Installation Of Linux

Distributions
Hardware Requirement
For Installing Linux Server/ Desktop Operating
System, it need a specific configuration of  hardware
platform.
Processor Requirements
Intel
AMD
Cyrix
VIA processor are used for Linux
Minimum Requirement for 32-bit version.
Intel Pentium or better processor, and is optimized for
Pentium 4 and later processors.
Hardware Requirement
Processor Requirements
Recommended for text-mode:
 200 MHz Pentium-class or better
Recommended for graphical:
 400 MHz Pentium II or better
Memory Requirements
Minimum RAM for text-mode: 128MB
Minimum RAM for graphical: 192MB
Recommended RAM for graphical: 256MB
Hardware Requirement
Hard Disk Space Requirement
Minimum space required at the initial stage at the time
of installation is 90 MB
 which required some additional space of 175 MB.
total disk covers 9 GB space after the installation of all
the packages including Java, Apache, Eclipse and Java
Applications software.
Minimum Requirement for 64-bit version.
Minimum RAM for text-mode: 128MB
Minimum RAM for graphical: 256MB
Recommended RAM for graphical: 512MB
Hardware Requirement
PowerPC Hardware Requirements
Recommended for text-mode:
 233 MHz G3 or better, 128MiB RAM.
Recommended for graphical:
 400 MHz G3 or better, 256MiB RAM.
Various Method Of Installing Linux
FTP server across the network
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used as one of the
most common means of copying files between servers
over the Internet.
By default, the VSFTPD package allows regular Linux
users to copy files to and from their home directories
with an FTP client using their Linux
VSFTPD - Very Secure FTP Daemon
 is an FTP server for Unix-like systems, including Linux. It is
licensed under the GNU General Public License. It supports
IPv6 and SSL.
Various Method Of Installing Linux
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP web server across the network

Installer request from HTTP server.
The server, which stores content (or resources) such as
HTML files and images (installer OS Linux).
Various Method Of Installing Linux
Network File System (NFS)
Network file system protocol originally developed by
Sun Microsystems
NFS is often used with Unix operating systems such as
Solaris, AIX, HP-UX and Unix-like operating systems
(such as Linux).
The server implements NFS daemon processes (running
by default as nfsd) in order to make its data generically
available to clients.
Various Method Of Installing Linux
Server Message Block (SMB)
mainly used to provide shared access to files, printers,
serial ports, and miscellaneous communications
between nodes on a network.
Installer for Linux OS can request from server use SMB.
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
Use installer that contains in HDD.
User copy file OS for Linux CD.
Installation from one or more CD-ROMs
Use live CD for installation.
Multiple Partitions
Benefits of multiple partitions
Separation of the operating system and program files,
from user files
Having an area for operating system virtual memory
swapping/paging.
Keeping frequently used programs and data near each
other.
Use of multi booting setups, which allow users to have
more than one operating system on a single computer.
Raising overall computer performance on systems where
smaller file systems are more efficient
Multiple Partitions
PC partition types
Primary partition
 A primary partition contains one file system.
 Though a Linux operating system may recognize a number of

different file systems (ext2, ext3, ReiserFS, etc.).

Extended partition
 primary partition which contains secondary partition(s).
Reason Create Multiple Partition
A partition with all data necessary to boot the
machine
A partition with configuration data and server
programs
One or more partitions containing the server data
such as database tables, user mails, an ftp archive etc.
A partition with user programs and applications
One or more partitions for the user specific files
(home directories)
One or more swap partitions (virtual memory)
Partitions In Linux
Data partition
Normal Linux system data, including the root partition
containing all the data to start up and run the system;
and
Swap partition
Expansion of the computer's physical memory, extra
memory on hard disk.
Most systems contain a root partition, one or
more data partitions and one or more swap
partitions.
Root Directory
The root directory
The directory on Unix-like operating systems that
contains all other directories.
Contains files on the system and which is designated by
a forward slash ( / ).
The word root, when used by itself, refers to the root
user or root account
The directory /root is a standard first tier directory in
the root directory
It is referred to as the root user's home directory
Amount of Physical Memory in The
Form of Swap Space
An example on a system with 512 MB of RAM:
1st possibility: one swap partition of 1 GB
2nd possibility: two swap partitions of 512 MB
3rd possibility: with two hard disks: 1 partition of 512 MB
on each disk.

