19EECN2601 - MICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCONTROLLER
UNIT 1 : Microprocessor Architecture
TOPIC : Introduction to 8 bit Microprocessor
INTRODUCTION TO 8 BIT MICROPROCESSOR
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• The ALU is the unit that manipulates the data.
• ALU includes the accumulator, the temporary register, the arithmetic and logic
circuits and flags.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• This is the area of the microprocessor where various computing functions are
performed on data.
• The ALU unit performs such arithmetic operations as addition and subtraction and
such logical as AND,OR and XOR
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• The ALU of the 8085 processor is called accumulator – oriented ALU as one of the
data used in arithmetic and logic operations must be stored in the accumulator.
• The other data is taken from a memory location or register. The results of the
arithmetic and logical operations are stored in accumulator.
• If the operation needs only one data, that data must be stored in accumulator
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Registers
• Registers are used by the microprocessor for temporary storage and manipulation
of data and instructions.
• Data remain in the register till they are sent to the memory or I/O devices
19EECN2601 -MPMC
The 8085 programming model
• Six registers General Purpose Registers
• One accumulator
• One flag register
• Two 16-bit registers:
– Stack pointer
– Program counter.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
General Purpose Registers
• The 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified
as B, C, D, E, H, and L .
• They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some 16-bit
operations.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
General Purpose Registers
• The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data into the registers by
using data copy instructions.
• The HL register pair is also used to address memory locations.
• In other words, HL register pair plays the role of memory address register.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Accumulator
• The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).
• This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical
operations.
• The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.
• The accumulator is also identified as register A.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Accumulator
• This is used during the execution of a program for temporary storage.
• It holds one of the operands, which serves as one of the inputs to ALU.
• The other operand may be either in the memory or in one of the registers.
• The final result of an arithmetic or logic operation is placed in the accumulator.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Program Counter
• This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions.
• This register is a memory pointer.
• Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit register.
• The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Program Counter
• The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which
the next byte is to be fetched.
• When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is incremented by
one to point to the next memory location.
• However, please note that the program counter is loaded with some absolute value
during the execution of branch instructions.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Stack Pointer
• The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer.
• It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the stack.
• The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-bit address in the stack pointer.
• The stack is the sequence of memory locations defined by the programmer.
• The stack is used to save the content of a register during the execution of the program.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Instruction Register/Decoder
• The instruction register and the decoder are considered as a part of the ALU.
• It is a temporary storage for the current instruction of a program.
• Latest instruction is sent here from memory prior to execution.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Instruction Register/Decoder
• The decoder decodes the instruction and establishes the sequence of events to
follow.
• However, you please understand that the instruction register is not programmable
and can not be accessed through any instruction.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Flag Register
• The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according
to data conditions of the result in the accumulator and other registers.
• They are called Zero (Z),
• Carry (CY),
• Sign (S),
• Parity (P),
• Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags;
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Flag Register
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Flag Register
• For example, after an addition of two numbers, if the sum in the accumulator id
larger than eight bits, the flip-flop uses to indicate a carry called the Carry flag (CY) –
is set to one.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Flag Register
• When an arithmetic operation results in zero, the flip-flop called the Zero (Z) flag is
set to one.
• The combination of the flag register and the accumulator is called Program Status
Word (PSW)
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Flag Register
• These flags have critical importance in the decision-making process of the
microprocessor.
• The conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested through the software
instructions.
• For example, the instruction JC (Jump on Carry) is implemented to change the
sequence of a program when CY flag is set
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Flag Register
• Z-Zero flag: is set to 1 when ALU result is zero other wise it is reset to 0.
• CY-carry flag: if arithmetic operation results in a carry, the CY flag is set; otherwise is
reset.
• S-Sign: the sign flag is set if bit D7 of the result = 1;otherwise it is reset.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
Flag Register
• P – Parity: if the result has an even number of 1s, the flag is set; for odd number of 1s
the flag is reset.
• AC- Auxiliary carry: in arithmetic operation, when a carry is generated by digit D3 and
passed to digit D4 the AC flag is set. The flag is used internally for BCD operation.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
SUMMARY
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• Registers
– Accumulator
– PC
– Stack Pointer
– Flag register
19EECN2601 -MPMC
REFERENCES
• R.S.Gaonkar,”Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and
Applications with the 8085”, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.
19EECN2601 -MPMC
THANK YOU
19EECN2601 -MPMC
