Course Title:

Wireless Communication and Mobile

Computing

Course code:-SWEG 3053

Course Content
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Wireless Communication
Chapter 2 :Wireless Communication Principle and Fundamentals
Chapter 3 :Wireless Telecommunication Technologies
Chapter 4 :Mobile Computing
Chapter 5 :Security in Wireless Communication
Chapter 6 :Mobile Management
 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to Wireless Communication

Basics in Wireless Communication System

Evolution of Wireless Communication
Types of Wireless Communication or Network
Current Wireless Communication System
Challenges in Wireless Communication
Standards
Application areas of wireless networking/communication
Basics in Wireless Communication System…
Recalling points

Data Communication :
A process that allows information to pass between a machines (sender and Receiver). OR
Transfer of meaningful information between two locations

Telecommunications
Is Type of communication between different parties which are located far apart by a
means of electrical or electromagnetic techniques.
Communication has 5 basic entities :
Transmitter
Meaningful Information ! Message
Transmission Channel or Medium
Communication Protocol
Receiver
Basics in Wireless Communication System…

General Block Diagram of Communication

The effectiveness of a communication is function of
Delivery Delivering to the right recipient.
Accuracy : -- Accurate delivery of the actual data.
Timeliness: - Delivering the data at the right time.
Jitter :  Uneven delay that may occur during the delivery.
Basics in Wireless Communication System…

Channel: is a path between two communication devices

Channel capacity: How much data can be passed through the channel (bit/sec)
Also called Channel bandwidth
The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!
Channels are Two types:
1 Physical -> Wired (Cables)
2 Wireless -> Air interface
Wireless Communication Mediums
TV and Radio Broadcast :
 Distribute signals through the air over long distance
 Uses an antenna

 Radio is considered to be the first wireless service to be broadcast.

 It is an example of a Simplex Communication System where the information is transmitted

only in one direction and all the users receiving the same data.
Basics in Wireless Communication System…

Cellular Radio
A form of broadcast radio used for mobile communication
High frequency radio waves to transmit voice or data
Utilizes frequency-reuse - concept of using the same radio frequencies within a given
area.
Microwave Channels
Radio waves providing high speed transmission
They are point-to-point (can't be obstructed)
Used for satellite communication
Infrared (IR)
Wireless transmission media that sends signals using infrared light-waves
Basics in Wireless Communication System…

What is Wireless Communication ?

is basically transmitting/receiving voice as well as data
using electromagnetic wave (EM) waves in open space,
basically free from wires.
The information from sender to receiver usually carried
over a well defined frequency channel
 Evolution of Wireless Communication ...

Wireless communications is one of the fastest growing segments of

the telecommunications industry.
Wireless communication systems, such as cellular, cordless and
satellite
phones as well as wireless local area networks (WLANs) have found
widespread use.
Primitive Wireless Communications systems :
Smoke signals
Flashing lights
Flags
etc...
…Evolution of Wireless Communication ...
•Wireless network utilize Radio Frequency as Transmission
medium.
•The First Radio transmission Started in 1895

•The first radio-based wireless transmission between two

places Guglielmo Marconi
•Marconi successfully transmitted a radio signal across the
Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall to Newfoundland
•The first bidirectional communication across the Atlantic
Ocean was established.
•Radio-based transmission continued to evolve
…Evolution of Wireless Communication ...
1) Mobile Telephony System
• The first public mobile telephone system Mobile Telephone System
(MTS)
•It was also known as Car-based mobile Telephony
• Mobile transceivers of MTS were very big and could be carried only
by vehicles.
•MTS was Analog system
• meaning that it processed voice information as a continuous
waveform.
•The system was half-duplex
• Communication parties at a time could either speak or listen.
• To switch between the two modes, users had to push a specific button
on the terminal.
•MTS utilized a Base Station (BS) with a single high-power transmitter.

• Base Stations utilized the same frequencies.

