouncing at the ionosphere, now a days also we are using this technique. After 1906 when vacuum tube is involved, distance between transmitter and receiver is reduced. One of the first mobile transmitters was on board a Zeppelin in 1911. Now a days both AM and FM is used for TV broadcasting Many national and international projects started in the area of wireless communications after the 2nd world war. The first wireless network is started in 1958 by Germany, on carrier frequency of 160 MHz. Connection setup was only possible from the mobile station, but it is not possible to transfer a call from one base station to other (i.e., handoff is not possible). In 1972 a wireless network started using same 160 MHz carrier known as B-Netz by Germany. By using this network it is possible to initiate the connection setup, from a station in the fixed telephone network, if the current location of the mobile receiver had to be known. At the same time, the northern European countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden setup one wireless network by using 450 MHz carrier known as Nordic mobile telephone (NMT) system, NMT at 900 MHz started in 1986. After 1982 European countries decided to develop a pan-European mobile phone standard. The new system is designed by using new spectrum of 900 MHz, provide seamless handover of a telephone call from on network provider to another while crossing national boundaries (which is known as interstate Roaming) and it offer both voice and data service with fully digital transmission. All above criteria are the foundation of Group special mobile (GSM).
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM After 1983 Ist generation mobile technology started by US known as advance mobile phone system (AMPS). AMPS carrier frequency is 850 MHz and it is an analog mobile phone systems. In 1984 our basic telephones at homes become wireless by development of standard CT1 (cordless telephones). By using AMPS handoffs between different cells is possible and all AMPS MSCs are connected with signalling system-7 protocol. Also MSCs are able to locates its mobile user automatically within the whole network supported by that MSCs. This analog network was switched off in 2000. By using AMPS we can transmit voice, fax, data (via modem), X.25 protocol and email. In 1987 system CT2 started which is successor of CT1, was embodied into British standards and later adopted by ETSI for Europe (ETS, 1994), it uses the spectrum at 864 MHz and offers a data channel at a rate of 32 K bit/S. Basic digital systems started in 1990s. In 1991, ETSI adopted the standard digital European cordless telephone (DECT) for digital cordless telephony (ETSI, 1998). DECT technology works at a spectrum of 1880-1900 MHz with a range of 100-500 m, it support nearly 120 duplex channels and data transmission rate is 1.2 M bit/S. Some other features of DECT are voice encryption authentication etc. New DECT is known as Digital enhanced cordless

telecommunications. After many years of discussions and field trials, GSM was standardized in a document of more than, 5,000 pages in 1991. GSM is the most successful digital mobile telecommunication system in the world today. It is used by over 800 million people in more than 190 countries. For a second generation system which was fully digital system. In 1992, GSM changed its name to the Global system for mobile communications for marketing reasons. The setting of standards for GSM is under the aegis of the European Technical Standards Institute (ETSI). GSM was first introduced into the European market in 1991. By the end of 1993, several non-European countries in South America, Asia and Australia had adopted GSM and the technically equivalent offshoot, DCS 1800, which supports personal communication system (PCS) in the 1.8 GHz to 2.0 GHz radio bands recently created by governments throughout the word.[4] GSM is a 2nd generation (2G) cellular system standard that was developed to solve the fragmentation problems of the first cellular system in Europe. Basic aim of GSM was to provide a mobile phone system that allows users to roam throughout Europe and provide voice services compatible to ISDN and other PSTN systems. GSM was the worlds first cellular system to specify digital modulation and network level architectures and services, GSM has initially been deployed in Europe user 890-915 MHz for uplinks and 935-960
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MHz for downlinks, this system is also known as GSM 900. Other version of GSM is known as GSM 1800 MHz (1710-1785 MHz uplink, 1930-1990 MHz downlink) also known as DCS (Digital Cellular System) 1800. GSM system used by US is GSM 1900 MHz (1850-1900 MHz uplink, 1930-1990 MHz downlink) also known as PCS-1900 (Personal Communication Services). A GSM system that has been introduced in several European countries for railroad systems is GSM rail (GSM-R, 2002), (EISI 2002) Main application of GSM-R is the control of trains, switches, gates and signals. GSM provides facility like full international roaming, automatic location services, authentication encryption on the wireless link, efficient interoperation with ISDN systems and high audio quality. Also it provides services like short message (SMS) with upto 160 alphanumeric characters, Fax group 3, and data services at 9.6 K bit/S have been integrated. Know a days over 70% of worlds wireless market is under control of GSM. But in most populated areas where user densities is high it is found that analog AMPS technology used in US and digital GSM technology at 900 MHz in Europe are not sufficient. To solve this problem in the US different companies developed different new, more bandwidthefficient technology to operate side-by-side with AMPS in the same frequency band, and three new technology developed. 1. Analog narrowband AMPS (IS-88, TIA, 1993a). 2. TDMA (IS-136, TIA-1996). 3. CDMA (IS-95, TIA-1993b). The Europeans countries agreed to use GSM in the 1800 MHz spectrums this system is also known as DCS 1800 digital cellular system. GSM-1800 system having better voice quality due to newer speech codes. GSM is also available in the US as GSM1900 (also called PCS 1900) using spectrum at 1900 MHz like the newer versions of the TDMA and CDMA systems. During the development of new technology Europe is concentrated up on standards of technology but US believes in market forces. So while all European countries working on common standard and roaming is possible in other countries also, but US still struggles with many incompatible systems. HIPERLAN (High performance radio local area network) started in 1996. On ETSI standard HIPERLAN type should operate at 5.2 GHz and should offer data rates of up to 23.5 Mbit/S.In 1997, the IEEE standard 802.11 started and it is popular than HIPERLAN. It works at the license free Industrial Science Medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz and Infrared offering 2 M bit/S in the beginning (Up to 10 M bit/S with proprietary solutions already at that time). In 1998 mobile communication via satellites started with
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM the Iridium system (Iridium, 2002). After introduction of Iridium technology, very small and portable mobile satellite telephones using data services started. In consists of 66 satellites in low earth orbit and uses the 1.6 GHz band for communication with the mobile phone. Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) started in 1998 by European countries as the European proposal for the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) IMT-2000 (International mobile telecommunications). Initially UMTS combines GSM network technology with more bandwidth efficient CDMA solutions. The IMT-2000 recommendations define a common worldwide framework for future mobile communication at 2 GHz (ITU, 2002). This includes a framework for services, satellite communication network architecture, strategies for developing countries requirements of the radio interface, spectrum considerations, security and management frameworks, and different transmission technique. The IEEE standard 802.11 (IEEE 1999) specifies the most famous family of WLANs in which many products are available. As the standards number indicates, this standard belongs to the group of 802.X LAN standards e.g., 802.3 Ethernet on 802.5 Token ring. This standard specifies the physical and medium access layer adopted to the special requirement of wireless LANs, but offers the same interface as the others to higher layers to maintain interoperability, with standard 802.11 the subscription presents the enhancements of the original standard for higher data rates, 802.11a (up to 54 Mbit/S at 5 GHz) and 802.11b (11 Mbit/S). In 1998 five companies (Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba) founded the Bluetooth consortium with the goal of developing a single-chips low, cost radio-based wireless network technology. Known as Special Interest Group (SIG), many other companies and research institutions joined this group. Main goal of this group was the development of mobile phones, laptops, notebooks, headsets etc. including Bluetooth technology, by the end of 1999. In 2001, the first products hit the mass market, and many mobile phones, laptops, PDAs video cameras etc. equipped with Bluetooth technology today. The IEEE 802.11b offering 11 M bit/S at 2.4 GHz. The same spectrum is used by Bluetooth, a short range technology to set-up wireless personal area networks with gross data rates loss than 1 M bit/S. The WAP (wireless application protocol (WAP) started at the same time as imale in Japan. But WAP did not succeed in the beginning i-male soon became a tremendous success. In 2000 higher data rates packet-oriented transmission for GSM (HSCSD, GPRS) started. The third generation of mobile communication started in 2001 in Japan with the FDMA services, in Europe with several field trials and in Korea with cdma 2000. IEEE
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM started new WLAN standard, 802.11a operating of 5 GHz and offering gross data rates of 54 Mbit/S. In 2002 new WLAN developments followed. Example are 802.11g which provide 54 Mbit/S at 2.4 GHz and many new Bluetooth applications. Now we are waiting for 4G technology no one knows exactly what the new generation of mobile and wireless system will look like, but, there are strong indications that it will be widely internet based the system will use internet protocols and internet applications. By using 4G technology it may possible when your washing machine will send an e-mail to your cell phone informing you about the washing information. Suppose you are driving and cannot read the e-mail. Your car audio will connected to your cellphone, using Bluetooth and you may read your e-mail. You can then dictate your e-mail reply, just in case want to modify the program. And when you reach home, you will find your laundry all done while you are away. [9] [10]