15/7/2010…. =)
Common Linux File System
/boot
The startup files and the kernel, vmlinuz. In some recent
distributions also grub data. Grub (GRand Unified Boot
loader and) is an attempt to get rid of the many different
boot-loaders we know today.
/home
Home directories of the common users.
/usr
Programs, libraries, documentation etc. for all user-
related programs.
/opt
Typically contains extra and third party software.
Common Linux File System
/root
The administrative user's home directory. Mind the
difference between /, the root directory and /root, the
home directory of the root user.
/tmp
Temporary space for use by the system, cleaned upon
reboot, so don't use this for saving any work!
/var
Storage for all variable files and temporary files created
by users, such as log files, the mail queue, the print
spooler area, space for temporary storage of files
downloaded from the Internet, or to keep an image of a
CD before burning it.
Partitions Method
Automatically Partition
There not partitions, there mount points for your floppy
and CDROM drives.
Manual Partitioning(Graphical partitioning tool)
This will guide user deciding which partitions to mount.
Use fdisk utility
Is a menu driven program for creation and manipulation
of partition tables & create partition use command
prompt.
GNU Parted
A graphical partition editor for creating, reorganizing,
and deleting disk partitions.
Install and Start Linux
Dedicated Machine
Full installation.
 Installation that will erase all data in user hdd.
 User want to remove other type of OS like windows.
• Computer with Microsoft Windows Partition
• Dual-boot
 Shrinking user Windows partition, and installing package
commonly-used in Linux partitions.
 User can select bootloader either want Linux or Windows OS.
Boot With Bootable Linux
User need the Ultimate Boot CD to boot Linux OS.
Ultimate Boot CD need if user want to:
Run floppy-based diagnostic tools from CDROM drives.
Method of choice user need to resize/rescue partitions,
access NTFS file systems or work with USB storage
devices.
Consolidate as many diagnostic tools as possible into
one bootable CD.
Run Ultimate Boot CD from your USB memory stick.
Helps improve the chances that UBCD will boot on
any particular machine.
Boot With USB
Install favorite Linux operating system on a flash drive
or USB key no larger than thumb (Thumb Drive).
Portable Linux operating system can be run from any
computer that can boot from a USB flash device.
Allowing user to bring entire operating system with
them.
It’s user own personal operating system user can carry
in their pocket.
Boot Loaders in Linux
Function of boot loader
Responsible for configuring the CPU and other core
logic.
Highly hardware-dependent routine.
Examples when implementing to use existing BSP code
for standard development boards (SDBs) that use the
same CPU or processor.
First function that is run following a CPU reset.
Boot Loaders in Linux
Task for boot loader
Put the CPU into the correct run mode.
Disable or mask interrupts at the CPU level.
Ensure that the memory management unit (MMU) and
translation look-aside buffers (TLBs) are off.
Invalidate caches and write buffers.
Initialize the memory controller.
Initialize other necessary on-chip devices like clocks.
GRUB
What is GRUB?
GNU GRUB is a very powerful boot loader.
GRUB is designed to address the complexity of booting a
personal computer:
 both the program and this manual are tightly bound to that
computer platform.
 porting to other platforms may be addressed in the future.
GRUB
Features in GRUB
One of the important features in GRUB is flexibility.
GRUB understands file systems and kernel executable
formats, so user can load an arbitrary operating system
the way they like.
User can load the kernel just by specifying its file
name and the drive.
To let GRUB know the drive and the file name:
User can either type in them manually via the
command-line interface or use the nice menu interface.
GRUB features
Recognize multiple executable formats
Support many of the a.out variants plus ELF. Symbol
tables are also loaded.
Support non-Multiboot kernels
Support many of the various free 32-bit kernels that lack
Multiboot compliance.
Load multiples modules
Fully support the Multiboot feature of loading multiple
modules.
Load a configuration file
Support a human-readable text configuration file with
preset boot commands.
GRUB features
Provide a menu interface
A menu interface listing the preset boot commands,
with a programmable timeout.
Have a flexible command-line interface
A fairly flexible command-line interface, accessible from
the menu.
Support multiple filesystem types
Support multiple filesystem types transparently, plus a
useful explicit blocklist notation.
Support network booting
GRUB basically a disk-based boot loader but also has
network support.
 You can load OS images from a network by using the
TFTP protocol.
LILO
Linux Loader is a generic boot loader for Linux.
It will load the MBR (master boot record), into the
memory, which tell the system which partition and
hard drive to boot.
LILO is brought to life at boot time by running a tiny
program, called the boot sector.
LILO creates a table which lets the boot loader locate
the kernel files.
LILO is able to boot almost any OS.
LILO features
To set a default partition to boot.
To set the time-out value.
Determine which choices should appear in a menu.
To set kernel parameters.
To determine which partition to mount as the root
partition.
Determine whether or not to initially load a RAM disk.