Distributed And Parallel
Syste
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Contents
1. Definition of Distributed System
2. Examples/Aplication of Distributed System
3. Advantage and Disadvantages of Distributed System
4. Definition Of Parallel System
5. Examples/Aplications of Paralel System
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Paralel System
DEFINITION
A distributed system is a collection of
independent computers, interconnected via
a network, capable of collaborating on a
task.
A distributed system can be characterized
as a collection of multiple autonomous
computers that communicate over a
communication network and having following
features: • No common Physical clock
• Enhanced Reliability
• Increased performance/cost
ratio
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• Access to geographically remote data and resources
A Distributed
System
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Examples of Distributed System
Telephone Networks and Cellular Networks
Computer Networks Such as internet or intranet
ATM(bank) Machines
Distributed database and distributed database
management system
Network of Workstations
Mobile Computing etc.
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Advantages Of Distributed System
Information Sharing among Distributed Users
Resource Sharing
Extensibility and Incremental growth
Shorter Response Time and Higher Output
Higher Reliability
Better Flexibility’s in meeting User’s needs
Better price/performance ratio
Scalability
Transparency
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Disadvantages of Distributed System
Difficulties of developing distributed software
Networking Problem
Security Problems
Performance
Openness
Reliability and Fault Tolerance
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DEFINITION
A system is said to be a Parallel System in which
multiple processor have direct access to shared
memory which forms a common address space.
Usually tightly-coupled system are referred to as
Parallel System. In these systems, there is a single
system wide primary memory (address space) that is
shared by all the processors. On the other hand
Distributed System are loosely-coupled system.
Parallel computing is the use of two or more
processors (cores, computers) in combination to
solve a single problem.
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A Parallel System
Applications of Parallel System
An example of Parallel computing would be two
servers that share the workload of routing mail,
managing connections to an accounting system
or database, solving a mathematical problem
etc
Supercomputers are usually placed in parallel
system architecture
Terminals connected to single server
EXAMPLE: The Earth Simulator Supercomputer
from (2002-2004)
Advantages of Parallel System
Provide Concurrency(do multiple things at the
same time)
Taking advantage of non-local resources
Cost Savings
Overcoming memory constraints
Save time and money
Global address space provides a user-friendly
programming perspective to memory
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Disadvantages of Parallel System
Primary disadvantage is the lack of scalability
between memory and CPUs.
Programmer responsibility for synchronization
constructs that ensure "correct" access of
global memory.
It becomes increasingly difficult and expensive
to design and produce shared memory
machines with ever increasing numbers of
processors.
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Parallel vs. Distributed System
Parallel Systems Distributed Systems
Memory Tightly coupled system Weakly coupled system
shared memory Distributed memory
Control Global clock No global clock
control control
Processor Order of Order of
interconnection Tbps Gbps
Main focus Performance Performance(cost and scalability)
Scientific Reliability/availability
computing Information/resource sharing
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Sources / References
Websites en.wikipedia.org
books.google.com
www.seminarprojects.com
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com
www.webopedia.com
https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials
www.cis.upenn.edu
Books Distributed System by Coulouris
Distributed Computing by Ajay D.
Kshemkalyani,Mukesh Singhal
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Thank
You