• Due to power limitations, mobile units transmitted not directly to the BS
but to receiving sites
…Mobile Telephony System
How a call happen in MTS ?
The caller first called a special number to connect to an MTS operator.
The caller informed the operator of the mobile subscriber's number.
Then the operator searched for an idle channel in order to relay the call to the mobile
terminal.
Major limitations:
Manually Switching of calls.
limited channels are available (3 channels)
Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS)
 Utilized automatic call switching
 Enhanced its mode of transmission  Full-duplex
 The intermediation of the operator in a call Eliminated.
 Number of channel increased to 23
 IMTS has problem:
 providing a small capacity Because spectrum usage.
…Evolution of Wireless Communication ...
2) Analog Cellular Telephony Era
•The first cellular concept issued at AT&T Bell laboratories.
•The cellular concept replaces high-coverage BSs with a
number of low-coverage stations.
•Area of coverage of each such BS -> Cell
•The system was divided into a set of adjacent, non-
overlapping cells.
•The available spectrum is partitioned into channels.
•Each BS is connected via wires to a device-> Mobile
Switching Center (MSC)
•The first generation of cellular systems (1G systems) -
concept is designed
•Analog cellular systems were the first step for the mobile
telephony industry.
…Evolution of Wireless Communication ...

3) Digital Cellular Telephony

The limitation in Analog cellular Eras Alleviated in Digital cellular era
The major issue : data is represented digitally
Voice signals through an Analog to Digital (A/D) converter -> bitstream to modulate an
RF carrier.
The major advantage of Digital Era:
Privacy and security
In digital systems, it is possible to apply error detection and error correction techniques to
the voice bitstream.
RF carrier is shared by more than one user, either by using different time slots or different
codes per user.
The Second Generation cellular (2G) network is conceived here.
 4) Cordless Phones
Evolution of Wireless Communication ...

• The Invention of Phone has :

i) The Primarily aim to replace the cord of conventional
telephones with a wireless link.
ii) To enable user move while speaking -> Mobility
• Early cordless telephones were analog: - Poor call Quality this
changed in 1G of digital cordless telephones
E.g. Cordless Phones
• 1G digital cordless telephone was successful, However
Handset Usage Restriction
• Telepoint system avoid the restriction -> 2G digital cordless
phone
• The other problem is roaming between telepoint BSs was not
supported
…Evolution of Wireless Communication ...
5) Wireless Data System
The first wireless data system is developed in 1970's at University of Hawaii.
ALOHANET Research project
"The idea of the project was to offer bi-directional communications between computers
spread over four islands and a central computer on the island of Oahu without the use of
phone lines."
Wider Area Data System, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS), Wireless ATM
(WATM), etc
…Evolution of Wireless Communication ...
6) Satellite Communication/Network
• Most Useful wireless communication technology.
• Utilize the application of Satellite to enable
communication regardless of geographical
location.
•What Befits such communication brought?
• No need to bother about the cell phone mast or
not.
• Avoids the need of physical connection.
• Ensure that users are completely free from
telecommunication infrastructure.
Types of Wireless network
Based on Coverage area Wireless Network are :
1) Wireless LANs (WLAN)
Wi-Fi Networks: IEEE 802.11 (CSMA/CA)
Ad-hoc Networks: useful when infrastructure not available
Personal Area Networks (PAN): IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth)
2) Wireless MANs (WMAN)
WiMAX Networks: IEEE 802.16
Mesh Networks: Multi-hop Wi-Fi
3) Wireless WANs (WWAN)
Cellular Networks: GSM, GPRS, UMTS, LTE
Satellite Networks: Iridium
Types of Wireless network
1) Infrastructure-less Wireless Network
• A collection of mobile hosts forming a
temporary network without the aid of
centralized administration. Instead, devices
on the wireless network connect directly to
each other
E.g. Ad-Hoc networks.
• Devices communicate with each other
using multi-hop links
• E.g. Bluetooth is one of the technologies
that can be used for ad hoc networking.
Types of Wireless Network
Wireless Network is categorized in to :
1) Infrastructure Wireless Network
Mobile Units communicate with each other via fixed infrastructure.
Such as Cellular Communication, Wi-Fi

•In infrastructure mode, all communication needs

to go through the access point (AP) which connects
wireless devices (Stations) to wired network.

•Whereas in ad hoc mode(Infrastructureless

mode), each node transmits data directly to other
nodes without access point.
Infrastructure based wireless NW
Types of Wireless Communications
Some of the current wireless communication systems:
1 ) Television and Radio Broadcasting
2) Satellite Communication
3 )Radar
4) Mobile Telephone System (Cellular Communication)
5 )Global Positioning System (GPS)
6 )Infrared Communication
7) WLAN (Wi-Fi)
8) Bluetooth
9 )Paging
10) Cordless Phones
11 ) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
How Wireless transmission ?

Wireless Transmission systems consist of:

• Transmitters:-> Small devices in Mobile
Units for transmitting
• Antennas-> radiates electromagnetic energy
into air
• Receivers->Small devices in Mobile Units
for Receiving signals.
• Transmitters + receivers -> transceivers
Why Wireless Communication ?

