Software Engineering

Chapter Two: UML

 Unified Modeling Language

 During the early 90s, there were around 50 O-O methods, among
them:
 Booch: Categories and Subsystems
 Coad and Yourdon: Class, Object, Class-&-Object
 Jacobson: Use cases, and OOSE
 Rumbaugh: Class and Associations, and OMT
 Then in 1995, Rational Software brought three industry leaders together to
create a single approach to object-oriented systems development.
 Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh (the three amigos)
worked with others to create a standard set of diagramming techniques
known as the Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 2

 Unified Modeling Language

 The objective of UML is to provide a common vocabulary of object

oriented terms and diagramming techniques that are rich enough to
model any systems development project from analysis through
implementation.
 In November 1997, the Object Management Group (OMG) formally
accepted UML as the standard for all object developers. Over the
years since, the UML has gone through multiple minor revisions.
 After several modifications through the years the recently released
version of UML is Version 2.5

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 3

 Unified Modeling Language

 UML specification defines two major kinds of UML diagram: structure

diagrams and behavior diagrams.
 Structure diagrams show the static structure of the system and its parts
on different abstraction and implementation levels and how they are
related to each other. The elements in a structure diagram represent the
meaningful concepts of a system, and may include abstract, real world
and implementation concepts.
 Behavior diagrams show the dynamic behavior of the objects in a
system, which can be described as a series of changes to the system
over time.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 4

 Unified Modeling Language

 In addition to the two main categories UML defines four structural

relationships between things:
 Dependency (uses): A vehicle uses fuel
 Aggregation (has a): A car has axles
 Association: This vehicle is licensed by the California
Department of Motor Vehicles
 Generalization (is a): A car is a vehicle
 UML 2.5 diagrams could be categorized hierarchically as shown
below. Note, items shown in blue are not part of official UML 2.5
taxonomy of diagrams.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 5

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 6
Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Class:
 A class is used to represent various objects. It is used to define the properties
and operations of an object. In UML, we can also represent an abstract class. A
class whose functionalities are not defined is called an abstract class. Any UML
class notation is generally expressed as follows,

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 7

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Object:
 An object is an entity which is used to describe the behavior and functions of a
system. The class and object have the same notations. The only difference is that
an object name is always underlined in UML.
 The notation of any object in UML is given below.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 8

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Interface:
 An interface is similar to a template without implementation details. A circle
notation represents it. When a class implements an interface, its functionality is
also implemented.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 9

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Use-case:
 Use-cases are one of the core concepts of object-oriented modeling. They are
used to represent high-level functionalities and how the user will handle the
system.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 10

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Actor:
 It is used inside use case diagrams. The actor is an entity that interacts with the
system. A user is the best example of an actor. The actor notation in UML is given
below.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 11

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Component:
 A component notation is used to represent a part of the system. It is denoted in
UML like given below,

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 12

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Node:
 A node is used to describe the physical part of a system. A node can be used to
represent a network, server, routers, etc. Its notation is given below.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 13

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Deployment diagram:
 It represents the physical hardware on which system is installed. A
deployment diagram represents the physical view of a system. It
denotes the communication and interaction between various parts
of the system.
 A deployment diagram consists of the following notations:
 A node, A component, An artifact and An interface

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 14

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 State machine:
 It used to describe various states of a single component throughout the software
development life cycle. It is used to capture different states of a system
component.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 15

Unified Modeling Language: Notations

 Activity diagram:
 An activity diagram is used to represent various activities carried out by different
components of a system. It is denoted the same as that of the state machine
diagram. Activity diagram mainly contains initial state, final state, a decision box,
and an action notation.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 16

Unified Modeling Language: Notations
 Sequence diagram
 It is an interaction diagram which is used to visualize the message flow between
various components of a system. A sequence diagram particularly shows
interactions between one or more lifelines within real time. The notation of a
sequence diagram is given below,

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 17

 Unified Modeling Language: Notations
 Package
 which is used to group semantically related modeling elements into a single
cohesive unit. The package is the only grouping thing available in the UML.,

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 18

 Unified Modeling Language: Notations
 Annotational things
 It is like a note, which may be written to the model to capture some vital
information. It is similar to the yellow sticky note.

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 19

 Unified Modeling Language: Notations
 Association relationship
 It is a set of links that connect elements of the UML model. It also defines how
many objects are taking part in that relation. It illustrates how many elements are
participating in a particular interaction.
 It is denoted as a dotted line with arrowheads on both sides. Both the sides contain
an element which describes the relationship. A new term multiplicity is introduced
that tells us how many objects of a particular element are associated.
 Association relationship is denoted as follows,

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 20

 Unified Modeling Language: Notations
 Dependency relationship
 In this kind of a relationship, the source element is dependent upon the target
element and may be affected by changes to it. It is one of the most important
notations of UML. It defines the direction of a dependency from one object to
another.
 It is denoted by a dotted line with an arrow at one side.
Dependency relationship is denoted as follows,

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 21

 Unified Modeling Language: Notations
 Generalization relationship
 It is also called as a parent-child relationship. It is a relationship between a general
thing and a more specific kind of a thing. This type of relationship is used to
represent the inheritance concept.
 It is denoted by a straight line with a hollow arrowhead at one side.
 Generalization relationship is denoted as follows,

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 22

 Summary of UML artifacts and when to use them in system development

Object Oriented System Analysis and Design 05/11/23 23

More on UML…..
Outline

 What is UML and why we use UML?