1.2.2 Recent development

Wireless communications have become synonymous with relatively short range radio communications that are able to replace wired installations. Recent years have seen a phenomenal level of growth, to the extent that they are common place for many applications, and they are one of the fastest growing areas of the electronics industry. Even though the technology is growing rapidly some standards have already gone by the board. One notable example is Home RF. Despite this new standards and technologies are being introduced to meet the demands of new sectors of this growing industry. For many years there has been a variety of short range wireless systems. These have normally not conformed to world wide specifications and often they were developed for individual applications. However the development of integrated circuit technology started to open far greater possibilities. Not only were costs reducing, but the capabilities were increasing. Before any further developments could take place other enablers needed to be set in place. One of the major changes took place in radio licensing. It had been a requirement to possess a licence for most radio transmissions. This had been a requirement to ensure that use of the radio spectrum was regulated in a way that prevented undue interference to other users. Then in 1985 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the USA opened up some small portions of the spectrum for licence free communications applications. The bands that were used were the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands. These portions of

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM the spectrum were allocated to a variety of non-communications applications including microwave ovens. As such they were already used by non-licensed users, but for communications purposes it was stated that any new systems that were implemented would have to avoid the other transmissions and successfully communicate in the presence of the interference. In our project we are using ST TX01 ASK and RX02 rf link based transmitter and receiver which are too small in size and does not require any type of antenna for transmission and reception purpose.

1.3Aim of the project

The aim of this project is to transmit the request from transmitter side to receiver side with the help of RF module. The main objectives of this project are to use radio frequency bands. 1. The transmission of request from transmitter through air. 2. The receiver senses these signals from the air. 3. This major project makes use of the transmitter and receiver at 433MHz that is available at low cost hence making it very complicated. 4. The Radio Frequency based control proves to be more advantageous compared to the Infrared Red based control that limits the operating range to only a few meters of distance. Now first come on Wireless Communication System which is as follows

1.4 Wireless communication

Wireless communication, as the term implies, allows information to be exchanged between two devices without the use of wire or cable. A wireless keyboard sends information to the computer without the use of a keyboard cable; a cellular telephone sends information to another telephone without the use of a telephone cable. Changing television channels, opening and closing a garage door, and transferring a file from one computer to another can all be accomplished using wireless technology. In all such cases, information is being transmitted and received using electromagnetic energy, also referred to as electromagnetic radiation. One of the most familiar sources of electromagnetic radiation is the sun; other common sources include TV and radio signals, light bulbs and microwaves.[2]
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1.4.1. Radio Frequency and its necessity

Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate the most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits. RF is widely used because it does not require any line of sight, less distortions and no interference. Examples include, Cordless and cellular telephone, radio and television broadcast stations, satellite communications systems, and two-way radio services all operate in the RF spectrum.[1]

1.4.2 Brief Description of RF

Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of human hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz). When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field that propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the frequency. As the frequency is increased beyond that of the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays. ), X rays, and gamma rays. Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of RF fields.[1]

1.4.3 Properties of Radio Frequency

Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current signals: 1. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a conductive path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units.

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 2. Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to the surface of conductors, known as the skin effect.[5]

1.5 Unique feature of our project

Easy to maintain In compare to wired system of request management it is a very complicated task to detect or sort out the problem, because in wired communication all we need is to follow the number of cables that used in communication which arise a lot of confusion, but in our system as there is no introduction of wire between transmitter and receiver module so in case of any kind of problem we only need to check only receiving or transmitting module to sort out the error. Cost factor

In wired request management system we need a long connections of wires between room and reception are required .As the number of room increases it increase the number of wires which effect the cost of system. Reliable:

In case of infrastructure development of a building some wires may be disconnected which may interrupt the system and arise problem to visitor for request serving purpose and also make a negative mark on reputed image of a hotel but no such problem is arise in wireless communication. Security

In wired system there may arise a problem of crosstalk, but no such kind of problem is arise in wireless system. In wireless system data is encoded in particular code which can only be decoded by the decoder present at receiver site.

1.6 Block diagram

Our project is simply divided into two ports: 1. Transmitting port 2. Receiving port Both modules are connected with each other through a Radio frequency link. There are no of switches available at each room, if a visitor from any room require any kind of room service a switch is press by a visitor , when a switch is pressed, an electrical signal is pass to the encoder the encoder will take the signal in parallel and
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM transfer the signal in a serial manner to the transmitting module which further transmit bit by bit information to the receiver module through a Radio frequency link and a L.E.D. will blink on receiving port. Now from the receiver module the signal will transmit serially to the input of decoder which will transmit in a parallel manner to the port two of the microcontroller then a particular function will be perform by a microcontroller as per the instruction of coding and the request will display on lcd screen with a beep sound of a buzzer.