Some Advantages of Wireless Communication

1) Freedom From Wires
no cost of installing wires or rewiring ! No bunches of wires running here and there
provide Instantaneous communication without the need for physical connection setup
(Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX)
2) Global Coverage
Communications can reach anywhere in places such as rural areas,Battleelds, Vehicles, Space
(via man-made stars)
3) Stay Connected
Roaming Service: which allows exibility to stay connected anywhere and anytime
4) Flexibility
Office-based wireless workers can network without sitting at dedicated computers and can
continue to do productive work while away from the office.
Challenges in wireless Communication
Multipath Propagation:
Signal travels from its source to destination, in between there are obstacles  Signal
propagate in paths beyond the direct line of sight due to reflections, refraction and
diffraction and scattering.
Path loss:
is the attenuation of the transmitted signal strength as it propagates away from the sender.
Determined as the ratio between the powers of the transmitted signal to the receiver signal.
Not the same for every wireless communication.
Limited Spectrum:
frequency channel/spectrum are shared by many wireless technologies and not by one single
wireless technology.
Security:
is the major concern in any type of communication.
Dynamic topology : Nodes may come and go, or networks whose status changes in time
Standards
Communication systems that interact with each other require standardization.
Standards defined what is needed for interoperability.
Standards do not include all the details on all aspects of the system design.
The main goal of standardization is interoperability.
International standardization authorities are :
 National Organizations: established by treaty among national governments,
 Those comprising voluntary, nontreaty organizations.

Standard Organization for Communication and Networks:

ITU: (International Telecommunication Union)
ETSI
ISO: (International Standardization Organization)
IETF: (Internet Engineering Task Force) etc
Standards
IEEE : (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
"has a standardization group that develops standards in the area of electrical
engineering and computing".
Families of IEEE :
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet, CSMA/CD)
IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus)
IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring)
IEEE 802.6 (MAN)
IEEE 802.11 (WLAN/Wi-Fi, CSMA/CA)
IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
 CHAPTER TWO

2 Wireless Communication Principle and Fundamentals

The Electromagnetic Spectrum.
Wireless Communication characteristics and Modelling.
Analogy and Digital Transmission.
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System
Multiple access for wireless systems
Wireless Services: Circuit and Data( packet) model
 Wireless Communication Principle and Fundamentals

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of
EM radiation
Types of EM radiation that make up the electromagnetic
spectrum:-
microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and
gamma-rays.
Electromagnetic Spectrum….
The Electromagnetic Spectrum…

The complete range of electromagnetic radiation.

The range is divided in to small parts -> Bands
Higher bands have more bandwidth and can carry more
data. But it can not be used for wireless transmissions
Electromagnetic Spectrum….
Radio: Your radio captures radio waves emitted by radio stations.
 Emittedby stars  and gases in space.
Microwave: used by astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby galaxies.
Infrared: Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light emitted by our skin and
objects with heat. In space, infrared light helps us map the dust between stars.
Visible: Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light bulbs, and stars all emit visible
light.
Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun and are the reason skin tans and
burns. "Hot" objects in space emit UV radiation as well.
X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses them to see
through your bag. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays.
Gamma ray: Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see inside your body. The biggest
gamma-ray generator of all is the Universe
The Electromagnetic Spectrum…

Lower Bands Spectrums

Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared waves
Higher Bands Spectrums
Ultraviolet (UV).
X-Rays
Gamma rays
Why Higher bands not used for wireless transmission?
Difficult to modulate
Dangerous for living creatures
Typically shorter range
Easily blocked by obstacles.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum…
What are Electromagnetic
James Clerk Maxwell
waves ?
•In 1867, James Clerk Maxwell  British physicist
predicted that there should be light with even longer
wavelengths than infrared light.
• In 1887 Heinrich Hertz  German physicist
demonstrated the existence of the waves predicted
by Maxwell by producing radio waves in his laboratory.
Heinrich Hertz
The Electromagnetic Spectrum…
Electromagnetic waves(EMW)
created by the movement of electrons and have the ability to propagate
through space.
generated via an electromagnetic field(EMF).
The speed of an electrical charge is changed.
Both transmitters and receptor employ this EMF/EMW
Transmitter :Vibrates electrons, which are the particles that orbit all atoms and
contain electricity.
Receptor :by examining values of electrical signals that are induced to the
receiver's antenna by the incoming wave.
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum..
Electromagnetic waves has 2 fundamental components:
Frequency
Wavelength
Frequency : how many times the wave is repeated in one second
Wavelength : refers to the distance between two consecutive maximum or minimum
peaks of the electromagnetic wave transmission.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum..
1) Radio Transmission
Utilize the radio frequency (RF waves)
The first to be applied in wireless communications.
RF came with two flavour :
1) Lower frequency radio bands - TV and radio broadcasting
2 ) High frequency radio bands - Fast data services + having high bandwidth
2 ) Microwave Transmission
They have small wavelengths compared to the other radio waves.
It is a line-of-sight wireless communication technology that uses high
frequency beams of radio waves to provide high speed wireless connections
that can send and receive voice, video, and data information
The Electromagnetic Spectrum…

