UNIT-I(PART-II)
DC CIRCUITS
ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22 (R18)
A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY
KUMAR SALIGANTI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (C)
SKJNTUM@GMAIL.COM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MANTHANI
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT
VOLTAGE
Energy Sources
Voltage Source
-Different Voltage Source
-Facts About Voltage Source
Current Source
Introduction
Current and Voltage Source is the Basic
Components of the Electronic Circuit.
Current and Voltage is Most Essential Factor for
the Operation of any Circuit.
Energy Sources
According to the Terminal Voltage-Current Characteristics,
Electrical energy Sources are Categorized into two Parts.
1. Voltage Source
2. Current Source
VOLTAGE SOURCE
The Voltage Source is a Two Terminal Element in which the
Voltage is completely independent of the Current.
Different Voltage Sources
Facts about Voltage Source
A Voltage source produces an Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) which causes a
current to flow within a circuit
Unit of e.m.f. is the volt
a volt is the potential difference between two points when a joule of energy is
used to move one coulomb of charge from one point to the other
Real voltage sources, such as batteries have resistance associated with them
In analysing circuits we use Ideal Voltage sources
we also use controlled or dependent Voltage sources
Current Source
We also sometimes use the concept of an
Ideal Current Source
Unrealizable, but useful in circuit analysis
can be a fixed current source, or a
Controlled
or Dependent current source
While an ideal voltage source has zero output
resistance, an ideal current source has infinite
Ideal Sources
An ideal source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of
other circuit elements.
DC Voltage DC current
Source source
An ideal voltage source is a two-terminal device that
maintains a fixed voltage drop across its terminals.
It is often used as a mathematical abstraction that
simplifies the analysis of real electric circuits
Ideal Voltage Source
A current source is an electronic circuit that
delivers or absorbs an electric current which is
independent of the voltage across it.
A current source is the dual of a voltage source.
Constant Current Sources
Series circuit
Current must be same everywhere in circuit.
For the circuit shown
Is = 2 mA
Constant Current Sources
• If we wanted to find Vs, V1 and V2; we can simply
apply Ohm’s Law and KVL:
V1 2mA *1000 2V
V2 2mA * 2000 4V
KVL=> Vs 2V 10V 4V 0
Vs 2V 10V 4V 4V
Constant Current Sources
The voltage across the current
source (VS) is dependent on how KVL=> E Vs V1 V2 0
other components are connected Vs V1 V2 E
to it.
Changing R2 from 2kΩ to 6kΩ
causes the voltage across the V1 2mA *1000 2V
V1 2mA *1000 2V
current source to change polarity
to maintain KVL.
V2 2mA * 2000 4V V2 2mA *6000 12V
Current source voltage polarity
does NOT have to follow the
current source’s arrow! KVL=> Vs 2V 10V 4V 4V KVL=> Vs 2V 12V 10V 4V
Practical Voltage Sources
A real or practical source supplies its rated voltage when its terminals are not connected to a load (open-
circuited) but its voltage drops off as the current it supplies increases.
Practical Voltage Source
A real (or practical) voltage source supplies its rated voltage when its terminals are open-circuited (NOT
connected to a load), but its voltage drops off as the current supplied increases.
We can model a practical voltage source using an ideal source vs in series with an internal resistance Rs.
Practical Current Source
A practical current source supplies its rated current when its terminals are short-
circuited but its current drops off as the load resistance increases.
We can model a practical current source using an ideal current source is in parallel
with an internal resistance Rs.
Source Conversions
Source conversion.
Source Transformation
Voltage Source to Current Source
Replace a voltage source vs in series with a resistor R by a current source is in
parallel with the SAME resistor R.
• How do you calculate the new current source
value? vs 100V
− Just apply Ohm’s Law:
is 2A
R 50
Source Transformation
Current Source to Voltage Source
Replace a current source is in parallel with a resistor R by a voltage source vs in
series with the SAME resistor R.
• How do you calculate the new voltage source
value?
− Just apply Ohm’s Law: vs I s * R 2 A *50 100V
Example Problem 1
Use source transformation to determine vo.
V 12V
Is 3A
Rs 4
1
1 1 1
R eq
2
Io I s 3A * 4 8 8 3A * 750mA
Ro 8 8
Vo I o * Ro 750mA *8 6V
Example Problem 2
Use source transformation to determine vo.
Vs I s * Rs 3 A * 4 12V
RT 4 2 8 14
Vs 12V
IT 857 mA
RT 14
Vo I s * Ro 857mA *8 6.856V
Current Sources – A Rule
We found that voltage sources of different terminal voltages
cannot be placed in parallel because of a violation of
Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
Similarly, current sources of different values cannot be placed
in series due to a violation of Kirchhoff’s current law.
Current Sources – A Parallel Rule
However, current sources can be placed in parallel
just as voltage sources can be placed in series.
In general, two or more current sources in parallel can be
replaced by a single current source having a magnitude
determined by the difference of the sum of the currents in
one direction and the sum in the opposite direction. The
new parallel internal resistance is the total resistance of
the resulting parallel resistive elements.
