DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFDS)
Shruti Jain - 11030141078
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFDS)
A Data
flow diagram (DFD) is a picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system
Order CUSTOMER Status Message Status Data 2.0
In-Stock Request WAREHOUSE 1.0 Shipping Order
Check Status Order Data D1 Pending Orders 3.0
Shipping Confirmation
Issue Status Messages
Order Data Payment Invoice Manage Accounts Receivable 5.0 Accounting Data Accounts Receivable Data 4.0 Order Data
Generate Shipping Order
D2
Accounts Receivable Inventory Reports
Produce Reports
ACCOUNTING
DFD SYMBOLS
Yourdon & Coad Gane & Sarson
Process
Data Store
Source/Sink (External Entity)
Data Flow
PROCESS
1.0 Services Performed Invoice
Create Invoice
Work
or actions performed on data (inside the system) Labels should be verb phrases Receives input data and produces output
RULE 1: PROCESS
Can
have more than one outgoing data flow or more than one incoming data flow
1.0
Graded Work Student Grade
Submitted Work
Grade Student Work
3.0
Hours Worked Pay Rate
Calculated Gross Pay
Gross Pay
RULE 2: PROCESS
Can
connect to any other symbol (including another process symbol)
1.0
Order
2.0
Accepted Order
Verify Order Assemble Order
Inventory Change
PROCESS: CORRECT/INCORRECT?
Gray Hole :
Date Of Birth
5.0
Final Grade
Calculate Grade
Spontaneous Generation :
4.0
Policy Number Payment Amount
Apply Insurance Premium
Black Hole :
2.0 .
Hours Worked
Calculate Gross Pay
Pay Rate
DATA STORE
D1 Students
Is
used in a DFD to represent data that the system stores Labels should be noun and adjectives phrases
RULE: DATA STORE
Must
have at least one incoming and one outgoing data flow
Customer Payment
D1
Daily Payments
Daily Payment
SOURCE/SINK (EXTERNAL ENTITY)
1.0 .0 Order
CUSTOMER
Invoice
Verify Order
External
entity that is origin or destination of data (outside the system) Is the singular form of a department, outside organization, other IS, or person Labels should be noun phrases Source Entity that supplies data to the system Sink Entity that receives data from the system
RULE: SOURCE/SINK
Must
be connected to a process by a data flow
BANK
Bank Deposit
2.0 . Prepare Deposit
RULES FOR USING DFD SYMBOLS
Data
Flow That Connects
YES NO
A process to another process A process to an external entity A process to a data store An external entity to another external entity An external entity to a data store
A data store to another data store
CONTEXT DIAGRAM
Top-level
view of IS Shows the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system, and major information flows between entities and the system. Example: Order system that a company uses to enter orders and apply payments against a customers balance
LEVEL-0 DFD
Shows
the systems major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of abstraction When the Context Diagram is expanded into DFD level-0, all the connections that flow into and out of process 0 needs to be retained.
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING DFDS
Top-down strategy
Create the high-level diagrams (Context Diagram), then lowlevel diagrams (Level-0 diagram), and so on
Bottom-up strategy
Create the low-level diagrams, then higher-level diagrams
LOWER-LEVEL DIAGRAMS
Functional
Decomposition
An iterative process of breaking a system description down into finer and finer detail Uses a series of increasingly detailed DFDs to describe an IS
Balancing
The conservation of inputs and outputs to a data flow process when that process is decomposed to a lower level Ensures that the input and output data flows of the parent DFD are maintained on the child DFD
Exercise: When customers place orders on the companys Web site, the system checks to see if the items are in stock, issues a status message to the customer, and generates a shipping order to the warehouse, which fills the order. When the order is shipped, the customer is billed. The system also produces various reports. Draw a context diagram for the order system Draw DFD diagram 0 for the order system
IDENTIFY ENTITIES,PROCESS,DATA STORES & DATA FLOW Entities Data Flows
Customer Warehouse Accounting 1.0 Check Status 2.0 Issue Status Messages 3.0 Generate Shipping Order 4.0 Manage Accounts Receivable 5.0 Produce Reports
Processes
Data Stores
D1 Pending Orders D2 Accounts Receivable
Order In-Stock Request 1.0 Order Data Status Data 2.0 Status Message Shipping Order 3.0 Order Data Invoice Shipping Confirmation 4.0 Payment Accounting Data Accounts Receivable Data 5.0 Order Data Inventory Reports
Order CUSTOMER Payment In-Stock Request WAREHOUSE
Status Message
Shipping Order
Invoice
Order System
Shipping Confirmation
Inventory Reports
ACCOUNTING
Context Diagram of Order System
Order CUSTOMER Status Message Status Data 2.0 Shipping Confirmation
In-Stock Request WAREHOUSE 1.0 Shipping Order
Check Status Order Data D1 Pending Orders 3.0
Issue Status Messages
Order Data Payment Invoice Manage Accounts Receivable 5.0 Accounting Data Accounts Receivable Data 4.0 Order Data
Generate Shipping Order
D2
Accounts Receivable Inventory Reports
Produce Reports
Level-0 of Order System
ACCOUNTING