3) Infrared Transmission
Unguided infrared waves are widely used for short-range communication.
Are relatively directional, cheap, and easy to build.
Disadvantage:- infrared waves do not pass through solid walls.

4) Visible light.
The tiny part of the spectrum between UV and Infrared (IR).
The segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can
view.
More simply, this range of wavelengths is called visible light. Typically,
the human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometers. E.g.
rainbow
Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling
An important issue in wireless communications
the amount of information that can be carried over a wireless channel Bit Rate.
Shannon's formula gives the Upper bound on the bit rate of any channel.
Noisy Channel: Shannon capacity
In reality, we cannot have a noiseless channel; the channel is always noisy.

Shannon capacity is used, to determine the theoretical highest data rate for a noisy
channel:
Capacity = bandwidth * log (1 + SNR)
2
SNR = (Power of signal) / (power of noise).
The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is usually expressed in decibels (dB) given by the

formula: 10 * log10(S/N)
E.g. signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 is commonly expressed as: 10 * log (1000) =
10
30 dB.
Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling
In real wireless channels the bit rates can be occurred in
wirless communication due to the following few factors
Thermal noise
"Besides thermal noise, there exist a number of impairments on the wireless
channels that cause reception errors“.
This thermal noise actually occurs regardless of the applied voltage because

the charge carriers vibrate as a result of the temperature.

Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling…
• Free Space Path Loss
Signal attenuation due to distance between the
transmitter and the receiver.
In free space, the received power is proportional to d ,
where d is the distance between the transmitter and
the receiver.
Path loss is the loss of power of an RF signal
travelling (propagating) through space.
• Doppler shift
When the transmitter or the receiver is moving, the
frequency of the received signal changes ,.i.e. it is
different than the frequency of transmission. This is
called Doppler Effect. The change in frequency is
Doppler effect on a sound wave for a case of
called Doppler shift moving car
This phenomenon becomes important when
developing mobile radio systems.
Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling…
Multipath Propagation
 Cause multiple versions of signal arrive at the receiver due to the following factors:-
Reflection
occurs when an electromagnetic wave falls on an object with dimensions very large
compared to the wave's wavelength.
Scattering
when the signal is obstructed by objects with dimensions in the order of the wavelength of
the electromagnetic wave.
This phenomenon causes the energy of the signal to be transmitted over different directions
and is the most difficult to predict.
Diffraction
also known as shadowing->impossible to pass through
Occurs when an electromagnetic wave falls on an impenetrable object
Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling

Factors for Multipath Propagation

Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling..
Wireless Propagation Modelling
Predicting the actual signal arriving at a receiver is too difficult
However theoretically, the signal arriving at the receiver needs to be predicted.
Propagation models :- "A set of mathematical expressions, algorithms and diagrams
that predict the propagation of a signal in a given environment."
Propagation Model comes in the following flavour:
1) Empirical/Statistical
2 ) Deterministic / Theoretical'
3) Combination of the Empirical and Theoretical
Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling..
Empirical propagation Modelling
based on extensive experimental data and statistical analysis which enable us to compute
the received signal level in a given propagation medium.
Implicitly take into account all the factors that affect signal propagation.
This models are computationally efficient and accurate.
The accuracy is affected by the accuracy of the measurements that are used.
Theoretical propagation Modelling
base their predictions not on measurements but on principles of wave theory.
independent of measurements and thus their predictions are more accurate for a wide range
of different environments
they are expressed by algorithms that are very complex and thus computationally
inefficient.
Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling..
In terms of the radio environment they describe, propagation models can be categorized
into Indoor and outdoor models
Outdoor subdivided into
Macrocell models describing propagation over large outdoor areas.
Microcell models describing propagation over small outdoor areas.