 How to use UML diagrams to design software system?

 What UML Modeling tools we use today?

What is UML and Why we use
UML?
 UML → “Unified Modeling Language”
 Language: express idea, not a methodology

 Modeling: Describing a software system at a

high level of abstraction

 Unified: UML has become a world standard

Object Management Group (OMG): www.omg.org
What is UML and Why we use
UML?
 More description about UML:
 It is a industry-standard graphical language for
specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the
artifacts of software systems

 The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the

OO analysis and design of software projects. 

 Simplifies the complex process of software design

What is UML and Why we use
UML?
 Why we use UML?
 Use graphical notation: more clearly than natural
language (imprecise) and code (too detailed).

 Help acquire an overall view of a system.

 UML is not dependent on any one language or

technology.

 UML moves us from fragmentation to standardization.

What is UML and Why we use
UML?
Year Version
2003: UML 2.0
2001: UML 1.4
1999: UML 1.3
1997: UML 1.0, 1.1
1996: UML 0.9 & 0.91
1995: Unified Method 0.8

Booch ‘93 OMT - 2

Other methods

Booch ‘91
OMT - 1
How to use UML diagrams to
design software system?
 Types of UML Diagrams:
 Use Case Diagram
 Class Diagram
 Sequence Diagram
 Collaboration Diagram
 State Diagram

This is only a subset of diagrams … but are most widely

used
Use-Case Diagrams

 A use-case diagram is a set of use cases

 A use case is a model of the interaction
between
 External users of a software product (actors) and
 The software product itself
 More precisely, an actor is a user playing a specific role

 describing a set of user scenarios

 capturing user requirements
 contract between end user and software
developers
Use-Case Diagrams

Boundary Use Case

Actor Library System

Borrow Employee
Client

Order Title

Fine Remittance

Supervisor
 Use-Case Diagrams

 Actors: A role that a user plays with respect to the system, including human users
and other systems. e.g., inanimate physical objects (e.g. robot); an external system
that needs some information from the current system.

 Use case: A set of scenarios that describing an interaction between a user and a
system, including alternatives.

 System boundary: rectangle diagram representing the boundary between the

actors and the system.
Use-Case Diagrams

 Association:
communication between an actor and a use case; Represented by
a solid line.

 Generalization: relationship between one general use case

and a special use case (used for defining special alternatives)
Represented by a line with a triangular arrow head toward the
parent use case.
Use-Case Diagrams
Include: a dotted line labeled <<include>> beginning at base
use case and ending with an arrows pointing to the include use
case. The include relationship occurs when a chunk of
behavior is similar across more than one use case. Use
“include” in stead of copying the description of that behavior.
<<include>>

Extend: a dotted line labeled <<extend>> with an arrow toward

the base case. The extending use case may add behavior to the
base use case. The base class declares “extension points”.

<<extend>>
Use-Case Diagrams

Figure 16.12
The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005
Use-Case Diagrams

 Both Make Appointment

and Request Medication
include Check Patient
Record as a subtask
(include)

 The extension point is

written inside the base
case Pay bill; the
extending class Defer
payment adds the
behavior of this extension
point. (extend)

 Pay Bill is a parent use

case and Bill Insurance
is the child use case.
(generalization)
(TogetherSoft, Inc)
Class diagram

 A class diagram depicts classes and their interrelationships

 Used for describing structure and behavior in the use cases

 Provide a conceptual model of the system in terms of

entities and their relationships

 Used for requirement capture, end-user interaction

 Detailed class diagrams are used for developers

Class diagram

 Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into

three compartments
 Name
 Attributes
 Operations

 Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and

operations.
 ‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
 ‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and
derived)
 ‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)

 By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.

Class diagram

Name
Account_Name
- Customer_Name
Attributes
- Balance
+addFunds( ) Operations
+withDraw( )
+transfer( )
OO Relationships

 There are two kinds of Relationships

 Generalization (parent-child relationship)
 Association (student enrolls in course)

 Associations can be further classified as

 Aggregation
 Composition
 OO Relationships: Generalization

Supertype Example: Customer

Regular Loyalty
Customer Customer

Subtype1 Subtype2
-Inheritance is a required feature of object orientation
-Generalization expresses a parent/child relationship among related classes.

-Used for abstracting details in several layers

 OO Relationships: Association

 Represent relationship between instances of classes

 Student enrolls in a course
 Courses have students
 Courses have exams
 Etc.