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of Request Management System

1.7 List of major component used

Device Encoder Radio frequency transmitting module Radio frequency receiving module Decoder Microcontroller Lcd display (16X2) Buzzer
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I.C. used HT12E ST -TX01-ASK ST-RX02 -ASK HT12D 89S52

WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1.8 Requirements for RF communication

RF communication is required for the transmission of radio waves from RF transmitter (remote) to RF receiver (robot) to enable the movement of the robot in this project. The basic requirements for the RF communication used in this project are as follows: Power supply RF Transmitter RF Receiver Encoder and Decoder Microcontroller

1.8.1 Power Supply

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

1.8.2 Regulated Power Supply

A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project having doubled checked parts placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide. Most digital logical circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC. To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated circuit). The IC is shown below.

Specifications of voltage regulator IC

V REG +5.0V, 7805, TO-220FP-3 Dropout voltage:2V No. of Outputs:1
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM No. of Pins:3 Voltage Regulator IC Case Style:TO-220FP Operating Temperature Range:0C to +150C Max Input Voltage:35V Max Output Current:1.5A Max Output Voltage:5V Max Supply Voltage:20V Min Input Voltage:7V Min Supply Voltage:8V Operating Voltage Tolerance +:4% Termination Type: Through Hole

Figure 1.2: Regulated Power Supply

The LM7805 is simple to use. you simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9 VDC to 24 VDC ) to the Input pin , connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power , you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin.

1.8.3 Diode rectifier- Full wave bridge rectifier The need for a centre tapped power transformers is eliminated in the bridge rectifier .it contains four diodes D1 , D2 , D3 and D4 connected to from bridge as shown below.
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Figure 1.3: Full wave bridge rectifier

1.8.4 Capacitor Filter

A capacitive filter helps in reducing the ripples. A capacitive filter is shown below.

Figure 1.4: Circuit Diagram and the respective output waveforms of Capacitive Filter

The a.c. supply to be rectified is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge through the transformer. Between other two ends of the bridge , the load resistance RL is connected .

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1.9 Modulation techniques

The transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate. Low-frequency analogue signals are often converted to digital format (PAM) before transmission. The source signals are generally referred to as baseband signals. Of course, we can send analogue and digital signals directly over a medium. From electro-magnetic theory, for efficient radiation of electrical energy from an antenna it must be at least in the order of magnitude of a wavelength in size; c = fl, where c is the velocity of light, f is the signal frequency and l is the wavelength. For a 1kHz audio signal, the wavelength is 300 km. An antenna of this size is not practical for efficient transmission. The low-frequency signal is often frequency-translated to a higher frequency range for efficient transmission. The process is called modulation. The use of a higher frequency range reduces antenna size. Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. Frequency and phase of the carrier are kept constant. In the modulation process, the baseband signals constitute the modulating signal and the high-frequency carrier signal is a sinusoidal waveform. There are three basic ways of modulating a sine wave carrier. For binary digital modulation, they are called binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK), binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Modulation also leads to the possibility of frequency multiplexing. In a frequency-multiplexed system, individual signals are transmitted over adjacent, no overlapping frequency bands. They are therefore transmitted in parallel and simultaneously in time. If we operate at higher carrier frequencies, more bandwidth is available for frequency-multiplexing more signals. Like AM, ASK is also linear and sensitive to atmospheric noise, distortions, propagation conditions on different routes in PSTN, etc. Both ASK modulation and demodulation processes are relatively inexpensive. The ASK technique is also commonly used to transmit digital data over optical fiber. For LED transmitters, binary 1 is represented by a short pulse of light and binary 0 by the

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM absence of light. Laser transmitters normally have a fixed "bias" current that causes the device to emit a low light level. This low level represents binary 0, while a higheramplitude lightwave represents binary 1. The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a switch, using the presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a binary zero. This type of modulation is called on-off keying, and is used at radio frequencies to transmit Morse code (referred to as continuous wave operation). More sophisticated encoding schemes have been developed which represent data in groups using additional amplitude levels. For instance, a four-level encoding scheme can represent two bits with each shift in amplitude; an eight-level scheme can represent three bits; and so on. These forms of amplitude-shift keying require a high signal-to-noise ratio for their recovery, as by their nature much of the signal is transmitted at reduced power. Here is a diagram showing the ideal model for a transmission system using an ASK modulation:-

Figure1.5 Block diagram of ASK modulation

It can be divided into three blocks. The first one represents the transmitter, the second one is a linear model of the effects of the channel, the third one shows the structure of the receiver. The following notation is used:

ht(f) is the carrier signal for the transmission hc(f) is the impulse response of the channel n(t) is the noise introduced by the channel hr(f) is the filter at the receiver L is the number of levels that are used for transmission Ts is the time between the generation of two symbols
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK) signal can be defined by s(t) = A m(t) cos 2 fct, 0 < t< T where A is a constant, m(t) = 1 or 0, fc is the carrier frequency, and T is the bit duration. It has a power P = A2/2. [2][3] Amplitude shift keying digital modulation technique is one of the best modulation techniques and has several advantages over others for small ranges like in our project range up to 100 meters. Fsk is the nearest competitor of ask in this field, ask has certain advantages over Fsk as mentioned below. Ask Transmitter and Receiver are quite simpler than Fsk. Ask Transmitter current is 50% more than the Ask, hence Ask require less power. Saw Based Ask transmitter are more robust when exposed to extreme temperature vibrations and shock.. Fsk Transmitter requires 1.5 times the Bandwidth compared to Ask. Ask Receiver sensitivity is nearly equal or better than Fsk. Properly implemented Ask Receiver performance of co-channel interference is generally better than Fsk.. Properly implemented Ask Receiver performance with amplitude flutter is equal to or better than Fsk..

APPLICATIONS
In hospitals there are so many patients for whom it is not easy to call a person, a doctor or a nurse for their help so it can be very useful for patient to call a doctor at the time of emergency or in absence of a nurse in their room. In case of restaurant we can apply the same system on each and every table so that there is no need of a waiter to ask the order at each table, the order will automatically be placed by the person to the reception and waiter will serve the person as per the order. It may also be use in restaurant to inform the cook about which dish to be prepared and how much is to be prepared according to the order of the customer. We can also implement the same system on each seat of a train and in airplane to call an airhostess for their services. In case of hotels the each room will equip pied with such system so that visitor can simply press his switch in his room and order place by a visitor will be visible on a LCD screen at reception. Many other works can also be performed in hotels using the same system for example if we implement the receiver port at laundry department then a visitor can place his request for laundry service by simply pressing a switch present in his room. It can be used for the
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM purpose of informing the employees, managers and workers for receiving of materials and transferring the material from one department to another.

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CHAPTER 2
MICROCONTROLLER

2.1 Introduction
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Programmable memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nano watts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.[7]

2.2Reason to use microcontroller

As we need to display a message on LCD with a beep sound of buzzer this function displaying a request on just pressing a switch is perform by a microcontroller on the basis of coding. A microcontroller is one and only a simple and cheap device to perform such controlling and multitasking functions at a time.