Bit Error Rate (BER) Modelling of Wireless

A number electromagnetic wave propagation impairments, such as free-space loss and
thermal noise, fading are the primary cause of reception errors in wireless
communications
Wireless channels are more prone to bit errors than wired channels.
The primary disadvantage of wireless transmission when compared with wired
transmission, it has a higher Bit Error Rate (BER)
Wireless communication Characteristics and Modelling..

In wireless communication environment,

many copies of the signals get combined at
the receiver side and some of them
constructively combines and some of them
destructively combines. ...

This kind of process of signal

deterioration by the multiple propagation
constructive Vs destructive waves
path of a signal is called 'Fading'.
Wireless communication Characteristics
and Modelling….
Bit Error Rate(BER) is defined as:
The ratio of how many bits received in error over the
number of total bits received is the BER.
Primary reasons for the occurrence of Bit Error ?
Atmospheric noise
Physical obstructions found in the signal's path.
Multipath propagation and Signal interference
Analog and Digital Transmission

Transmitter : is to change the message signal into a form suitable for

transmission over the channel. This modification is achieved by means of
Modulation.
Channel-> transmission line
Receiver: for reconstructing the original message signal from the received
signal. This reconstruction is done by means of Demodulation.
Analogy and Digital Transmission
Two forms of transmission:
 digital transmission: data transmission using square waves
 analog transmission: data transmission using all other waves (Sign Wave)
An important parameter of message relaying between a source and a destination
is whether the message is analog signal/data or digital signal/data.

Analog signals take continuous values

in time Digital change between certain levels at specific time positions.
Analog and Digital Transmission…
Analog Transmission
is a transmission method which convey information. using a continuous signal different in
Amplitude, phase and other property of waves.
Such as Voice, Image, data, videos and other

Four possibilities to consider:

1) Analog data via Analog transmission → e.g., radio , TV
2) Analog data via Digital transmission →e.g., voice, audio, video
3) Digital data via Analog transmission → broadband & wireless
4) Digital data via Digital transmission → baseband (e.g., Ethernet)
Digital data needs to be carried on an analog signal. ) D/Ac Converter
Digital-to-Analog Converter :
is a process of changing one of the characteristics of analog signal based on the infor. in the
actual data.
Analogy and Digital Transmission…

Digital-to-Analog Converter
Analogy and Digital Transmission…

The high frequency signal which has a certain phase, frequency, and amplitude but contains
no information, is called a carrier signal. It is an empty signal. It is just used to carry the signal
to the receiver after modulation.
A carrier signal performs the function of transporting the digital data in an analog waveform.
The analog carrier signal is manipulated to uniquely identify the digital data being carried.
Analogy and Digital Transmission…
Modulation Method Classification
Modulation is the process of converting data into electrical signals
form for transmission.
Analog modulation is typically used for AM, FM radio, and short-
wave broadcasting.
Digital modulation involves transmission of binary signals (0 and 1).

Reading Assignment
Analog modulation Vs Digital modulation
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

What is Modulation?
• The Modulation is a technique used
for the encoding of information from a
message source in a way that is
suitable for transmission. This is done
by altering the properties of a wave.
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

Modulation technique is used to change the signal characteristics.

 types of modulation:
i ) Analog Modulation
ii ) Digital Modulation

Why Modulation?
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

Analog Modulation
In analog modulation, analog signal (sinusoidal signal) is used
as a carrier signal that modulates the message signal or data
signal.
Three parameters can be altered to get modulation – they are
amplitude, frequency and phase
Types of analog modulation :
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• The process of changing the
amplitude of the high frequency
carrier signal with respect to the
instantaneous value of the
modulating (message) signal, giving
the frequency and the phase constant

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

Frequency Modulation (FM)

• The process of changing the
frequency of the carrier signal with
respect to the instantaneous value of
the modulating signal, giving the
amplitude and the phase of the
carrier signal constant.
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

Phase modulation
• It is very similar with frequency
modulation, the only difference is in phase
modulation the phase of the carrier signal
changes with the change of the amplitude
of the baseband signal.