 Association has two ends

 Role names (e.g. enrolls)
 Multiplicity (e.g. One course can have many students)
 Navigability (unidirectional, bidirectional)
Association: Multiplicity and Roles

student
1 *
University Person

0..1 *
employer teacher

Multiplicity Role
Symbol Meaning
1 One and only one
Role
0..1 Zero or one “A given university groups many people;
some act as students, others as teachers.
M..N From M to N (natural
language) A given student belongs to a single
university; a given teacher may or may not
* From zero to any positive
be working for the university at a particular
integer
time.”
0..* From zero to any positive
integer
1..* From one to any positive
Class diagram

[from UML Distilled Third Edition]

Association: Model to Implementation

* 4
Student Course
has enrolls

Class Student {
Course enrolls[4];
}

Class Course {
Student have[];
}
 OO Relationships: Composition

Whole Class
Class W Association
Models the part–whole relationship

Composition
Class P1 Class P2 Also models the part–whole relationship but, in
addition, Every part may belong to only one
whole, and If the whole is deleted, so are the
Part Classes parts
[From Dr.David A. Workman]
Example Example:
A number of different chess boards: Each square
belongs to only one board. If a chess board is
thrown away, all 64 squares on that board go as
well.

Figure 16.7
The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005
 OO Relationships: Aggregation

Container Class
Aggregation:
Class C expresses a relationship among instances of related
classes. It is a specific kind of Container-Containee
AGGREGATION
relationship.

Class E1 Class E2 express a more informal relationship than

composition expresses.

Containee Classes Aggregation is appropriate when Container and

Containees have no special access privileges to
each other.
Example
Bag

Apples Milk

[From Dr.David A. Workman]

Aggregation vs. Composition
Composition is really a strong form of association
components have only one owner
components cannot exist independent of their owner
components live or die with their owner
e.g. Each car has an engine that can not be shared with other cars.

Aggregations
may form "part of" the association, but may not be essential to it. They
may also exist independent of the aggregate. e.g. Apples may exist
independent of the bag.
Good Practice: CRC Card

Class Responsibility Collaborator

 easy to describe how classes work by moving cards
around; allows to quickly consider alternatives.
Interaction Diagrams

 showhow objects interact with one

another

 UML supports two types of

interaction diagrams
 Sequence diagrams
 Collaboration diagrams
Sequence Diagram(make a phone
call)
Caller Phone Recipient

Picks up

Dial tone

Dial

Ring notification Ring

Picks up

Hello
Sequence Diagram:Object interaction

A B
Self-Call:
Self-Call A message that an
Synchronous
Object sends to itself.

Condition: indicates when a Asynchronous

message is sent. The message is
Transmission
sent only if the condition is true. delayed

[condition] remove()
Condition
*[for each] remove()
Iteration

Self-Call
Sequence Diagrams – Object Life Spans

 Creation
 Create message A

 Object life starts at that point

 Activation Create
B
 Symbolized by rectangular stripes
 Place on the lifeline where object is
activated.
 Rectangle also denotes when object is
deactivated.
 Deletion
Activation bar
X
 Placing an ‘X’ on lifeline Return
Deletion
 Object’s life ends at that point
Lifeline
 Sequence Diagram
Us er
Message Catalog Res ervations

•Sequence diagrams demonstrate the

behavior of objects in a use case by 1: look up ()

describing the objects and the 2: title data ()

messages they pass.
3: [not available] res erve title ()

4 : title returned ()
•The horizontal dimension shows the
objects participating in the interaction. 5: hold title ()

5 : title available ()

•The vertical arrangement of 6 : borrow title ()

messages indicates their order.

6 : rem ove res ervation ()

•The labels may contain the seq. # to

indicate concurrency.
 Interaction Diagrams: Collaboration diagrams
start

6: remove reservation

3 : [not available] reserve title

User Reservations

5: title available
6 : borrow title
1: look up
2: title data

4 : title returned
Catalog

5 : hold title
Collaboration diagrams are equivalent to sequence diagrams. All the features of sequence
diagrams are equally applicable to collaboration diagrams

Use a sequence diagram when the transfer of information is the focus of attention

Use a collaboration diagram when concentrating on the classes

 State Diagrams (Billing Example)

State Diagrams show the sequences of states an object goes through

during its life cycle in response to stimuli, together with its responses and
actions; an abstraction of all possible behaviors.

Start End
Unpaid Paid
Invoice created payin Invoice destroying
g
State Diagrams (Traffic light
example)
Traffic Light Start
State
Transition Red

Yellow

Green

Event
What UML Modeling tools we use
today?
 List of UML tools
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UML_tools

 ArgoUML: http://argouml.tigris.org/

 Rational Rose (www.rational.com) by IBM

 UML Studio 7.1 ( http://www.pragsoft.com/) by Pragsoft

Corporation: Capable of handling very large models (tens of
thousands of classes). Educational License US$ 125.00;
Freeware version.

 TogetherSoft Control Center; TogetherSoft Solo (

http://www.borland.com/together/index.html) by Borland
Conclusion

 UML is a standardized specification

language for object modeling
 Several UML diagrams:
 use-case diagram: a number of use cases (use case models the
interaction between actors and software)
 Class diagram: a model of classes showing the static relationships
among them including association and generalization.
 Sequence diagram: shows the way objects interact with one another
as messages are passed between them. Dynamic model
 State diagram: shows states, events that cause transitions between
states. Another dynamic model reflecting the behavior of objects and
how they react to specific event
 There are several UML tools available