Programming Foundation

CHAPTER-3 INTRODUCING CPL AND PROGRAMMING CONCEPT

Objectives
• After this course, you should be able to understand
➢ What is computer program?
➢ What is computer programming language?
➢ Types of Programming Languages?
➢ Difference between Compiler & Interpreter
➢ Program development Life Cycle

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What is a Computer Program?

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What is a Computer Program?
➢ Computers do not understand human languages, so
programs must be written in a language a computer
can use.
➢
➢ There are hundreds of programming languages, and
they were developed to make the programming
process easier for people.

➢ However, all programs must be converted into the

instructions the computer can execute.

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Type of Programming Languages

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Machine Language
➢ A computer’s native language, which differs among
different types of computers, is its machine
language—a set of built-in primitive instructions.

➢ These instructions are in the form of binary code, so

if you want to give a computer an instruction in its
native language, you have to enter the instruction
as binary code.

➢ For example, to add two numbers, you might have

to write an instruction in binary code, like this:
➢ 1101101010011010
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Assembly Language
➢ Programming in machine language is a tedious process.
Moreover, programs written in machine language are
very difficult to read and modify.
➢ For this reason, assembly language was created in the
early days of computing as an alternative to machine
languages. Assembly language uses a short descriptive
word, known as a mnemonic, to represent each of the
machine-language instructions.
For example,
the mnemonic add typically means to add numbers and
sub means to subtract numbers. To add the numbers 2 and
3 and get the result, you
might write an instruction in assembly code like this:
➢ add 2, 3, result

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Assembly Language
➢ Assembly languages were developed to make
programming easier. However, because the
computer cannot execute assembly language,
another program—called an assembler—is used to
translate assembly-language programs into machine
code, as shown in Figure 1.3.

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High-Level Language
➢ In the 1950s, a new generation of programming languages known as high-
level languages emerged.

➢ They are platform independent, which means that you can write a program
in a high level language and run it in different types of machines.
➢ High-level languages are English-like and easy to learn and use.

➢ The instructions in a high-level programming language are called

statements.

➢ Example
➢ computes the area of a circle with a radius of 5: area = 5 * 5 * 3.14159;

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Popular High-Level Programming Languages

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What is Source code or object code?
➢ A program written in a high-level language is called
a source program or source code.

➢ a computer cannot execute a source program, a

source program must be translated into machine
code for execution.

➢ The translation can be done using another

programming tool called an interpreter or a
compiler.

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Compiler & Interpreter
➢ An interpreter reads one statement from the source
code, translates it to the machine code or virtual
machine code by line by line, and then executes it
right away.

➢ A compiler translates the entire source code into a

machine-code file at one time.

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 Programming Syntax?
print out Hello to the Screen
Java C# C++ python php JavaScript

System.out.print(“Hello”); Console.WriteLine(“Hello”); Cout<<”Hello”; print(“Hello”) echo “Hello”; console.log(“Hello”)

;

get intput from the Keyboard

Java C# C++ python php JavaScript
data=scanner.next(); data=console.readLine(); cin>>data; data=input() data={$_PO data=prompt();
ST['userna
me']}

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Translate from source code to object code

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Step to develop a computer program:
1. Define and analyze the problems or
requirements
2. Design the Algorithm
3. Code/develop the Program
4. Test/Debug
5. Document/Maintainance

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Define and analyze the problem
➢ studies the problem.
➢ decides the best way to solve these problems.
Studying a problem is also necessary because it
helps a programmer to decide about the following
things:
➢ 1)The facts and figures which are necessary for
developing the program.
➢ 2)The way in which the program will be designed
➢ also, the language in which the program will be
most suitable.
➢ 3)What is the desired output and in which form it is
needed, etc.
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Design the Algorithm

➢ An algorithm is a sequence of steps that must be

carried out before a programmer starts preparing his
program. The programmer designs an algorithm to
help visual possible alternatives in a program also.

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Code/develop the program

➢ The next step after designing the algorithm is to

write the program in a high-level language. This
process is known as coding.

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Test/debug

➢ The process of executing the program to find out

errors or bugs is called test execution.
➢ It helps a programmer to check the logic of the
program.
➢ It also ensures that the program is error-free and
workable.

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What is Debug?

➢Debugging is a process of detecting, locating and

correcting the bugs in a program.
➢ It is performed by running the program again and
again.

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Document/maintainance
➢ When the program is finalized, its documentation is
prepared. Final documentation is provided to the
user. It guides the user how to use the program in
the most efficient way.

➢ Furthermore, another purpose of documentation is

to allow other programmers to modify the code if
necessary. Documentation should also be done in
each step during the development of the program.

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Program Development Life Cycle

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Homework
➢ Search the most popular Programming Languages?
➢ What can do with it?
➢ Why does it popular ?

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 Thank!!
Any Questions
Reference Link
➢ http://sciencerack.com/6-steps-of-program-
development-process-with-detailed-description/
➢ http://sciencerack.com/communication-protocol/

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