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2.3 General Description about Microcontroller 89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, onchip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. [7][8]

2.4 Features of ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Model Fast Programming Time

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2.5 Comparison between 89S52 & 89C51

89C51 89S52 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Flash Memory 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources

Table2.1 Comparison between 89S52 & 89C51 First of all both microcontroller has been discontinued by Atmel. If your design is based on 89C51, you don't have to worry if it's changed later with 89S52. No changes are to be performed, neither software nor hardware (some minor settings in the hardware programmer device).But if your software relies on 89S52 then simple looking at the features provided by both microcontroller will tell you in what aspect will changes affect your design if a replacement with 89C51 has to be done.

2.6 Block Diagram of Microcontroller

The block diagram is the architecture the 89S52 device can seem very complicated, and since we are going to use the C high level language to program it, a simpler architecture can be represented as the figure2.1.The figure shows the main features and components that the designer can interact with. You can notice that the 89S52 has four different ports, each one having eight Input/output lines providing a total of 32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have dual function meaning that they can be used for two different functions: the fist one is to perform input/output operations and the second one is used to implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses, interrupting the execution of the program according to external events, performing serial data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software. Each port has eight pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8-bit variable called register, each bit being connected to a different Input/output pin. There are two different memory types: RAM and EEPROM. Shortly, RAM is used to

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM store variable during program execution, while the EEPROM memory is used to store the program itself, thats why it is often referred to as the program memory. It is clear that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the heart of the microcontrollers; it is the CPU that will Read the program from the FLASH memory and execute it by interacting with the different peripherals [7]

Figure2.1 Simple architecture of microcontroller

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Figure 2.2 showing Block Diagram ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller

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2.7 Description of Pin Diagram ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller

Figure2.3 Pin diagram of 89S52 microcontroller

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2.7.1 VCC
Supply voltage.

2.7.2 GND
Ground

2.7.3 Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

2.7.4 Port1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table.

Table2.2

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2.7.5 Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

2.7.6 Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the above table.

Table2.3

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2.7.7 RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

2.7.8 ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

2.7.9 PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

2.7.10 EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

2.7.11 XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

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2.7.12 XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

2.7.13 Special Function Registers

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in Table 5-1. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.

Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON (shown in Table 5- 2) and T2MOD (shown in Table 10-2) for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.

Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.

Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register. Power off flag: The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to 1 during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.

2.7.14 Memory Organization

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

2.7.15 Program Memory

If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.

2.7.16 Data Memory

The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.[7][8]

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Chapter 3 Transmitting and Receiving Sections

3.1 RF module introduction
An RF Module is a (usually) small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceiver radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF Modules are widely used in consumer application such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, and wireless home automation systems. They are often used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation. Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially-available RF modules, including 433.92MHz, 315MHz, 868MHz and 915MHz. There are two types of RF receiver modules: super heterodyne receiver and superregenerative receiver. Super heterodyne has performance advantage over Superregenerative ones, but also is more complicated and in general the price is a little higher. When attaching an external antenna to an RF Module, superior performance can be achieved by selecting an antenna length related to the wavelength of the carrier frequency. For a 315MHz Module, use a 24 cm antenna length, while for a 433.92 MHz, use a 18 cm antenna. As with any other radio-frequency device, the performance of an RF Module will depend on a number of factors. For example, by increasing the transmitter power, a larger communication distance will be achieved. However, this will also result in a higher electrical power drain on the transmitter device, which will cause shorter operating life for battery powered devices. Also, using a higher transmit power will make the system more prone to interference with other RF devices, and may in fact possibly cause the device to become illegal depending on the jurisdiction. Correspondingly, increasing the receiver sensitivity will also increase the effective communication range, but will also potentially cause malfunction due to interference with other RF devices. The performance of the overall system may be improved by using matched antennas at each end of the communication link, such as those described earlier. Finally, the labeled remote distance of any particular system is normally measured in an open-air line of sight configuration without any interference, but often there will be
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM obstacles such as walls, floors to absorb the radio wave signals, so the effective operational distance will in most practical instances be less than specified. The RF module is divided into two parts: Transmitter Receiver

3.2 RF Transmitter
A Transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. The term transmitter is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The Transmitter used here is 315/434 MHz ASK TRANSMITTER

3.2.1 PIN Description

Figure: 3.1 ST-TX-01-ASK Transmitter

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ANT:Not connected VCC : Connected with supply voltage Data: Connected with output pins of encoder GND: Use for ground connection

3.2.2General Description
The ST-TX01-ASK is an ASK Hybrid transmitter module. ST-TX01-ASK is designed by the Saw Resonator, with an effective low cost, small size, and simple-to-use for designing. Frequency Range: 315 / 433.92 MHZ Supply Voltage: 3~12V. ,Output Power: 4~16dBm and Circuit Shape is Saw .

3.3 Circuit diagram of Transmitting port

Figure: 3.2 Circuit diagram of transmitting port

3.3.1 Detail working of Transmitter port

Figure 3.2 shows a circuit diagram of a transmitter port, as shown in a figure here we use four switch , the one terminal of each switch is connected with a voltage regulated power supply and another one is with the input terminal of encoder ic by the help of 1k
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM resistance in a parallel manner , when a switch is pressed in a room a signal is transmit to the encoder ,the encoder take data coming from each switch in a parallel manner and convert the parallel data input into serial manner and transmit it to the RF transmitter(Rx 433) in a serial manner.

3.4 RF receiver module

A Radio Receiver is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves (electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny alternating currents which are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired information. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the wanted radio frequency signal from all other signals, an electronic amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the desired information through demodulation.

3.4.1General description:
The ST-RX02-ASK is an ASK Hybrid receiver module. It is an effective low cost solution for using at 315/433.92 MHZ. The circuit shape of ST-RX02-ASK is L/C. The Receiver Frequency: 315 / 433.92 MHZ Typical sensitivity of receiver is of 105dBm.and supply Current: 3.5mA With IF frequency of 1MHz

Figure3.3 Pin diagram of ST-RX02-ASK

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Circuit diagram of receiver port

Figure3.4 Circuit diagram of receiver port

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3.4.2 Detail working description of receiving port

Rx433 is a four terminal device in which two are used to transmit data to the decoder one is grounded and another one is connected with the power supply of +5 volt which is provided by a voltage regulator IC 7805 .The entire data will receive serially by a decoder ic at pin number 14,pin number 17 is connected with the LED which will turn on when decoder receive signal from RX433 .The decoder convert the serial data input into the parallel manner and transmit it to the pin number 1,2,3,4 of microcontroller 89S52 IC .Pin number nine is connected with a switch which will present at receiver site the receiver will use this switch to clear the message present on LCD screen and reset the lcd screen to the initial stage. Now the input which is receive by a microcontroller through decoder will be transmit to the LCD display from pin 32 to pin 39 of microcontroller to the pin number 3 to pin number 10 of a LCD screen, and a message will display on a screen. Pin number 24 of a microcontroller is connected with buzzer, which will produce a beep sound when a message is display on a LCD screen.

