C ++
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY 9
LEARNING OBEJECTIVES
•I can identify the different computer
programming generations.
•I can describe the different programming
languages in each generations.
•I can analyze the difference and
importance of each programming
language generation.
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED HOW COMPUTER UNDERSTAND HUMANS?
Hello Computer!
Hi there human!
TIME TO LISTEN AND LEARN
THE EVOLUTION OF
PROGRAMMING LANGAUAGES
Increasing demands from the
user, and fast development of
hardware technology, greatly
influence the evolution of
programming languages. And just
like humans many languages
have developed over the time,
and as they move forward, they
go through similar evolutions
from one generation to the next.
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
FIRST GENERATION
MACHINE LANGUAGE
FIRST GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
The first generations of computer are developed in the late
1940s and early 1950s. These computers use vacuum tubes
as processors and storage, which generate a lot of heat and
occupies a lot of space. The first-generation programming
language is also called low-level programming language
because they were used to program the computer system at
a very low level of abstraction. i.e. at the machine level.
The machine language also referred
to as the native language of the MACHINE LANGUAGE
computer system is the first-
generation programming language. Zeroes (0) Ones (1)
In the machine language, a
programmer only deals with a DECIMALS MACHINE/BINARY
binary number which has only two
string or characters which are the 12 1100
zeroes (0) and ones (1). This 6 0110
language is very difficult to learn 2 0010
and use.
FIRST GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
Advantages of first-generation language
•They are translation free and can be directly executed by the
computers.
•The programs written in these languages are executed very
speedily and efficiently by the CPU of the computer system.
•The programs written in these languages utilize the memory in
an efficient manner because it is possible to keep track of each
bit of data.
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
SECOND GENERATION
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
SECOND GENERATION: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
One of the innovations made in
the 2nd generation computers
are the use of transistors
instead of vacuum tubes.
SECOND GENERATION: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
This generation also uses the
Second Generation (2GL)
programming language. 2GL
usually refers to some form of
symbolic or assembly language-
instead of zeroes and ones,
assembly languages use
mnemonics or very short words for
commands.
SECOND GENERATION: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
Compared to 1GL, 2GL is a little less
difficult programmers to learn and
use. However, 2GL or Assembly
Language Programs need to be
converted to machine language first
by an assembler before they can be
run. This involves mapping the
assembly language code into the
target computer machine code and
2GL is also machine-dependent.
SECOND GENERATION: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
SECOND GENERATION: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
“HELLO WORLD”
SECOND GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
Advantages of second-generation language
• It is easy to develop understand and modify the program
developed in these languages are compared to those
developed in the first-generation programming
language.
• The programs written in these languages are less prone
to errors and therefore can be maintained with a great
case.
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
THIRD GENERATION
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
THIRD GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
3RD GENERATION
LANGUAGE also called as
high-level programming
languages
mid-to late-1950’s
THIRD GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
Most of 3GL programs also support the concept of
structured decomposition-that is, breaking down a
program into a smaller modules or subprograms that can
be reused. These factors make the 3GL programming an
easier and faster experience. 3GL is also largely machine-
independent or portable.
THIRD GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
Advantages of third-generation language
• It is easy to develop, learn and understand the program.
• As the program written in these languages are less prone
to errors, they are easy to maintain.
• The program written in these languages can be
developed in very less time as compared to the first- and
second-generation language.
THIRD GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
FOURTH GENERATION
DECLARATIVE LANGUAGE
FOURTH GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
“PROGRAMMING CRISIS” in the early 1970’s.
FOURTH GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
The programming languages in this time are much more
advance compare to its predecessors, commands are
usually English-like and do not require traditional input-
process-output logic. Programming languages that are close
to English are easier to understand and use.
FOURTH GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
FOURTH GENERATION: MACHINE LANGUAGES
Advantages of fourth-generation language
• These programming languages allow the efficient use of data
by implementing the various database.
• They require less time, cost and effort to develop different
types of software applications.
• The program developed in these languages are highly portable
as compared to the programs developed in the languages of
other generation.
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
FIFTH GENERATION
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
The programming languages of this generation mainly
FIFTH
focus onGENERATION: AI The major fields in which
constraint programming.
the fifth-generation programming language are employed
are Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural Networks.
The programming languages of this generation mainly focus on
constraint programming. The major fields in which the fifth-
generation programming language are employed are Artificial
Intelligence and Artificial Neural Networks.
A Neural Network is a computer architecture modeled after
the human brain’s network of neurons. It imitates the brain’s
A Neural
ability to adapt and learn from past Network is a computer architecture
patterns.
modeled after the human brain’s network of
neurons. It imitates the brain’s ability to adapt
and learn from past patterns.
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
TRIVIA
Computer hardware evolved through similar generations. The development in
hardware technology also influenced the evolution of programming languages.
1st Generation – vacuum tubes
2nd Generation – transistors
3rd Generation – integrated circuits (IC), small-scale integration (SSI), medium-scale integration
(MSI)
4th Generation – large-scale integration (LSI), very-large scale integration (VLSI)
5th Generation – Parallel processing architectures
Note: Each of the generations brings computer programming close to English language making it
easier to use and understand.
TIME TO READ AND LEARN
OPEN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGE 3 – 7