IT I1 I 2 I 3 I 4
Take care to note the
polarity of the 2 (7) 5 3
sources! IT 3 A
Example Problem 3
Use source transformation and parallel current source rule to simplify the circuit and
determine vo.
- Convert the voltage source into a current source:
- Calculate the Is needed:
Vs 12V
Is * 4A
Rs 3
- Redraw the circuit with the new current source
- Redraw again to show the added current sources to get IT = 7A.
4A - Use CDR to calculate for Io:
1
1 1 1
Req
4 8 3
I o IT 7A* 1.24 A
Ro 8
- Use Ohm’s Law to calculate for Vo:
7 4Ω
Vo I o * RR 8 1.24 A *8 9.88V
A
Source Transformation
Use source transformation to determine V0
• Unfortunately, ONLY one source transformation is
possible!
• The voltage source is in parallel with the 6Ω resistor
(thus not a source resistance) and the 3A current
source is in series with the 3Ω resistor (again not a
source resistor).
• Changing only the 9A source into a voltage source
doesn’t help you solve the problem….
Example Problem 5
Determine I2 and V3. - Redraw the circuit with the combined current
source (6A-2A=4A).
- Now calculate RT.
1
RT 10
1 1 1
60 20 30
- Now calculate I2 using CDR.
R eq 10
I2 Is 4A* 2A
R2 20
- Finally calculate V2 using
4A Ohm’s Law.
V2 I 2 * R2 2 A * 20 40V
V2 V3 40V V1
Dependent Sources
The output voltage or current of a dependent source is determined by one of the
parameters associated with another component in the circuit.
In this course, the parameter is the voltage across or current flowing through of the other
component.
Other parameters may be the component’s resistance, amount of light shining on the component, the
ambient temperature, and mechanical stress applied to the component including changes in atmospheric
pressure.
Practical Dependent Sources
Operational amplifiers
Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)
Voltage and current regulators
Other devices include:
Photodetectors, LEDs, and lasers
Piezoelectric devices
Thermocouples, thermovoltaic sources
Dependent Power Sources
Voltage controlled voltage source
(VCVS)
Current controlled voltage source
(CCVS)
Voltage controlled current source
(VCCS)
Current controlled current source
(CCCS)
Some voltage (current) sources have their voltage
(current) values varying with some other variables.
They are called dependent voltage (current) sources
or controlled voltage (current) sources.
1.Voltage-controlled voltage source:
The source delivers the voltage as per the voltage of the
dependent element.
V={f_{a}}({v_{x}})
2.Voltage-controlled current source:
The source delivers the current as per the voltage of the
dependent element.
I={f_{b}}({v_{x}})
3.Current-controlled current source:
The source delivers the current as per the current of the
dependent element.
I={f_{c}}({i_{x}})
4.Current-controlled voltage source:
The source delivers the voltage as per the current of the
dependent element.
V={f_{d}}({i_{x}})
An independent voltage source maintains a
voltage(fixed or varying with time) which is not
affected by any other quantity. Similarly
an independent current source maintains a current
(fixed or time-varying) which is unaffected by any
other quantity.
Power Generators
Dependent voltage and current sources generate power and supply it to a circuit only
when there are other voltage or current sources in the circuit.
These other sources produce a current to flow through or a voltage across the component that
controls the magnitude of the voltage or current output from the dependent source.
Circuit Analysis
Treat similar to the independent voltage and current sources when performing nodel and
mesh analysis.
Do not treat like an independent source when using superposition.
Independent voltage and current sources are turned on and off as we apply superposition.
Dependent sources remain on.
Example #1: Nodal Analysis
Voltage controlled
current source
The value of the
current is -2x10-3
times the voltage
across R1.
Example #1 (con’t)
Note that there are no units on the coefficient for the dependent source. It is assumed that
you know that the units should be A/V for a VCCS.
Example #1 (con’t)
Node A : IV I1 I 4
Node B : I1 1mA I 2 I 3
Node C : I 3 2 x10 3VR1 0
Node D : I 4 1mA
Example #1 (con’t)
VA 4V
I1 VA VB R1
I 2 VB R2
I 3 VB VC R3
I 4 VA VD R4
VR1 VA VB
Example #1 (con’t)
Node A : IV 4V VB R1 4V VD R4
Node B : 4V VB R1 1mA VB R2 VB VC R3
Node C : VB VC R3 2 x10 3 4V VB 0
Node D : I 4 1mA
Example #1 (con’t)
Nodes Voltages (V) Currents(mA)
A 4V IV -1 mA
B 6V I1 -2mA
C 22V I2 3mA
D 1V I3 -4mA
I4 1mA
Analysis of simple circuits
Delta Wye Transformations
Nodal analysis
Mesh analysis
Delta Wye Transformations
Delta Wye Transformations
Nodal Analysis
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltage
v1, v2, …vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes. The
voltages are referenced with respect to the reference
node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference nodes.
Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in
terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain
the unknown node voltages
Typical circuit for nodal analysis
Fr
Refer BEE301 pg 40,41
Example
Calculus the node voltage in the circuit
shown in Fig.(a) 43-51
Nodal Analysis with Voltage
Sources
Case 1: The voltage source is connected between a nonreference node and the reference
node: The nonreference node voltage is equal to the magnitude of voltage source and the
number of unknown nonreference nodes is reduced by one.
Case 2: The voltage source is connected between two nonreferenced nodes: a generalized
node (supernode) is formed.
Nodal Analysis with Voltage
Sources
cdFig. 3.7 A circuit with a supernode
A supernode is formed by enclosing a
(dependent or independent) voltage source
connected between two nonreference nodes
and any elements connected in parallel with
it.
The required two equations for regulating the
two nonreference node voltages are obtained
by the KCL of the supernode and the
relationship of node voltages due to the
voltage source.
Example
Example #2: Superposition
V2 is a current
controlled voltage
source (CCVS).
The value of the
voltage of the CCVS
is 3000 times the
current i2, which is
the current flowing
out of V1.
Example #2 (con’t)
The two circuits that will be analyzed are
1. When V1 is on and I1 is turned off.
2. When I1 is on and V1 is turned off.
In both circuits, V2 is left on.
Example #2 (con’t)
When I1 is turned off,
one terminal of R4 is not
connected to the rest of
the circuit an it can be
eliminated.
Example #2 (con’t)
You can select any analysis to solve for i2 .
Example #2 (con’t)
V1 VR1 VR 2 0
VR 2 VR 3 V2 0
V1 4V
VR1 i2 R1
VR 2 i2 i3 R2
VR 3 i3 R3
V2 3000i2
Example #2 (con’t)
4V i2 1k i2 i3 2k 0
i2 i3 2k i3 4k 3000i2 0
Example #2 (con’t)
Currents Dependent
Source
i2 1.2mA V2 3.60V
i3 -0.2mA
Example #2 (con’t)
Again, you can select which ever analysis technique
that you would like in order to solve for i2.
Example #2 (con’t)
Example #2 (con’t)
i2 1mA1k i2 i3 2k 0
i2 i3 2k i3 R3 3000i2 0
i1 3k VI 1 i2 1mA1k 0
Example #2 (con’t)
Currents Dependent
Source
i2 0.3mA V2 0.9V
i3 -50mA
Example #2 (con’t)
Currents Dependent
Source
i2 (1.2+0.3) V2 (3.6+0.9)
mA=1.5m V=4.5V
A
Summary
Dependent sources are voltage or current sources whose output is a function of
another parameter in the circuit.
Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current controlled current source (CCCS)
Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Dependent sources only produce a voltage or current when an independent
voltage or current source is in the circuit.
Dependent sources are treated like independent sources when using nodal or
mesh analysis, but not with superposition.
Learning Objectives
Analyze a circuit consisting of a current source, voltage source and
resistors.
Convert a current source and a resister into an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source and a resistor.
Evaluate a circuit that contains several current sources in parallel.
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
Circuits are sometimes called different names according to their shapes.
This circuit is the same circuit in both diagrams. The one on the left is a T (tee)
network; the one on the right is a Y (wye) network.
Fig. 10-19: The form of a T or Y network.
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
Both of the following networks are the same; the one on the left is called a pi (π), and the one on the right is called a delta
(Δ), because the forms resemble those Greek characters.
Fig. 10-20: The form of a π or Δ network.
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
The Y and Δ forms are different ways to connect three resistors in a passive network.
When analyzing such networks, it is often useful to convert a Δ to a Y or vice-versa.
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
Delta-to-Wye Conversion
A delta (Δ) circuit can be converted to a wye (Y) equivalent circuit by applying Kirchhoff’s laws:
R BR C
R1 RA
RA RB RC
R CR A
R2 R2 R3
RA RB RC
RC RB
R1
R AR B
R3
RA RB RC
This approach also converts a T to a π network.
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
Wye-to-delta Conversion
A wye (Y) circuit can be converted to a delta (Δ) equivalent circuit by applying Kirchhoff’s
laws:
RA
R2 R3
RC RB
R1
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
Useful aid in using formulas:
Place the Y inside the Δ.
Note the Δ has three closed sides and the Y has
three open arms.
Note how resistors can be considered opposite each
other in the two networks.
Each resistor in an open arm has two adjacent
resistors in the closed sides.
Conversion between Y and Δ networks.
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
In the formulas for the Y-to-Δ conversion, each side of the delta is found by first taking
all possible cross products of the arms of the wye, using two arms at a time. (There are
three such cross products.)
The sum of the three cross products is then divided by the opposite arm to find the value
of each side of the delta.
Note that the numerator remains the same, the sum of the three cross products.
Each side of the delta is calculated by dividing this sum by the opposite arm.
10-9: T or Y and π or Δ Conversions
For the Δ-to-Y conversion, each arm of the wye is found by taking the product of the two
adjacent sides in the delta and dividing by the sum of the three sides of the delta.
The product of the two adjacent resistors excludes the opposite resistor.
The denominator for the sum of the three sides remains the same in the three formulas.
Each arm is calculated by dividing the sum into each cross product.