3.5 LCD
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.LCDs have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.

3.5.1 Reason to use 16x2 LCD display

1. To display a request at receiver 2. Cheap 3. Easy to interface with microcontroller LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

Figure3.5 Pin diagram of 16x2 LCD

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

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3.5.2 Pin Description

Pin No 1 2 3 4

Function Ground (0V) Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V) Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor

Name Ground Vcc VEE

Selects command register when low; and data register Register when high Select

Low to write to the register; High to read from the Read/write register

Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is Enable given

7 8 9 10 8-bit data pins 11 12 13 14

DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7

15 16

Backlight VCC (5V) Backlight Ground (0V)

Led+ Led-

Table3.1
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CHAPTER 4 ENCODER AND DECODER

4.1Reason to use encoder and decoder

As we are working on a wireless system so coding and decoding of data is necessary for security purpose, which can only perform by an encoder and a decoder.

4.2 Introduction of encoder IC used

HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format. Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits. HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.

4.2.1Features
Operating voltage=-2.4 to12volt Low power and high noise immunity Low standby current(0.1 micro ampere at 5volt) Minimum four words can be coded at a time Minimum transmission word- Four words for the HT12E Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components HT12E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

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Figure4.1 Block diagram of encoder IC HT12E

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Figure 4.2 Pin diagram of HT12E

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4.2.2 Description of pin diagram

Pin No Function Name

1 2 3 4 8 bit Address pins for input 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Transmission enable; active low Oscillator input Oscillator output Serial data output Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Table 4.1
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A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Ground (0V) Ground AD0 AD1 4 bit Data/Address pins for input AD2 AD3 TE Osc2 Osc1 Output Vcc

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4.3 Introduction of decoder IC used

HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format. In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin. HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received.

4.3.1Features
Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium Minimal external components Valid transmission indicator Pair with Holteks 212 series of encoders 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package

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Figure 4.3 Block diagram of HT12D decoder

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Figure4.4 Pin diagram of HT12D decoder IC

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4.3.2 Pin description

Pin No 1 2 3 4 8 bit Address pins for input 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Serial data input Oscillator output Oscillator input Valid transmission; active high Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) 4 bit Data/Address pins for output Ground (0V) A4 A5 A6 A7 Ground D0 D1 D2 D3 Input Osc2 Osc1 VT Vcc A0 A1 A2 A3 Function Name

Table4.2
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CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCUIT

5.1 Introduction
A hardware implementation means that the job is done using a physical device or electronic circuit as opposed to being done by a computer program. A hardware implementation often takes longer to create and that can make it more expensive. It is usually faster in operation and has the advantage that once built it cannot easily be tampered with or reprogrammed. In this project , we consider basically two ports which are transmitter and receiver. First of all we take transmitter part, for it a zero pcb is required on which we mount various components like four push switches, Encoder ic, transmitting module ,Led..After this we connect the required components by connecting wires with the help of data sheets and circuit diagram drawn on a page and connections are performed by the help of a solder we will perform a neat and clean connections on a zero pcb which is also known as general pcb with various precautions. The circuit diagram and hardware implementation of transmitting and receiving port are shown as below:

5.2 Circuit diagram of transmitter port

Figure5.2 Circuit diagram of transmitter port

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5.3 Implementation of transmitter port circuit diagram

Figure 5.3 Implementation of transmitter port circuit diagram

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5.4 Circuit diagram of receiver port

Figure5.4 Circuit diagram of receiver port

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5.5Implementation of receiver port circuit diagram

Figure5.5Implementation of receiver port circuit diagram

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Data sheets Microcontroller 89S52

Features Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag

Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, onchip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. Special Function Registers A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR). Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0. Timer 2 Registers Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode. Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register. Dual Data Pointer Registers To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register. Power off Flag The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to 1 during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset. Memory Organization

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed. Program Memory If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory. Data Memory The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space.

For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2).MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out) The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 13-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT overflows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin. Using the WDT To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 13-bit counter overflows when it reaches 8191 (1FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the WDT at least every 8191 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is 96xTOSC, where TOSC=1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT reset. WDT During Power-down and Idle In Powerdown mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues to count if enabled. The

WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE. UART The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.. Timer 0 and 1

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.). From the home page, select Products, then 8051Architecture Flash Microcontroller, then Product Overview. Timer 2 Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 3. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency. Interrupts The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 10. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that Table 5 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89S52, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows. Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. Note that when idle mode is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when idle mode is terminated by a reset, the instruction following the one that invokes idle mode should not write to a port pin or to external memory. Power-down Mode In the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated. Exit from Powerdown mode can be initiated either by a hardware reset or by an enabled external interrupt. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

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HT12E
General Description
The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data bits. Each address/ data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders. The HT12A additionally provides a 38kHz carrier for infrared systems.

Features
Operating voltage 2.4V~12V for the HT12E Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for infrared transmission medium Minimum transmission word=Four words for the HT12E Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components HT12E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

Applications
Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones

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Pin diagram and description

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HT12D
General Description
The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are paired with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder cross reference table). For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 212 series of decoders are capable of decoding informations that consist of N bits of address and 12_N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is used to decode 12 bits of address information.

Features
Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium Minimal external components Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package
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Applications
Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems

Functional Description Operation

The 212 series of decoders provides various combinations of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair with the 212 series of encoders. The decoders receive data that are transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12_N bits as data, where N is the address code number. The decoders will then check the received address three times continuously. If the received address codes all match the contents of the decoder local address, the 12_N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is received.

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ASK Transmitter Module

General Description: ST-TX01-ASK(Saw Type)
The ST-TX01-ASK is an ASK Hybrid transmitter module.ST-TX01-ASK is designed by the Saw Resonator, with an effective low cost, small size, and simple-to-use for designing. Frequency Range:315 / 433.92 MHZ. Supply Voltage: 3~12V. Output Power : 4~16dBm Circuit Shape: Saw

Applications
Wireless security systems Car Alarm systems Remote controls. Sensor reporting

