DFC10212
PROBLEM SOLVING &
PROGRAM DESING
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME:
■ Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Explain the basic computer and fundamentals of programming languages in a given
scenario.
2. Demonstrate effective communication both on orally or in writing about problem
solving skills by using different types of programming tools to solve a given problem.
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SPECIFIC OUTCOME
■ 1.1 Describe the Programming language
■ 1.2 Describe fundamentals of programming languages
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1.1 DESCRIBE THE
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
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HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
1967 – The 1980s The 1990s : Current
The 1940s The 1950s 1978 • C++, Internet age trend
Before1940 Objecyive-C,
Plankalkül , and 1960s • Logo, B, • Haskell, • C#, Visual
The Pascal, Forth, Ada,Commo Python, Basic . NET,
ENIAC FORTRAN C, Smalltalk, n Lisp, Eiffel, Visual Basic, F#, Scala,
languages Erlang, Perl,
coding , LISP, Prolog, ML, Ruby, Lua, Factor,
were Codes Scheme, SQL Tcl, FL CLOS, Java, Windows
system COBOL
Delphi, Poer shell,
JavaScript, Clojure,
PHP, Rebol, Groovy, Go
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1.1.2) Differentiate the different types of programming
languages
1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
3. High Level Language
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TECHNOLOGY OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
Machine Languages
• Using Vacuum Tubes
Assembly Languages
• Using Transistor
3rd Generation Languages
• Using Integrated Circuits
4th Generation Languages
• Using Microprocessors
5th Generation Languages
• Using Artificial Intelligence
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1) MACHINE LANGUAGES
(FIRST GENERATION)
A set of instructions for a
specific central processing
Only languages understood
Also called machine language unit, designed to be usable by
by computers
a computer without being
translated
Every CPU has its own
unique machine language.
Impossible for humans to use
The lowest-level Programs must be rewritten
because they consist entirely
programming language or recompiled, therefore, to
of numbers
run on different types of
computers.
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2) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
(SECOND GENERATION)
usually defined by the hardware
a low-level programming implements a symbolic manufacturer, and is based on
language for computers, representation of the machine mnemonics that symbolize
microprocessors, codes and other constants processing steps (instructions),
microcontrollers, and other needed to program a given CPU processor registers, memory
programmable devices architecture locations, and other language
features
same structure and set of
commands as machine an assembly language program
languages, but they enable a written for one type of CPU
programmer to use names won't run on another
instead of numbers
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3) 3rd GENERATION LANGUAGES
Example:
a refinement of Fortran,
make the Most 3GLs
a second- ALGOL, and
languages more High level support
generation COBOL, C, C+
programmer- language structured
programming +, C#, Java,
friendly programming
language BASIC and
Delphi
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4) 4th GENERATION LANGUAGES
a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific
purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software
to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of
software development
fourth-generation languages are programming languages closer to human
languages than typical high-level programming languages. (COBOL)
Most 4GLs are used to access databases
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5) 5th GENERATION LANGUAGES
a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using
an algorithm written by a programmer
designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer - the programmer only needs to
worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to
implement a routine or algorithm to solve them
based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition
Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury
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