•The frequency and the amplitude remains

the same, but the phase suddenly changes.
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

• Digital data more specifically , binary data changes the properties

of the carrier signals.
 Modulation Techniques of Wireless System
Types of Digital Modulations
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): is implemented by changing the amplitude
of a carrier signal to respect amplitude levels in the digital signal.
Frequency Shift Keying(FSK): The digital data stream changes the frequency of the
carrier signal.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): by varying the phase shift of the carrier signal to represent
digital data. The phase changes at the point where binary value 1 changes to binary value 0
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) : it is a form of PSK in which two bits are
modulated at once represents 00, 01, 10, or 11.. This is the deference b/n other modulation
which modulate one bits at once.
It can carry twice information then PSK
Used for satellite transmission and cellular systems
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): is implemented by changing

the amplitude of a carrier signal with respect to the amplitude
levels in the digital signal.
Modulation Techniques of Wireless System

•Frequency Shift Keying: The

digital data stream changes the
frequency of the carrier signal.
Multiple access of wireless Communication systems
There are two types of channels :
1) Control Channel : to connect or work with the network , signalling
control between the mobile station and the mobile
Forward (downlink) control channel
Reverse (uplink) control channel

2) Traffic channel : It is data or payload related to transmit the encoded

the actual voice data in case of telecommunication system
Forward traffic (information) channel
Reverse traffic (information) channel
Multiple access of wireless Communication systems ...
What is Multiple Access ?
Multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the
same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it.
Multiple access schemes to allow many users to share simultaneously
a finite amount of radio spectrum resources.
There are two types of communication systems in cellular system
1. Uplink : the communication between the mobile and base station
2. Downlink : the communication between the bases station and
mobile
Multiple access of wireless Communication systems
Multiple Access Techniques
1) Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
2) Time division multiple access (TDMA)
3) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
4) Space division multiple access (SDMA)
Multiple access of wireless Communication systems
Frequency division multiple access
(FDMA):
•Different frequency bands are allocated
for different users
• Each assigned channel is extensively
used by that user only
•It is often used in the first generation of
analog mobile phone.
•Used in analog Advanced Mobile Phone
Systems
Multiple access of wireless Communication systems
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Each user is allowed to transmit only within specified time intervals
(time slots).
Different users transmit in different time slots.
When users transmit they occupy the whole frequency bandwidth 
separation among users is performed in the time domain
It facilitates many users to share the same frequency without
interference.
Applied on digital cellular telephone communication technology.
Multiple access of wireless Communication systems
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
..Multiple access of wireless Communication systems..

Assignment one : Code division multiple access (CDMA)Vs

Space division multiple access(SDMA)
Differentiate the two multiple access techniques
Their Application in telecom technologies
Wireless Services
In all communication systems, including wireless systems,
transmission of information,(i.e. voice or data-related) between a
source and a destination station is not direct.
The intermediate nodes are also referred to as switching nodes and the
network is known as a switched network-> helps to decide the best
route for data transmission
Two type of switched network :- In a network there are two
fundamental approaches to transfer data b/n devices .
1) Circuit Switching
2) Packet Switching
Wireless Services
Circuit Switching
There should be a dedicated link between the Communicating parties
Ideal for a communication which require data transmitted in real-time
-> traditional telephone call
To transfer data in a circuit switched network, three procedures
should be conducted.
1) Connection establishment
2) Data transfer
3) Connection disconnection
Wireless Services

Circuit switching
..Wireless Services… Circuit switching
Advantages of Circuit switching
It is suitable for long continuous transmission, since a continuous
transmission route is established, that remains throughout the
conversation.
The dedicated path ensures a steady data rate of communication.
No intermediate delays are found once the circuit is established.
Which results with a suitable real time communication of both voice
and data transmission
..Wireless Services… Circuit switching
Disadvantages of circuit switching
The dedicated connection cannot be used for transmitting any other
data, even if the data load is very low.
Bandwidth requirement is high even in cases of low data volume.
There is underutilization of system resources.
Once resources are allocated to a particular connection, they cannot be
used for other connections.
Time required to establish connection may be high.
..Wireless Services…
Packet switching
Packet switching works by transmitting packets which most of the times are relatively
small.
More efficient and more flexible if some amount of delay is acceptable-> normally
Handel digital data
Large packets broken into a number of smaller packets.
Apart from the user's data, each packet carries a control header, which contains
information that the network needs to deliver the packet to its destination.
packet can follow a different route inside the switched network in order to reach its
destination.
In each switching node, incoming packets are stored and the node has to pick up one
of its neighbours to hand it the packet.
The internet is based on a packet switching protocol, TCP/IP
..Wireless Services…
Circuit switching Vs Packet switching
Questions?
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End of chapter