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Crystal Oscillator
It is often required to produce a signal whose frequency or pulse rate is very stable and exactly known. This is important in any application where anything to do with time or exact measurement is crucial. It is relatively simple to make an oscillator that produces some sort of a signal, but another matter to produce one of relatively precise frequency and stability. AM radio stations must have a carrier frequency accurate within 10Hz of its assigned frequency, which may be from 530 to 1710 kHz. SSB radio systems used in the HF range (2-30 MHz) must be within 50 Hz of channel frequency for acceptable voice quality, and within 10 Hz for best results. Some digital modes used in weak signal communication may require frequency stability of less than 1 Hz within a period of several minutes. The carrier frequency must be known to fractions of a hertz in some cases. An ordinary quartz watch must have an oscillator accurate to better than a few parts per million. One part per million will result in an error of slightly less than one half second a day, which would be about 3 minutes a year. This might not sound like much, but an error of 10 parts per million would result in an error of about a half an hour per year. A clock such as this would need resetting about once a month, and more often if you are the punctual type. A programmed VCR with a clock this far off could miss the recording of part of a TV show. Narrow band SSB communications at VHF and UHF frequencies still need 50 Hz frequency accuracy. At 440 MHz, this is slightly more than 0.1 part per million. Ordinary L-C oscillators using conventional inductors and capacitors can achieve typically 0.01 to 0.1 percent frequency stability, about 100 to 1000 Hz at 1 MHz. This is OK for AM and FM broadcast receiver applications and in other low-end analog receivers not requiring high tuning accuracy. By careful design and component selection, and with rugged mechanical construction, .01 to 0.001%, or even better (.0005%) stability can be achieved. The better figures will undoubtedly employ temperature compensation components and regulated power supplies, together with environmental control (good ventilation and ambient temperature regulation) and battleship mechanical construction. This has been done in some communications receivers used by the military and commercial HF communication receivers built in the 1950-1965 era, before the widespread use of digital frequency synthesis. But these receivers were extremely expensive, large, and heavy. Many modern consumer grade AM, FM, and shortwave receivers employing crystal controlled digital frequency synthesis will do as well or better from a frequency stability standpoint.
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM An oscillator is basically an amplifier and a frequency selective feedback network (Fig 1). When, at a particular frequency, the loop gain is unity or more, and the total phaseshift at this frequency is zero, or some multiple of 360 degrees, the condition for oscillation is satisfied, and the circuit will produce a periodic waveform of this frequency. This is usually a sine wave, or square wave, but triangles, impulses, or other waveforms can be produced. In fact, several different waveforms often are simultaneously produced by the same circuit, at different points. It is also possible to have several frequencies produced as well, although this is generally undesirable.

Capacitor
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

Figure 5.6.1: Types of capacitors

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Theory of operation

Figure 5.6.2: principle of working of capacitor

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.

Figure5.6.3: A simple demonstration of a parallel-plate capacitor A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region.The non-conductive substance is called the dielectric medium, although this may also mean a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from an external electric field. The conductors thus contain equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric contains an electric field. The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Sometimes charge buildup affects the mechanics of the capacitor, causing the capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device. Energy storage Work must be done by an external influence to move charge between the conductors in a capacitor. When the external influence is removed, the charge separation persists and energy is stored in the electric field. If charge is later allowed to return to its equilibrium position, the energy is released. The work done in establishing the electric field, and hence the amount of energy stored, is given by:

Resistor

Resistors are used to limit the value of current in a circuit. Resistors offer opposition to the flow of current. They are expressed in ohms for which the symbol is . Resistors are broadly classified as 1. Fixed Resistors 2. Variable Resistors Fixed Resistors The most common of low wattage, fixed type resistors is the molded-carbon composition resistor. The resistive material is of carbon clay composition. The leads are made of tinned copper. Resistors of this type are readily available in value ranging from few ohms to about 20M, having a tolerance range of 5 to 20%. They are quite inexpensive. The relative size of all fixed resistors changes with the wattage rating. Another variety of carbon composition resistors is the metalized type. It is made by deposition a homogeneous film of pure carbon over a glass, ceramic or other insulating core. This type of film-resistor is sometimes called the precision type, since it can be obtained with an accuracy of 1%.

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A variable/ wire wound resistor It uses a length of resistance wire, such as nichrome. This wire is wounded on to a round hollow porcelain core. The ends of the winding are attached to these metal pieces inserted in the core. Tinned copper wire leads are attached to these metal pieces. This assembly is coated with an enamel coating powdered glass. This coating is very smooth and gives mechanical protection to winding.

Connectors
Connectors are basically used for interface between two. Here we use connectors for having interface between PCB and 8051 Microprocessor Kit. There are two types of connectors they are male and female. The one, which is with pins inside, is female and other is male. These connectors are having bus wires with them for connection. For high frequency operation the average circumference of a coaxial cable must be limited to about one wavelength, in order to reduce multimodal propagation and eliminate erratic reflection coefficients, power losses, and signal distortion. The standardization of coaxial connectors during World War II was mandatory for microwave operation to maintain a low reflection coefficient or a low voltage standing wave ratio. Seven types of microwave coaxial connectors are as follows: 1.APC-3.5 2.APC-7 3.BNC 4.SMA 5.SMC 6.TNC 7.Type N

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

A junction diode, such as LED, can emit light or exhibit electro luminescence. Electro luminescence is obtained by injecting minority carriers into the region of a pn junction where radiative transition takes place. In radiative transition, there is a transition
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM of electron from the conduction band to the valence band, which is made possibly by emission of a photon. Thus, emitted light comes from the hole electron recombination. What is required is that electrons should make a transition from higher energy level to lower energy level releasing photon of wavelength corresponding to the energy difference associated with this transition. In LED the supply of high-energy electron is provided by forward biasing the diode, thus injecting electrons into the n-region and holes into pregion. The pn junction of LED is made from heavily doped material. On forward bias condition, majority carriers from both sides of the junction cross the potential barrier and enter the opposite side where they are then minority carrier and cause local minority carrier population to be larger than normal. This is termed as minosrity injection. These excess minority carrier diffuse away from the junction and recombine with majority carriers. In LED, every injected electron takes part in a radiative recombination and hence gives rise to an emitted photon. Under reverse bias no carrier injection takes place and consequently no photon is emitted. For direct transition from conduction band to valence band the emission wavelength. In practice, every electron does not take part in radiative recombination and hence, the efficiency of the device may be described in terms of the quantum efficiency which is defined as the rate of emission of photons divided by the rate of supply of electrons. The number of radiative recombination, that take place, is usually proportional to the carrier injection rate and hence to the total current flowing. LED Materials One of the first materials used for LED is GaAs. This is a direct band gap material, i.e., it exhibits very high probability of direct transition of electron from conduction band to valence band. GaAs has E= 1.44 eV. This works in the infrared region. Gallium Arsenide Phosphide is a tertiary alloy. This material has a special feature in that it changes from being direct band gap material. Blue LEDs are of recent origin. The wide band gap materials such as GaN are one of the most promising LEDs for blue and green emission. Infrared LEDs are suitable for optical coupler applications.

