9th
GRADE
CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS
OF A REAL VARIABLE
PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS
FUNCTIONS
PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
● f (x) is a bounded function which have numbers A and a
a < f (x)< A for all x [a, b]
Any numbers that satisfied this relation are called lower bound and upper bound.
● The least number in f(x) is called minimum while the biggest number is called maximum.The difference between
this two is called oscillation.
● f(x) takes every value between its least and largest which known as intermediate value theorem.
● The property called average value theorem is known when :
● Given ε > 0, the interval [a, b] can be divided into a number of intervals in each of
which the oscillation of the function is less than ε.
● Given ε > 0, there is a subdivision of [a, b], a = x^0 < x^1 < x^2 < … < xn = b, such
that in each subinterval (x^i, x^i+1)
We can represent f(x) locally by linear interpolation toto within any prescribe error bound by
making the stabulation sufficiently fine.
WEIERSTRASS THEOREM
Given ε > 0, f (x) can be approximated on the interval [a, b] by a polynomial of
suitable degree such that
| f (x) − p^n (x) | ε for x [a, b]
But this theorem can’t tell us on how to obtain p^n (x)
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions,the function will have:
● af(x),where a is the constant
● f(x)+g(x)
● f(x) g(x)
● f(x)/g(x) ,except g(x) is 0
the composite function f (g(x)) is continuous at x^0 if g(x) is continuous at x^0 and
f (x) is continuous at x = g(x^0).
EXAMPLE
f(x) = x2 - 2x + 1
limx → c f(x) = limx → c (x2 - 2x + 1)
f(x) = c2 - 2c + 1
f(x) = f(c)
So, f is continuous at x = c
EXAMPLE
Consider f(x)=x^3 + 1 and interval I=[−2,2]. Determine minimum and maximum
values.
Since the function is continuous on the closed interval I, this function has a
minimum and a maximum on the interval. The function graph shows that at
x=−2 the function has a minimum value f(−2)=−7
and at x=2 is a maximum value f(2)=9
CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS DISCONTINUOUS
● A technique used to show ● Mostly have hole,
f(x) is continuous asymptote, or jumps which
● A function when one that mean need to break the
can be drawn without line
lifting hand from paper ● When f(x) not equals to
● When f(x) = f(a) f(a)
STEP TO TEST THE CONTINUITY
1. f(a) is defined
lim lim
2.x a f(x)x =a f(x)
3.lim
x a f(x) = f(a)
EXAMPLE
REFERENCE
WEB
● Petrov, Y. (2015, September 11). Function Continuity,Properties of
continuous functions. Properties of Continuous Functions.
https://www.math10.com/en/algebra/functions/function-continuity/fu
nction-continuity.html
● Libretexts. (2021, September 5). 3.4: Properties of Continuous
Functions. Mathematics LibreTexts.
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analysis/Introduction_to_M
athematical_Analysis_I_(Lafferriere_Lafferriere_and_Nguyen)/03%
3A_Limits_and_Continuity/3.04%3A_Properties_of_Continuous_Fu
nctions