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Advantages of LEDS Low operating voltage, current, and power consumption makes Leds compatible with electronic drive circuits. This also makes easier interfacing as compared to filament incandescent and electric discharge lamps. The rugged, sealed packages developed for LEDs exhibit high resistance to mechanical shock and vibration and allow LEDs to be used in severe environmental conditions where other light sources would fail.LED fabrication from solid-state materials ensures a longer operating lifetime, thereby improving overall reliability and lowering maintenance costs of the equipment in which they are installed. The range of available LED colours-from red to orange, yellow, and greenprovides the designer with added versatility. LEDs have low inherent noise levels and also high immunity to externally generated noise. Circuit response of LEDs is fast and stable, without surge currents or the prior warm-up, period required by filament light sources. LEDs exhibit linearity of radiant power output with forward current over a wide range.

Limitations of LED Temperature dependence of radiant output power and wave length. Sensitivity to damages by over voltage or over current.

Theoretical overall efficiency is not achieved except in special cooled or pulsed conditions. Buzzer

It is an electronic signaling device which produces buzzing sound. It is commonly used in automobiles, phone alarm systems and household appliances. Buzzers work in the same manner as an alarm works. They are generally equipped with sensors or switches connected to a control unit and the control unit illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sound a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound.
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles.

Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Types of Buzzers

The different types of buzzers are electric buzzers, electronic buzzers, mechanical buzzers, electromechanical, magnetic buzzers, piezoelectric buzzers and piezo buzzers. (i) Electric buzzers A basic model of electric buzzer usually consists of simple circuit components such as resistors, a capacitor and 555 timer IC or an integrated circuit with a range of timer and multi-vibrator functions. It works through small bits of electricity vibrating together which causes sound. (ii) Electronic buzzers An electronic buzzer comprises an acoustic vibrator comprised of a circular metal plate having its entire periphery rigidly secured to a support, and a piezoelectric element adhered to one face of the metal plate. A driving circuit applies electric driving signals to the vibrator to vibrationally drive it at a 1/N multiple of its natural frequency, where N is an integer, so that the vibrator emits an audible buzzing sound. The metal plate is preferably mounted to undergo vibration in a natural vibration mode having only one nodal circle. The drive circuit includes an inductor connected in a closed loop with the vibrator, which functions as a capacitor, and the circuit applies signals at a selectively variable frequency to the closed loop to accordingly vary the inductance of the inductor to thereby vary the period of oscillation of the acoustic vibrator and the resultant frequency of the buzzing sound. (iii) Mechanical BuzzerA joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer. (iv) Piezo Buzzers/ Piezoelectric Buzzers-

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A piezo buzzer is made from two conductors that are separated by Piezo crystals. When a voltage is applied to these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. The result of this push and pull is a sound wave. These buzzers can be used for many things, like signaling when a period of time is up or making a sound when a particular button has been pushed. The process can also be reversed to use as a guitar pickup. When a sound wave is passed, they create an electric signal that is passed on to an audio amplifier. Piezo buzzers are small electronic devices that emit sounds when driven by low voltages and currents. They are also called piezoelectric buzzers. They usually have two electrodes and a diaphragm. The diaphragm is made from a metal plate and piezoelectric material such as a ceramic plate. (v) Magnetic Buzzers

Magnetic buzzers are magnetic audible signal devices with built-in oscillating circuits. The construction combines an oscillation circuit unit with a detection coil, a drive coil and a magnetic transducer. Transistors, resistors, diodes and other small devices act as circuit devices for driving sound generators. With the application of voltage, current flows to the drive coil on primary side and to the detection coil on the secondary side. The amplification circuit, including the transistor and the feedback circuit, causes vibration. The oscillation current excites the coil and the unit generates an AC magnetic field corresponding to an oscillation frequency. This AC magnetic field magnetizes the yoke comprising the magnetic circuit. The oscillation from the intermittent magnetization prompts the vibration diaphragm to vibrate up and down, generating buzzer sounds through the resonator. In this project, a magnetic buzzer has been used. Circuit of buzzer

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Role of buzzer in this project Buzzer in this system gives the beep when car moves inside cutting the infrared light. Basically it generates the signal to indicate that car has entered in the parking space. Pressure Sensor/Switch A pressure sensor or switch measures pressure. Pressure is usually expressed in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the pressure imposed.

Pressure sensors can be classified in term of pressure ranges they measure, temperature ranges of operation, and most importantly the type of pressure they measure. In terms of pressure type, pressure sensors can be divided into five categories: 1) Absolute pressure sensor This sensor measures the pressure relative to perfect vaccum pressure. 2) Gauge pressure sensor This sensor is used in different applications because it can be calibrated to measure the pressure relative to a given atmospheric pressure at a given location. 3) Vaccum pressure sensor This sensor is used to measure pressure less than the atmospheric pressure at a given location. 4) Differential pressure sensor This sensor measures the difference between two or more pressures introduced as inputs to the sensing unit.
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 5) Sealed pressure sensor This sensor is the same as the gauge pressure sensor except that it is previously calibrated by manufacturers to measure pressure relative to sea level pressure.

Figure 5.6.4: Operation of pressure switch

Pressure Sensing Technology There are two basic categories of analog pressure sensors: (i) Force collector types - These types of electronic pressure sensors generally use a force collector (such a diaphragm, piston, bourdon tube, or bellows) to measure strain (or deflection) due to applied force (pressure) over an area. (ii) Other types - These types of electronic pressure sensors use other properties (such as density) to infer pressure of a gas, or liquid. Here well discuss only about Force collector type of pressure sensors. Force collecting pressure sensors are of following types:

Piezoresistive Strain GaugeIt uses the piezoresistive effect of bonded or formed strain gauges to detect strain due to applied pressure. Generally, the strain gauges are connected to form a wheat stone bridge circuit to maximize the output of the sensor. This is the most commonly employed sensing technology for general purpose pressure measurement.

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Capacitive - Uses a diaphragm and pressure cavity to create a variable capacitor to detect strain due to applied pressure. Common technologies use metal, ceramic, and silicon diaphragms. Generally, these technologies are most applied to low pressures (Absolute, Differential and Gauge)

Electromagnetic - Measures the displacement of a diaphragm by means of changes in inductance (reluctance), LVDT, Hall Effect, or by eddy current principal. Piezoelectric - Uses the piezoelectric effect in certain materials such as quartz to measure the strain upon the sensing mechanism due to pressure. This technology is commonly employed for the measurement of highly dynamic pressures. Optical - Uses the physical change of an optical fiber to detect strain due to applied pressure. Potentiometric - Uses the motion of a wiper along a resistive mechanism to detect the strain caused by applied pressure .

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APPENDIX

Introduction
Assembly language is a symbolic representation of a processor's native code. Using machine code allows the programmer to control precisely what the processor does. It offers a great deal of power to use all of the features of the processor. The resulting program is normally very fast and very compact. In small programs it is also very predictable. Timings, for example, can be calculated very precisely and program flow is easily controlled. It is often used for small, real time applications. However, the programmer needs to have a good understanding of the hardware being used. As programs become larger, assembly language get very cumbersome. Maintenance of assembly language is notoriously difficult, especially if another programmer is brought in to carry out modifications after the code has been written. Assembly langauge also has no support of an operating system, nor does it have any complex instructions. Storing and retrieving data is a simple task with high level languages; assembly needs the whole process to be programmed step by step. Mathematical processes also have to be performed with binary addition and subtraction when using assembly which can get very complex. Finally, every processor has its own assembly language. Use a new processor and you need to learn a new language each time. Assembly is a great language to use for certain applications, rotten for others and never for the faint hearted. In our project we divide the programming of microcontroller into four modules that are as follows 1. Main program 2. Display function 3. LCD initialisation 4. Delay function In the next article we describe the coding that we used in 89s52 microcontroller to run our program.

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Coding of controller
ORG 00H LJMP MAIN /*----------------------------------------------MAIN_PROGRAME_STARTS------------------------------------*/ MAIN: MOV P1,#0FFH CLR P2.5 ACALL LCD_INIT HERE: MOV A,P1 CJNE A,#0FEH,NEXT1 ACALL ROOM1 NEXT1: CJNE A,#0FDH,NEXT2 ACALL ROOM2 NEXT2: CJNE A,#0FBH,NEXT3 ACALL ROOM3 NEXT3: CJNE A,#0F7H,NEXT4 ACALL ROOM4

NEXT4: SJMP HERE

/*----------------------------------------------MAIN_PROGRAME_END------------------------------------*/ /*----------------------------------------function to display-----------------------------------------*/ ROOM1: SETB P2.5 MOV A,#0C2H ACALL COMNWRT ACALL DELAY CLR A MOV DPTR,#MYDATA1 D2: CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR ACALL DATAWRT

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ACALL DELAY INC DPTR JZ L3 SJMP D2 L3: CLR P2.5 RET

ROOM2:

SETB P2.5 MOV A,#0C4H ACALL COMNWRT ACALL DELAY CLR A MOV DPTR,#MYDATA2

D3:

CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR ACALL DATAWRT ACALL DELAY INC DPTR JZ L4 SJMP D3

L4:

CLR P2.5 RET

ROOM3: SETB P2.5 MOV A,#0C6H ACALL COMNWRT ACALL DELAY CLR A MOV DPTR,#MYDATA3 D4: CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR ACALL DATAWRT ACALL DELAY INC DPTR
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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM JZ L5 SJMP D4 L5: CLR P2.5 RET

ROOM4:

SETB P2.5 MOV A,#0C8H ACALL COMNWRT ACALL DELAY CLR A MOV DPTR,#MYDATA4

D5:

CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR ACALL DATAWRT ACALL DELAY INC DPTR JZ L6 SJMP D5

L6:

CLR P2.5 RET

/*----------------------------------------function to display-----------------------------------------*/

/*-------------------------------------------LCD_INITIALIZATION_START-------------------*/ LCD_INIT: MOV L1: DPTR,#MYCOM

CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR ACALL COMNWRT ACALL DELAY JZ SEND_DAT

INC DPTR SJMP L1 SEND_DAT: MOV DPTR,#MYDATA0 D1: CLR A

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MOVC A,@A+DPTR ACALL DATAWRT ACALL DELAY INC DPTR JZ L2 SJMP D1 L2: MOV A,#0C2H ACALL COMNWRT ACALL DELAY RET

COMNWRT: MOV P0,A CLR P2.0 CLR P2.1 SETB P2.2 ACALL DELAY CLR P2.2 RET DATAWRT: MOV P0,A SETB P2.0 CLR P2.1 SETB P2.2 ACALL DELAY CLR P2.2 RET /*-------------------------------------------LCD_INITIALIZATION_END----------------------*/ /*-------------------------------------------DELAY_START----------------------------------*/ DELAY: H1: H: MOV R3,#250 MOV R4,#255 DJNZ R4,H DJNZ R3,H1 RET /*-------------------------------------------DELAY_END----------------------------------*/

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WIRELESS REQUEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ORG 300H MYCOM: DB 38H,0EH,01,06,81H,0

MYDATA0: DB "HOTEL_MANAGMENT",0 MYDATA1: DB "1",0 MYDATA2: DB "2",0 MYDATA3: DB "3",0 MYDATA4: DB "4",0 END

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FUTURE SCOPE
To improve the efficiency of the project some changes can be done with this module. Multitasking Multitask can be perform at a time means a particular message instead of a request will be display on a board and also control various functions like status of room and controlling of lights in a room. Remote sensing A remote is provided in each room for transmitter port instead of a switch, to establish a link between remote and RF transmitter. Recording An APR9 IC can be used which is used to record a particular sound message instead of buzzer. Voice Decoder By using advance technology, voice decoder, and direct voice command can be applied and used optimally. Increase in Number of switches by using smart antenna and frequency division multiplexing and large number of encoder-decoder circuitry, number of request can be increases up to a large level. Use of GSM Technology By use of GSM technology its efficiency can be increased further to a large amount.

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CONCLUSION
In comparison to other wireless transmitter and receiver systems, this wireless radio frequency link is extremely low cost and easy to build. Many limitations exist, like the need to limit the distance of transmitter and receiver is up to 100 meters, however even with these limitations there are many applications for this type of wireless system. This system showed you how easy and how standard digital communication can be passed across the link. This was just a simple example, but it should be enough to get anyone started for bigger and better things with wireless radio frequency link.

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References
[1] M. Schwartz, Information Transmission, Modulation, and Noise, 4/e, McGraw Hill, 1990. [2] P. Z. Peebles, Jr., Digital Communication Systems, Prentice Hall, 1987. [3] Simon Haykin, "Digital Communications", John Wiley & Sons, 1988. [4] Sergio Benedetto, Ezio Biglieri, "Principles of Digital Transmission: With Wireless Applications", [5] F. Egan, William (2003). Practical RF System Design. Wiley-IEEE Press [6] Richard C. Dorf (ed.) The Electrical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton [7] Mazedi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall, 1ST Edition [8] Kenneth J. Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller, Penram International Publishing,1996, 2nd Edition [9] History of wireless, Robert Mallous, Dipak L.Sen Gupta [10] [11] Introduction to wireless systems, P. Mohana Shankar Pahlavan, Levesque, Allen H (1995). Wireless Information Networks.

John Wiley & Sons. [12] [13] Geier, Jim (2001). Wireless LANs. Sams Goldsmith, Andrea (2005). Wireless Communications. Cambridge

University Press. [14] [15] Molisch, Andreas (2005). Wireless Communications. Wiley-IEEE Press. Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2002). Principles of Wireless

Networks - a Unified Approach. Prentice Hall. [16] Rappaport, Theodore (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and

Practice. Prentice Hall. [17] [18] Rhoton, John (2001). The Wireless Internet Explained. Digital Press. Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005). Fundamentals of Wireless

Communication. Cambridge University Press.

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